Climate-induced Migration, Farmers’ Perception and its Determinants in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN06Keywords:
Climate change, Adaptation strategies, Food insecurity, Migration, Structural equation model.Abstract
The study aims to examine the extent and dimensions of climate-induced migration, adaptation strategies, and food insecurity in the Banda district, India. By using a systematic random sampling procedure, a total of 100 samples were collected from two villages (i.e., Banthary and Amlokhar) of Kamasin development block of the Banda district, India, in April 2026. Further, descriptive statistics and the structural equation model (SEM) were applied to analyse the data. The results indicate that climate change induced migration has increased manifold. About 74.07 per cent of households have reported that due to crop failure, they are unable to pay loans. Limited water resources, a rise in temperature, and a lack of non-farm employment opportunities were major drivers of food insecurity in sampled villages. Therefore, farmers have adopted different adaptation strategies to overcome food insecurity. This study suggested that investment in agriculture and non-farm activities is vital for restricting climate-induced migration. Responsive, well-resourced public institutions must support community-led strategies.
Downloads
References
Anuja, A. R., Amit, K., Pramod, K., Jha, G. K., & Singh, B. K. (2018). Analysis of factors triggering distress migration in Bundelkhand region of central India. Economic Affairs, 63(4), 1055–1059.
Bardsley, D. K., & Hugo, G. J. (2010). Migration and climate change: Examining thresholds of change to guide effective adaptation decision-making. Population and Environment, 32(2), 238–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0126-9
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). The state of food and agriculture 2016: Climate change, agriculture and food security. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i6030e/i6030e.pdf
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. (2023). Internal displacement and food security: Global report on internal displacement 2023. Norwegian Refugee Council, Switzerland.
Jena, A., & Aditya, P. K. (2022). Occupational mobility in farming sector: An analysis in coastal and tribal districts of Odisha, India. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(4), 34–37.
Jena, A., & Kanungo, A. P. (2021). Factors associated with intergenerational occupational mobility in farming sector in coastal and tribal districts of Odisha, India. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 57(2), 123–127.
Mekonnen, D. A., Soma, K., & Ruben, R. (2022). The ambivalent links between internal migration and food security in Uganda. Migration and Development, 11(3), 917–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1845489
Moharaj, P., Dillip, K. M., & Sahoo, D. (2025). Climate induce migration and internal displacement in rural India. Discover Environment, 3(169), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00312-9
Osei-Amponsah, C., William, Q., & Andrew, O. (2023). Understanding climate-induced migration in West Africa through the social transformation lens. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 1173395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1173395
Pakravan-Charvadeh, M. R., Chamcham, J., & Maleknia, R. (2025). How climate change adaptation strategies and climate migration interact to control food insecurity? Regional Sustainability, 6(3), 100229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100229
Pal, P. K., Tshering, B. P., Das, L., Norden, L., & Nain, M. S. (2017). Livelihood diversity in family farming in selected hill areas of West Bengal, India. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 172–178.
Pearl, J. (2012). The causal mediation formula—A guide to the assessment of pathways and mechanisms. Prevention Science, 13, 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0270-1
Pradhan, K. C., & Narayanan, K. (2020). Does climate risk induce labour migration? Evidence from semi-arid tropics region of India. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2323
Roy, D., Sankar, K. A., Monirul, H., Arnab, B., Amrita, K. S., & Tapan, K. M. (2022). Migration attributes in adaptation and its correlates during pandemic: The socio-ecological interpretation. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 59(1), 75–80.
Sabbatasso, E., Jeannie, S., Benilda, B., Rosaura, M., Karin, S., & Walter, F. (2025). Exploring the interconnections between health, climate crisis, food insecurity and institutional neglect in Alta Verapaz region, Guatemala. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 26, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2025.100603
Singh, S. (2020). Farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation decisions: A micro-level evidence from Bundelkhand region, India. Ecological Indicators, 116, 106475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106475
Singh, S., Alka, S., & Singh, C. B. (2020). Climate change and migration: Adapting to crisis. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 11(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2019/v11i330139
Sreekumar, S., & Sabuj, K. M. (2024). Impact of drought out-migration among rural farm households in India: Does participation in non-farm activities and access to irrigation make any difference? Indian Economic Review, 59(2), 525–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41775-024-00233-z
Suza, M., Jeroen, W., Katherine, N., & Han, V. D. (2026). Climate, livelihood insecurity, and violent conflict over fishing access in coastal Bangladesh. Marine Policy, 188, 107077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107077
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
