Role of Cognitive Appraisal in Coping, Adapting and  Psychological Well-Being of Chinese Teachers: A Concept Paper

Zhao Xiaoli; Arsaythamby Veloo

doi:10.48165/sajssh.2024.5404

Authors

Zhao Xiaoli Faculty of Education & Liberal Sciences, City University Malaysia, Malaysia.
Arsaythamby Veloo Faculty of Education & Liberal Sciences, City University Malaysia, Malaysia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2024.5404

Keywords:

Psychological well-being, adaptation to stress, coping strategies, Cognitive appraisal, Chinese universities, teachers

Abstract

Teachers are considered a nucleus of educational institutes, their dire efforts act as the accelerating engine of the students' minds that nurture their minds with the best, most incumbent, authentic, resilient and creative thoughts, knowledge, reasoning and information that play a back-supporting role to the future emperors of the countries in their professional life. To do such a huge and exhaustive job, teachers often encounter various challenging situations and circumstances in which stress can be placed at the top among all other issues. This delicate issue has been identified as common among Chinese university lecturers and this issue has been influencing their mental states causing a damaging effect on their job performance. To understand this deliberate scenario, this study has reviewed the previous literature to explore the level of stress and psychological well-being and some helping strategies to sustain psychological well-being and stress adaptation as it is a part of every job and propose a conceptual framework. This proposed framework will have many useful settings for the literature scholars and the targeted units which have been illustrated in the concluding remarks section.

References

Abdurrahman, F., & Iswari, M. (2022). Theory of work adjustment related to self regulation and psycological weel-being on bk career in higher education. Literasi Nusantara, 2(2), 735- 749.

Ahmed, S., & Skoric, M. M. (2014). My name is Khan: the use of Twitter in the campaign for 2013 Pakistan General Election. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,

Akram, M. (2019). Psychological wellbeing of university teachers in Pakistan. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 6(2).

Altbach, P. G., & Reisberg, L. (2018). Global trends and future uncertainties. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 50(3-4), 63-67.

Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality.

Bakker, A. B., & de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job Demands–Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(1), 1-21.

Barbora, P. (2021). THE TEACHER´ S WELLBEING IN TEACHER-STUDENT INTERACTIONS. Непрерывное образование: XXI век(1 (33)), 103-115.

Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman’s psychological stress and coping theory. The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice, 351- 364.

Bijlsma, K., & Loeschcke, V. (2013). Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution (Vol. 83). Birkhäuser.

Bourdieu, P. (1969). Intellectual field and creative project. Social Science Information, 8(2), 89-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901846900800205

Bradburn, N. M., Sudman, S., Blair, E., Locander, W., Miles, C., Singer, E., & Stocking, C. (1979). Improving interview method and questionnaire design: Response effects to threatening questions in survey research. Jossey-Bass San Francisco.

Brandão, A., Pereira, J., Gonçalves, F., Coelho, E., & Quaresma, L. (2018). Risks in adventure sport activity. Which risks are perceived by experienced canyoneers? Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(1), 163-169.

Butler, E. A., & Randall, A. K. J. E. R. (2013). Emotional coregulation in close relationships. 5(2), 202-210.

Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information systems research, 14(2), 189-217.

Church, S. P., Dunn, M., & Prokopy, L. S. (2019). Benefits to qualitative data quality with multiple coders: Two case studies in multi-coder data analysis. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 34(1), 2.

Croucher, S. M. (2017). Integrated Threat Theory. oxford university press.

David, J., Araripe, L., Chakir, M., Legout, H., Lemos, B., Petavy, G., Rohmer, C., Joly, D., & Moreteau, B. J. J. o. e. b. (2005). Male sterility at extreme temperatures: a significant but neglected phenomenon for understanding Drosophila climatic adaptations. 18(4), 838-846.

de la Fuente, J., Verónica Paoloni, P., Vera-Martínez, M. M., & Garzón-Umerenkova, A. (2020). Effect of levels of self-regulation and situational stress on achievement emotions in undergraduate students: class, study and testing. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4293.

Declerck, C. H., Boone, C., & De Brabander, B. (2006). On feeling in control: a biological theory for individual differences in control perception. Brain and cognition, 62(2), 143-176.

Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141-152.

Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. British journal of management, 17(4), 263-282.

Diana, W., & Wen, O. P. (2013). The globalization of tertiary education and intra-Asian student mobility: Mainland Chinese student mobility to Malaysia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 55-76.

Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. (2013). The effects of social media on political participation and candidate image evaluations in the 2012 Iowa caucuses. American behavioral scientist, 57(11), 1568-1583.

Dimitrova, D. V., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Nord, L. W. (2014). The effects of digital media on political knowledge and participation in election campaigns: Evidence from panel data. Communication Research, 41(1), 95-118.

Doan, S. N., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Evans, G. W. (2012). Cumulative risk and adolescent's internalizing and externalizing problems: the mediating roles of maternal responsiveness and self-regulation. Developmental psychology, 48(6), 1529.

Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 193-209.

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of health and social behavior, 219-239.

Fomina, T., Burmistrova-Savenkova, A., & Morosanova, V. (2020). Self-regulation and psychological well-being in early adolescence: A two-wave longitudinal study. Behavioral Sciences, 10(3), 67.

Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(6), 645-672.

Gaggi, O., Galiazzo, G., Palazzi, C., Facoetti, A., & Franceschini, S. (2012). A serious game for predicting the risk of developmental dyslexia in pre-readers children. 2012 21st International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN),

Garami, J., Valikhani, A., Parkes, D., Haber, P., Mahlberg, J., Misiak, B., Frydecka, D., & Moustafa, A. A. (2019). Examining perceived stress, childhood trauma and interpersonal trauma in individuals with drug addiction. Psychological reports, 122(2), 433-450.

García-Pérez, D., Fraile, J., & Panadero, E. (2021). Learning strategies and self-regulation in context: How higher education students approach different courses, assessments, and challenges. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 36(2), 533-550.

Gavira, J. F., Llerena, A. M., Nicaise, D. M., & García, F. P. (2018). Risk perception evaluation in parents and/or guardians of a group of beginner traceurs before and after parkour practice. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 695-702.

Gentsch, A., Weber, A., Synofzik, M., Vosgerau, G., & Schütz-Bosbach, S. (2016). Towards a common framework of grounded action cognition: Relating motor control, perception and cognition. Cognition, 146, 81-89.

Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2011). Cortisol and testosterone in Filipino young adult men: Evidence for co‐regulation of both hormones by fatherhood and relationship status. American Journal of Human Biology, 23(5), 609-620.

Gilardi, F., Gessler, T., Kubli, M., & Müller, S. (2022). Social media and political agenda setting. Political Communication, 39(1), 39-60.

Goh, Y. W., Sawang, S., & Oei, T. P. (2010). The revised transactional model (RTM) of occupational stress and coping: an improved process approach. The Australasian Journal of Organisational Psychology, 3, 13-20.

Hardesty, D. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2004). The use of expert judges in scale development: Implications for improving face validity of measures of unobservable constructs. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 98-107.

Hardin, M., & Shain, S. (2006). “Feeling much smaller than you know you are”: The fragmented professional identity of female sports journalists. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 23(4), 322-338.

Hari, A., Nardon, L., & Zhang, H. (2023). A transnational lens into international student experiences of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Global Networks, 23(1), 14-30.

Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2014). Virtually perfect: Image retouching and adolescent body image. Media Psychology, 17(2), 134-153.

Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). <? covid19?> politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Communication, 42(5), 679-697Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Chang, M. X.-L., Bentley, S. V., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., & Jetten, J. (2019). GROUPS 4 HEALTH reduces loneliness and social anxiety in adults with psychological distress: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 87(9), 787.

Jensen, J. D., & Hurley, R. J. (2012). Conflicting stories about public scientific controversies: Effects of news convergence and divergence on scientists’ credibility. Public Understanding of Science, 21(6), 689-704.

Jhanji, H., & Sarin, V. (2018). Relationship between environmental consciousness and green purchase behaviour among youth. International Journal of Green Economics, 12(3-4), 171- 181.

Ji, D., Hu, Z., & Muhammad, Y. (2016). Neighboring competitor? Indian image in Chinese media [Article]. Global Media and China, 1(3), 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436416668186

Jian, Y., Yu, I. Y., Yang, M. X., & Zeng, K. J. (2020). The Impacts of Fear and Uncertainty of COVID-19 on Environmental Concerns, Brand Trust, and Behavioral Intentions toward Green Hotels. Sustainability, 12(20), 8688.

Jiménez Ambriz, M. G., Izal, M., & Montorio, I. J. J. o. H. S. (2012). Psychological and social factors that promote positive adaptation to stress and adversity in the adult life cycle. 13(5), 833-848.

Kennedy, Y., Flynn, N., O’Brien, E., & Greene, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of Incredible Years Teacher Classroom Management training on teacher psychological outcomes. Educational psychology in practice, 37(2), 150-168.

Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Jin, R., Secnik, K., & Spencer, T. (2005). The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychological medicine, 35(2), 245-256.

Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (ijec), 11(4), 1-10.

Krohne, H. W. (2002). Stress and coping theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sceinces, 22, 15163-15170.

Lancet, T. (2020). COVID-19: too little, too late? Lancet (London, England), 395(10226), 755.

Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory-Based Stress Measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0101_1

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American psychologist, 46(4), 352.

Le Fevre, D. M. (2014). Barriers to implementing pedagogical change: The role of teachers' perceptions of risk. Teaching and Teacher Education, 38, 56-64.

Lemke, J. L. (2005). Textual politics: Discourse and social dynamics. Taylor & Francis.

Leydesdorff, L., Wagner, C. S., & Bornmann, L. (2014). The European Union, China, and the United States in the top-1% and top-10% layers of most-frequently cited publications: Competition and collaborations. Journal of Informetrics, 8(3), 606-617.

Li, S. (2021). Psychological wellbeing, mindfulness, and immunity of teachers in second or foreign language education: a theoretical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.

Lihua, L. (2009). Discourse construction of social power: interpersonal rhetoric in editorials of the China Daily. Discourse studies, 11(1), 59-78.

Lim, T., Thompson, J., Tian, L., & Beck, B. (2023). A transactional model of stress and coping applied to cyclist subjective experiences. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 96, 155-170.

Mallapaty, S. (2021). KILLING AT CHINESE UNIVERSITY HIGHLIGHTS TENSIONS OVER TENURE. In: NATURE RESEARCH HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY.

Marais-Opperman, V., van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S. (2021). Perceived stress, coping and mental health of teachers: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 31(1), 1- 11.

Marakas, G. M., Yi, M. Y., & Johnson, R. D. (1998). The multilevel and multifaceted character of computer self-efficacy: Toward clarification of the construct and an integrative framework for research. Information systems research, 9(2), 126-163.

Marathe, M., O'Neill, J., Pain, P., Thies, W., & Acm. (2016, Jun 03-06). ICT-Enabled Grievance Redressal in Central India: A Comparative Analysis. [Proceedings of the eighth international conference on information and communication technologies and development (ictd 2016)]. 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD), Univ Michigan, Sch Informat, Ann Arbor, MI.

Mares, M.-L., & Woodard, E. H. (2001). Prosocial effects on children’s social interactions. Handbook of children and the media, 1, 183-206.

Marginson, S. (2022). ‘All things are in flux’: China in global science. Higher Education, 83(4), 881-910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00712-9

McInerney, D. M., Korpershoek, H., Wang, H., & Morin, A. J. (2018). Teachers’ occupational attributes and their psychological wellbeing, job satisfaction, occupational self-concept and quitting intentions. Teaching and teacher education, 71, 145-158.

McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest (Vol. 144). Sage London.

Moir, F., & Van den Brink, A. (2020). Current insights in veterinarians’ psychological wellbeing. New Zealand veterinary journal, 68(1), 3-12.

Murray, D. W., Sepulveda, K., & Rackers, H. Building Co-Regulation Capacity to Support Positive Development for Youth with Foster Care Experience.

Nguyen, N. T. L. (2023). How to develop four competencies for teacher educators. Frontiers in Education,

Nielsen, M. B., & Knardahl, S. J. S. J. o. P. (2014). Coping strategies: A prospective study of patterns, stability, and relationships with psychological distress. 55(2), 142-150.

Niessen, C., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2016). Threat of resource loss: The role of self-regulation in adaptive task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology.

Nilsson, E., & Lorentsson, S. (2020). " Man får gråta på jobbet. Det är okej.": En kvalitativ studie om socialarbetares upplevelse av socialt stöd vid emotionellt påfrestande arbete. In.

Nobles, J., & Hamoudi, A. (2019). Detecting the effects of early-life exposures: why fecundity matters. Population research and policy review, 38(6), 783-809.

Pahwa, S., & Khan, N. (2022). Factors affecting emotional resilience in adults. Management and Labour Studies, 47(2), 216-232.

Pei, J., Li, D., & Cheng, L. (2022). Media portrayal of hackers in China Daily and The New York Times: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Communication, 16(5), 598-618.

Pilcher, J. (1994). Mannheim's sociology of generations: an undervalued legacy. British Journal of sociology, 481-495.

Pynnöniemi, M. J. K. K. (2019). Theory of strategic culture: An analytical framework for Russian cyber threat perception. journal of strategic studies.

Ramli, N. H., Alavi, M., Mehrinezhad, S. A., & Ahmadi, A. (2018). Academic stress and self regulation among university students in Malaysia: Mediator role of mindfulness. Behavioral Sciences, 8(1), 12.

Reunamo, J., Veijalainen, J., Suhonen, E., & Sajaniemi, N. J. S. A. J. o. C. E. (2019). Children’s self-regulation and coping strategies in a frustrated context in early education. 9(1), 1-8.

Romanowski, M. H. (2006). A Changing Nation: Issues Facing Chinese Teachers: In the Midst of a Nation Undergoing Great Change, Chinese Teachers Encounter New Challenges as They Face the Task of Educating the Nation's Youth. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 42(2), 76-81.

Salzberger, B., Glück, T., & Ehrenstein, B. (2020). Successful containment of COVID-19: the WHO-Report on the COVID-19 outbreak in China. In (Vol. 48, pp. 151-153): Springer.

Schudy, A. (2020). Mental Well-Being During Pandemic: The Role of Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Strategies in Risk Perception and Affective Response to COVID-19. Psychiatry,.

Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 279-298). Springer.

Shattock, M. (2017). The ‘world class’ university and international ranking systems: What are the policy implications for governments and institutions? Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 1(1), 4-21.

Shen, P., & Slater, P. F. (2021). The effect of occupational stress and coping strategies on mental health and emotional well-being among university academic staff during the COVID 19 outbreak. International Education Studies, 14(3), 82-95.

Sirois, F. M., & Owens, J. (2021). Factors associated with psychological distress in health-care workers during an infectious disease outbreak: a rapid systematic review of the evidence. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 589545.

Sjøvaag, H., & Pedersen, T. A. (2019). Female voices in the news: Structural conditions of gender representations in Norwegian newspapers. Journalism & mass communication quarterly, 96(1), 215-238.

Skeldon, R. (2014). Migration and development: A global perspective. Routledge.

Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. N., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. (1993). In search of the" hot" cognitions: attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(5), 916.

Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2011). The role of appraisal and emotion in coping and adaptation. The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health, 195-208.

Sok, S. (2019). Challenges and constraints in achieving appropriate working and living conditions for Cambodian temporary migrant workers in Malaysia. South East Asia Research, 27(4), 361-377.

Sokolova, I. J. J. o. E. B. (2021). Bioenergetics in environmental adaptation and stress tolerance of aquatic ectotherms: linking physiology and ecology in a multi-stressor landscape. 224(Suppl_1), jeb236802.

Strelan, P. (2019). Theory, Research, and the Potential of Dyadic Coping. In The Stress-and Coping Model of Forgiveness. Routledge.

Sun, P., Chen, J. J., & Jiang, H. J. J. o. P. P. (2017). Coping humor as a mediator between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction.

Sun, X.-M., Ren, L.-J., Zhao, Q.-Y., Ji, X.-J., & Huang, H. (2018). Microalgae for the production of lipid and carotenoids: a review with focus on stress regulation and adaptation. Biotechnology for biofuels, 11(1), 1-16.

TAMAT, M. I. B. (2023). ROLE STRESSORS, WORKLOAD AND JOB STRESS AMONG TEACHERS IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA.

Teques, P., Calmeiro, L., Martins, H., Duarte, D., Holt, N. L. J. J. o. S., & Psychology, E. (2018). Mediating effects of parents’ coping strategies on the relationship between parents’ emotional intelligence and sideline verbal behaviors in youth soccer. 40(3), 153-162.

Thibault, P. J. (1994). Intertextuality. The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 4.

Tsai, L.-Y., Lee, S.-C., Wang, K.-L., Tsay, S.-L., & Tsai, J.-M. (2018). A correlation study of fear of cancer recurrence, illness representation, self-regulation, and quality of life among gynecologic cancer survivors in Taiwan. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 57(6), 846-852.

Väisänen, S., Pietarinen, J., Pyhältö, K., Toom, A., & Soini, T. (2018). Student teachers’ proactive strategies for avoiding study-related burnout during teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 41(3), 301-317.

Van Dijk, T. A. (2017). How globo media manipulated the impeachment of Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff. Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 199-229.

Wan, S., Lin, S., Li, S., Tu, S., & Qin, G. (2022). The relationship between perfectionism and test anxiety of junior high school students: the mediating role of self-efficacy and trait anxiety. Educational Studies, 1-16.

Wang, C., Ni, H., Ding, Y., & Yi, C. (2015). Chinese teachers’ perceptions of the roles and functions of school psychological service providers in Beijing. School Psychology International, 36(1), 77-93.

Wong, M. M. (2008). Perceptions of parental involvement and autonomy support: their relations with self-regulation, academic performance, substance use and resilience among adolescents. North American Journal of Psychology, 10(3).

Xie, D. (2021). Two-Process Theory of Perceived Control: Changing the workspace and changing the self. In A Handbook of Theories on Designing Alignment between People and the Office Environment (pp. 124-131). Routledge.

XIE, D. (2021). Two-Process Theory of Perceived Control: Changing the workspace and changing the self. A Handbook of Theories on Designing Alignment between People and the Office Environment. . Routledge.

Xu, L., Liu, R.-D., Ding, Y., Mou, X., Wang, J., & Liu, Y. J. F. i. p. (2017). The mediation effect of coping style on the relations between personality and life satisfaction in Chinese adolescents. 8, 1076.

Yang, R., You, X., Zhang, Y., Lian, L., & Feng, W. (2019). Teachers’ mental health becoming worse: the case of China. International Journal of Educational Development, 70, 102077.

Yaqi, L. y. Z. (2020). Information dissemination and media performance in COVID-19 reports. The Press, 02.

Zajdel, M., & Helgeson, V. S. (2020). Communal coping: A multi-method approach with links to relationships and health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(5), 1700-1721.

Zhou, J., Yuan, X., Huang, H., Li, Y., Yu, H., Chen, X., & Luo, J. (2021). The prevalence and correlative factors of depression among chinese teachers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 1054.