A Review of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga for Improving Antioxidant Status and Reducing Anxiety in Adults
Keywords:
Depression, Pranayama, Stress, Sudarshan Kriya Yoga, Vagus nerve stimulation, Yogic breathingAbstract
Breathing exercises are frequently advised to promote improved organ function, stress reduction, relaxation, and control over psychophysiological states. It has been demonstrated that yogic breathing, which is the control of breath movement, improves immunological function, autonomic nervous system imbalances, and illnesses linked to stress or psychology. This study aimed to evaluate and present a thorough analysis of the physiological mechanisms, the mind–body connection, and the advantages of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in various therapeutic settings. Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were among the many internet resources that were looked up. Articles on SKY were chosen after a thorough screening of all the results. We looked through these articles’ references to see if there were any more, perhaps pertinent articles. A variety of cyclical breathing rhythms, from slow and soothing to fast and invigorating, are used in SKY, a special kind of yogic breathing technique. An increasing body of research indicates that SKY may be an advantageous, low-risk, low-cost supplement to the treatment of stress, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, medical conditions linked to stress, substance misuse, and the rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Downloads
References
Kochupillai V, Bhardwaj N. Science of Holistic Living and Its Global Application. In: Proceedings National Symposium on Science of
Holistic Living and Its Global Application. Arogyadham, Sevagram, MGIMS; 2006. p. 11-13.
National Centre for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine. Mind Body Medicine: An Overview; 2005. Available from: https://www. qigonginstitute.org/html/papers/nccammindbody.pdf [Last accessed on 2012 Jul 25].
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I-neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:189-201.
Yoga for Anxiety and Depression. Available from: https://www. health.harvard.edu/news letters/harvard_mental_health_letter/2009/ april/yoga for anxiety and depression [Last accessed on 2012 July 25].
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression. Part II-- clinical applications and guidelines. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:711-7.
Tasman A, Lieberman J, Kay J. Complementary and alternative treatments in psychiatry. In: Brown P, Gerbarg PL, Muskin PR, editors. Neurophysiological Model of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Pathways. 2nd ed. London UK: Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2003. p. 2171-2.
Fokkema DS. The psychobiology of strained breathing and its cardiovascular implications: A functional system review. Psychophysiology 1999;36:164-75.
Sovik R. The science of breathing--the yogic view. Prog Brain Res 2000;122:491-505.
Spicuzza L, Gabutti A, Porta C, Montano N, Bernardi L. Yoga and chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Lancet 2000;356:1495-6.
Roldán E, Dostálek C. Description of an EEG pattern evoked in central--parietal areas by the Hathayogic exercise Agnisara. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 1983;25:241-6.
Roldán E, Dostálek C. EEG patterns suggestive of shifted levels of excitation effected by hathayogic exercises. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 1985;27:81-8.
Kwon JS, O’Donnell BF, Wallenstein GV, Greene RW, Hirayasu Y, Nestor PG, et al. Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1001-5.
Kumar S, Nagendra H, Manjunath N, Naveen K, Telles S. Mediation on OM: Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science. Int J Yoga 2010;3:2-5.
Bhatia M, Kumar A, Kumar N, Pandey RM, Kochupillai V, EEG study, et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of Sudarshan Kriya: An EEG, BAER, P300 study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003;47:157-63.
Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A. Therapeutic efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in dysthymic disorder. NIMHANS J 1998;17:21-8.
Vedamurthachar A, Janakiramaiah N, Hegde JM, Shetty TK, Subbakrishna DK, Sureshbabu SV, et al. Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. J Affect Disord 2006;94:249-53.
Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Sudarshan B, Shety KT. Stress Related Biochemical Effects of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga in Depressed Patients Study #6. In: Presented at The Conference on Biological Psychiatry. NewYork NY: UN NGO Mental Health Committee; 2000.
Pan NL, Liao CF, Jiang MJ, HP Lu, Wang CL, Huang AM. Serum Levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor before and after the Practice of Sudarshan Kriya. In: Proceedings World Conference Expanding Paradigms: Science, Consciousness and Spirituality. New Delhi, India: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2006. p. 156-60.
Agte VV. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga for improving antioxidant status and reducing anxiety in adults. Altern Complement Ther 2008;14:96-100. 20. Ramsey CH. Stress-Management for Law Enforcement Pilot
Study; 2003. Available from: https://www.yogabehindbars.org/wp content/uploads/2011/11/europeresearchyoga.pdf [Last accessed on 2012 Jul 25].
Višnikar H, Meško G. Evaluation of The Art of Living Basic Course as the Anti-stress Program for Police Officers in the Slovenian Police. In: Proceedings Science of Breath Internatinal Symposium on Sudarshan Kriya, Pranayam and Consciousness. New Delhi, India: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2002. p. 64-70.
Newman RI. The utility of ancient complementary therapies in modern mental health treatment. Georgia Psychologist 2008;11-12. 23. Carter JJ, Byrne GG, Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Multi-Component Yoga Breath Based Program Reduces PTSD in Australian Vietnam War Veterans: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Los Angeles, CA: Symposium on Yoga Therapy and Research; 2009.
Sageman S, How SK. Can Treat the Cognitive, Psychodynamic, and Neuropsychiatric Problems of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Proceedings: Science of Breath. In: International Symposium on Sudarshan Kriya, Pranayam and Consciousness. New Delhi: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2002. p. 28-31.
Gerbarg PL, Brown RP. Yoga: A breath of relief for hurricane katrina refugees. Curr Psychiatr 2005;4:55-67.
Descilo T, Vedamurtachar A, Gerbarg PL, Nagaraja D, Gangadhar BN, Damodaran B, et al. Effects of a yoga breath intervention alone and in combination with an exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the 2004 South-East Asia tsunami. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010;121:289-300.
Deepak KK. The Role of Autonomic Nervous System in Rapid Breathing Practices. Proceedings: Science of Breath. In: International Symposium on Sudarshan Kriya, Pranayam and Consciousness. New Delhi: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2002. p. 42-5.
Bloch S, Lemeignan M, Aguilera N. Specific respiratory patterns distinguish among human basic emotions. Int J Psychophysiol 1991;11:141-54.
Suarez V. Anxiety study at Lance Alternative Program. In: Proceedings Science of Breath International Symposium on Sudarshan Kriya, Pranayam and Consciousness. AIIMS. New Delhi, India: Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2002. p. 32-3.
Murthy PJ, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Subbakrishna DK. P300 amplitude and antidepressant response to Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY). J Affect Disord 1998;50:45-8.
Murthy PJ, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna DK. Normalization of P300 amplitude following treatment in dysthymia. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42:740-3.
Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord 2000;57:255-9.
Little HJ. Behavioral mechanisms underlying the link between smoking and drinking. Alcohol Res Health 2000;24:215-24. 34. Wu D, Cederbaum AI. Alcohol, oxidative stress, and free radical damage. Alcohol Res Health 2003;27:277-84.
Cooper RG, Magwere T. Nitric oxide-mediated pathogenesis during nicotine and alcohol consumption. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;52:11-8.
Kochupillai V, Kumar P, Singh D, Aggarwal D, Bhardwaj N, Bhutani M, et al. Effect of rhythmic breathing (Sudarshan Kriya and Pranayam) on immune functions and tobacco addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1056:242-52.
Sharma H, Datta P, Singh A, Sen S, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, et al. Gene expression profiling in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya. J Psychosom Res 2008;64:213-8.
Djuric Z, Bird CE, Furumoto-Dawson A, Rauscher GH, Ruffin MT 4th, Stowe RP, et al. Biomarkers of psychological stress in health
disparities research. Open Biomark J 2008;1:7-19.
Sharma H, Sen S, Singh A, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, Singh N. Sudarshan Kriya practitioners exhibit better antioxidant status and lower blood lactate levels. Biol Psychol 2003;63:281-91.
Geetha H, Chitra H, Kubera NS. Effect of Sudarshan Kriya on Menopausal Women. In: Proceedings World Conference Expanding Paradigms: Science, Consciousness and Spirituality. New Delhi, India: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2006.
Sayyed A, Patil J, Vilas C, Patil SN, Charugulla SN, Sontakke AV, et al. Study of lipid profile and pulmonary functions in subjects participated in Sudarshan Kriya Yoga. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2010;3:42-9.
Agte VV, Tarwadi K. Sudarshan Kriya yoga for treating Type 2 diabetes. Alternat Complement Ther 2004;10:220-2.
Subramanian S, Elango T, Malligarjunan H, Kochupillai V, Dayalan H. Role of sudarshan kriya and pranayam on lipid profile and blood cell parameters during exam stress: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga 2012;5:21-7.
Larsen S, Yee WK, Gerbarg P, Brown RP, Gunkelman J, Sherlin L. Neurophysiological Markers of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga Practices: A Pilot Study. In: Proceedings World Conference of Expanding Paradigms: Science, Consciousness and Spirituality. New Delhi, India: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2006. p. 36-48.
Saicharan G, Bodi MD, Sagar RN, Prasad CE, Prasad SV. Improvement in lung function with a unique breathing technique: Sudarshan kriya yoga (SKY). Chest 2008;134:144.
Agte VV, Jahagirdar MU, Tarwadi KV. The effects of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga on some physiological and biochemical parameters in mild hypertensive patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011;55:183-7.
Vallabh VG, Asmaljee A, Victor N. The Effects of Stress Reduction and Stress Inducing Techniques on the Visual System. Proceedings: Science of breath. In: International Symposium on Sudarshan Kriya, Pranayam and Consciousness. New Delhi: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2002. p. 71-5.
Das SN, Kochupillai V. Flowcytometric Study of T-cell Subset and Natural Killer Cells in Peripheral Blood of Art of Living Teachers, Normal Subjects and Cancer Patients. In: Proceedings: Science of Breath. International Symposium on Sudarshan Kriya, Pranayam and Consciousness. New Delhi: All India Institute of Medical Sciences; 2002. p. pp. 46-7.
Rao RM, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N, Vinay C, Chandrashekara S, Gopinath KS, et al. Influence of yoga on mood states, distress, quality of life and immune outcomes in early stage breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. Int J Yoga 2008;1:11-20.
Rao RM, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N, Vinay C, Chandrashekara S, Gopinath KS, et al. Influence of yoga on postoperative outcomes and wound healing in early operable breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. Int J Yoga 2008;1:33-41.
Tomás CC, Oliveira E, Sousa D, Uba-Chupel M, Furtado G, Rocha C, et al. Proceedings of the 3rd IPLeiria’s International Health Congress: Leiria, Portugal. 6-7 May 2016. BMC Health Serv Res 2016;16 Suppl 3:200.
Sengar M, Bhutani M, Aggarwal D, Kochupillai V. Cancer treatment: Role of yoga, naturopathy and prayer. Health Adm 2012;17:151-7. 53. Brazier A, Mulkins A, Verhoef M. Evaluating a yogic breathing and meditation intervention for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Am J Health Promot 2006;20:192-5.
Kaul A. Human transformation and the art of living. Acta Oeconomica Inform 2010;13:26-8.
