Effect of Distributed and Instructional Leadership of Chinese  School Principals on the Job Satisfaction of Teachers: A Conceptual  Paper

Zhao  Xin; Suhaidah Binti Tahir

doi:10.48165/sajssh.2024.5403

Authors

Zhao Xin Faculty of Education & Liberal Sciences, City University Malaysia, Malaysia.
Suhaidah Binti Tahir Faculty of Education & Liberal Sciences, City University Malaysia, Malaysia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2024.5403

Keywords:

Distributed Leadership, Instructional Leadership, Principal, Teachers, Job Satisfaction

Abstract

School principals’ leadership behaviours influence the job satisfaction of the teacher, which in turn, defines the effectiveness of the school climate. Therefore, it is crucial to know how the leaderships styles, specially the distributed and instructional leadership, affect the job satisfaction of the teachers in the Chinese school context. So, the aim of the study is to analyse the effect of distributed and instructional leadership of Chinese school principals on the job satisfaction of teachers along with the mediating roles of reward, motivation, and effectiveness. In order to achieve the aim, the study adopted a “review-style” research method and explored the relevant past literature. The researcher confined the time frame from 2019 to 2024 to include the most recent studies and the theses, books, and discussions were not utilized as they did not fit into the standard of research articles. In the context of educational policy and school management practices worldwide, the implications of this study are significant. Therefore, suitable leadership interventions would improve teachers’ work satisfaction and consequently, the students’ achievements.

References

Abed, A. R. (2022). KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY AND THE FUTURE OF HUMAN JOBS. World Economics and Finance Bulletin, 10, 65-72.

Acton, K. S. (2021). School leaders as change agents: Do principals have the tools they need? Management in Education, 35(1), 43-51.

Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H., & Alazmi, A. A. (2021). Principal Support and Teacher Turnover Intention in Kuwait: Implications for Policymakers. Leadership and policy in schools, 1-16.

Ameen, A., Alshamsi, S., Isaac, O., Gazem, N. A., & Mohammed, F. (2021). Impact of inspirational motivation on organizational innovation (Administrative innovation, process innovation, and product innovation) Advances on smart and soft computing (pp. 613-623): Springer.

ATIK, S., & CELIK, O. T. (2020). An Investigation of the Relationship between School Principals' Empowering Leadership Style and Teachers' Job Satisfaction: The Role of Trust and Psychological Empowerment. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 12(3).

Azorín, C., Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2020). Taking a distributed perspective on leading professional learning networks. School Leadership & Management, 40(2-3), 111-127.

Baroudi, S., Tamim, R., & Hojeij, Z. (2022). A quantitative investigation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing teachers’ job satisfaction in Lebanon. Leadership and policy in schools, 21(2), 127-146.

Bellibaş, M. Ş., Gümüş, S., & Liu, Y. (2021). Does school leadership matter for teachers’ classroom practice? The influence of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on instructional quality. School effectiveness and school improvement, 32(3), 387-412.

Bellibaş, M. Ş., Kılınç, A. Ç., & Polatcan, M. (2021). The moderation role of transformational leadership in the effect of instructional leadership on teacher professional learning and instructional practice: An integrated leadership perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), 776-814.

Benner, M. (2022). A behavioral theory of economic development: the uneven evolution of cities and regions: by Robert Huggins and Piers Thompson, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2021, 336 pp., £ 75.00 (Hardback), ISBN 9780198832348. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: February 2021, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9,780,198,832,348.001. 0001: Taylor & Francis.

Berjaoui, R. R., & Karami-Akkary, R. (2020). Distributed leadership as a path to organizational commitment: The case of a Lebanese school. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 19(4), 610- 624.

Bizzi, L. (2022). At the origin of network centrality: How to design jobs to make employees central. Group & Organization Management, 10596011221087494.

Bush, T., & Ng, A. Y. M. (2019). Distributed leadership and the Malaysia Education Blueprint: From prescription to partial school-based enactment in a highly centralised context. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(3), 279-295.

Cahyono, Y., Novitasari, D., Sihotang, M., Aman, M., Fahlevi, M., Nadeak, M., . . . Purwanto, A. (2020). The effect of transformational leadership dimensions on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: case studies in private university Lecturers. Solid State Technology, 63(1s), 158-184.

Caza, B. B., Main, K., & Stuart-Edwards, A. (2022). Jack of All Trades, Master of None? Exploring Factors That Influence Responses to White-Collar Professionals with Multiple Jobs. Academy of Management Discoveries(ja).

Chiu, C.-Y., Balkundi, P., Owens, B. P., & Tesluk, P. E. (2022). Shaping positive and negative ties to improve team effectiveness: The roles of leader humility and team helping norms. Human relations, 75(3), 502-531.

Chughtai, M. S., Khalid, Y., Guan, R., & Razzaq, T. (2023). When Does Leadership Humility Nurture Career Success: A Moderated Mediation Model of Career Adaptability and Proactive Personality. Journal of Innovative Research in Management Sciences, 4(1), 35- 53.

Collins, E., Owen, P., Digan, J., & Dunn, F. (2019). Applying transformational leadership in nursing practice. Nursing Standard, 35(5), 59-65.

Daniëls, E., Hondeghem, A., & Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational research review, 27, 110-125.

De Silva, U. J. (2023). Employee motivation and performance.

Decuypere, A., & Pircher Verdorfer, A. (2022). Leader Attentive Communication: A new Communication Concept, Validation and Scale Development. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15480518221100922.

Demirdag, S. (2021). School Principals' Instructional Leadership as a Predictor of Teacher Motivation. ie: inquiry in education, 13(2), 6.

Dimotakis, N., Lambert, L. S., Fu, S., Boulamatsi, A., Smith, T. A., Runnalls, B. A., . . . Maurer, T. J. (2022). Gains and Losses: Week-to-Week Changes in Leader-Follower Relationships. Academy of management journal(ja).

Dinh, N. B. K., Caliskan, A., & Zhu, C. (2021). Academic leadership: Perceptions of academic leaders and staff in diverse contexts. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(6), 996-1016.

Doǧan, E., Aygün, H., Arslan, G., Rzayev, E., Avcı, B., Ayyıldız, M., & Ağar, E. (2020). The role of NMDA receptors in the effect of purinergic P2X7 receptor on spontaneous seizure activity in WAG/Rij rats with genetic absence epilepsy. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 414.

Du, Y., & Yan, M. (2022). Green Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Taking Charge Behavior: The Mediating Role of Personal Initiative and the Moderating Role of Green Organizational Identity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4172.

Ellen III, B. P., Ferris, G. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2021). Toward a more political perspective of leader effectiveness: Leader political support construct validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior.

Fatimah, H., & Syahrani, S. (2022). Leadership Strategies In Overcoming Educational Problems. Indonesian Journal of Education (INJOE), 3(2), 282-290.

Finney, L. (2022). İnspirational Leadership. Thales Learning and Development, Crawley, West Sussex. www. thales-ld. com (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2022).

Ghosh, A., Kessler, M., Heyrman, K., Opelt, B., Carbonelli, M., & Fouad, N. A. (2019). Student veteran career transition readiness, career adaptability, and academic and life satisfaction. The Career Development Quarterly, 67(4), 365-371.

Gyansah, S., Ogola, M., & Guantai, H. (2020). Effect of school heads’ inspirational motivation leadership practices on students’ academic achievement in public high schools in Kumasi Metropolitan, Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(14), 76-86.

Hickey, N., Flaherty, A., & Mannix McNamara, P. (2022). Distributed Leadership: A Scoping Review Mapping Current Empirical Research. Societies, 12(1), 15.

Ishak, N., Khairuddin, F. N., & Aziz, N. S. (2022). PRINCIPAL’S LEADERSHIP STYLE AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS AT AN URBAN PRIMARY SCHOOL IN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA. Jurnal ILMI, 11(1), 1-13.

Islam, M. N., Furuoka, F., & Idris, A. (2021). Mapping the relationship between transformational leadership, trust in leadership and employee championing behavior during organizational change. Asia Pacific Management Review, 26(2), 95-102.

Jackson, J., & Stevens, T. (2022). Predicting Teachers’ Job Satisfaction from Student Aggression Toward Teachers and Related Trauma. Contemporary School Psychology, 1-12.

Javidan, M., Waldman, D. A., & Wang, D. (2021). How life experiences and cultural context matter: A multilevel framework of global leader effectiveness. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1331-1362.

Jiang, L., Bohle, S. L., & Roche, M. (2019). Contingent reward transactional leaders as “good parents”: Examining the mediation role of attachment insecurity and the moderation role of meaningful work. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(4), 519-537.

Kerns, C. D. (2022). Managing Leader Identity at Work: A Practice-Oriented Approach. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 19(1), 1-20.

DOI: 10.48165/sajssh.2024.5403

Xin & Tahir 2024 SAJSSH, Vol 5, Issue 4

Khan, I. U., Khan, M, S., & Rehan, M, H.(2020). Exploring the Effects of Contingent Rewards on Employee Responsiveness and Affective Commitment. Global Regional Review, 1, 170- 180.

Kõiv, K., Liik, K., & Heidmets, M. (2019). School leadership, teacher’s psychological empowerment and work-related outcomes. International Journal of Educational Management.

Kong, D. T., Park, S., & Peng, J. (2022). Appraising and Reacting to Perceived Pay-for Performance: Leader Competence and Warmth as Critical Contingencies. Academy of management journal(ja).

Lee, S. Y., & Lee, S. W. (2022). Facebook Use and Job Performance: The Mediating Effects of Social Capital, Knowledge Sharing, and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Human– Computer Interaction, 1-16.

Licki, M., & Van Der Walt, F. (2021). The influence of perceived cultural intelligence of school principals on teachers' job satisfaction and trust. Management Dynamics: Journal of the Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 30(2), 5-20.

Liu, Y., Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Gümüş, S. (2021). The effect of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Mediating roles of supportive school culture and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 430-453.

LIU, Z. (2022). The Moderating Effects of Teacher Collaboration on the Association Between Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Job Performance.

Lu, X., & Smith, R. (2021). Exploring the manifestation of distributed leadership in Chinese Higher Education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1-19.

Maheshwari, G. (2021). Influence of teacher-perceived transformational and transactional school leadership on teachers’ job satisfaction and performance: A case of Vietnam. Leadership and policy in schools, 1-15.

Maponya, T. J. (2020). The Instructional Leadership Role of the School Principal on Learners' Academic Achievement. African Educational Research Journal, 8(2), 183-193.

Meredith, C., Moolenaar, N., Struyve, C., Vandecandelaere, M., Gielen, S., & Kyndt, E. (2022). The importance of a collaborative culture for teachers’ job satisfaction and affective commitment. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 1-20.

Muliati, M., Sudirman, S., & Fahruddin, F. (2020). The Effect of Principal Leadership Style to Teacher Job Performance. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(6), 66-72.

Nasra, M. A., & Arar, K. (2019). Leadership style and teacher performance: mediating role of occupational perception. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 186- 202.

Naz, F., & Rashid, S. (2021). Effective instructional leadership can enhance teachers’ Motivation and improve students’ learning outcomes. sjesr, 4(1), 477-485.

Nurimansjah, R. A., Ramly, M., Mallongi, S., & Alam, R. (2022). The Intervention of Job Satisfaction in Influence the Empowering Leadership and Talent Management Toward Staff Performance. Jurnal manajemen bisnis, 9(1), 67-76.

Ohunakin, F., & Olugbade, O. A. (2022). Do employees' perceived compensation system influence turnover intentions and job performance? The role of communication satisfaction as a moderator. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, 100970.

Or, M. H., & Berkovich, I. (2023). Participative decision making in schools in individualist and collectivist cultures: The micro-politics behind distributed leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(3), 533-553.

Özdemir, G., Sahin, S., & Öztürk, N. (2020). Teachers' Self-Efficacy Perceptions in Terms of School Principal's Instructional Leadership Behaviours. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(1), 25-40.

Purwanto, A., Novitasari, D., & Asbari, M. (2022). Tourist Satisfaction and Performance of Tourism Industries: How The Role of Innovative Work Behaviour, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour? Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 3(1), 1-12.

Qadach, M., Schechter, C., & Da’as, R. a. (2020). Instructional leadership and teachers' intent to leave: The mediating role of collective teacher efficacy and shared vision. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(4), 617-634.

Rabuzin, T. (2022). System-Wide Impacts of Distributed Generation on Power System Operation: Data-Driven Approaches to Addressing the Challenges of Integrating Distributed Generation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

Radi Afsouran, N., C Thornton III, G., & Charkhabi, M. (2022). Leadership Development Assessment Center: A Review on Advantages and Disadvantages for Developing Leadership Behavioral Competencies. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 11(1), 71-88.

Rickley, M., & Stackhouse, M. (2022). Global leadership effectiveness: A multilevel review and exploration of the construct domain. Advances in global leadership.

Roy, M. (2021). Social Identity, Leadership and Group Behavior: Theory and Experiments. George Mason University.

Salas-Vallina, A., Simone, C., & Fernández-Guerrero, R. (2020). The human side of leadership: Inspirational leadership effects on follower characteristics and happiness at work (HAW). Journal of Business Research, 107, 162-171.

Shafi, M., Lei, Z., Song, X., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: Moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Asia Pacific Management Review, 25(3), 166-176.

Shaturaev, J., & Bekimbetova, G. (2021). THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY. InterConf.

Sheikh, A. M. (2022). Leader humility and team effectiveness: a moderated mediation model of leader-member exchange and employee satisfaction. Paper presented at the Evidence based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship.

Shengnan, L., & Hallinger, P. (2021). Unpacking the effects of culture on school leadership and teacher learning in China. Educational management administration & leadership, 49(2), 214-233.

Skaalvik, C. (2020). School principal self-efficacy for instructional leadership: relations with engagement, emotional exhaustion and motivation to quit. Social Psychology of Education, 23(2), 479-498.

Sorin, A., Shechtman, S., & Hoory, R. (2020). Principal Style Components: Expressive Style Control and Cross-Speaker Transfer in Neural TTS. Paper presented at the INTERSPEECH.

STAIC, L. G., ULIU, D. V., & VLADU, M. (2022). ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCING ON THE SUSTAINABLE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL TERRITORIES, PART OF THE LAGS, THROUGH THE LEADER METHOD. Scientific Papers: Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 22(1).

Stevenson, O. (2021). Claimant or client? a social worker's view of the Supplementary Benefits Commission: Routledge.

Stewart, G. L., Courtright, S. H., & Manz, C. C. (2019). Self-leadership: A paradoxical core of organizational behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 47-67.

Tambrin, M., Wasliman, I., Hanafiah, H., & Mudrikah, A. (2021). Implementation and evaluation of teachers’ performance supervision at Madrasah Aliyah (Islamic Senior High School). Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 5(4), 645-655.

Tang, K. N., & Tang, K. N. (2019). Leadership styles and organizational effectiveness. Leadership and change management, 11-25.

Top, C., Abdullah, B. M. S., & Faraj, A. H. M. (2020). Transformational leadership impact on employees performance. Eurasian Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 1(1), 49-59.

Torres, D. G. (2019). Distributed leadership, professional collaboration, and teachers’ job satisfaction in US schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 79, 111-123.

Touati, R., Sailer, I., Marchand, L., Ducret, M., & Strasding, M. (2022). Communication tools and patient satisfaction: A scoping review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 34(1), 104-116.

Tran, T. B. H., & Choi, S. B. (2019). Effects of inclusive leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating roles of organizational justice and learning culture. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 13.

Wasito, H., Sahertian, P., & Maulina, V. (2021). Leadership Style, Organization Culture, Motivation, and Principal Supervision of Teachers. Culture, 134(046), 261.

Wellman, N., Ashford, S. J., Sanchez-Burks, J., & DeRue, D. S. (2022). Leading When the Boss is Present: How Leadership Structure Schemas Affect Leadership Behavior. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15480518221076767.

Yang, Z., Jaramillo, F., Liu, Y., Ye, W., & Huang, R. (2020). Abusive supervision in retailing: the mediating role of customer orientation and the moderating roles of contingent reward and contingent punishment. European Journal of Marketing.

Younas, A., Wang, D., Javed, B., & Haque, A. U. (2022). Inclusive leadership and voice behavior: The role of psychological empowerment. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1-17.

Zafar, H. (2021). Despotic Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Mediating role of Emotional Exhaustion.

Zahed-Babelan, A., Koulaei, G., Moeinikia, M., & Sharif, A. R. (2019). Instructional leadership effects on teachers’ work engagement: Roles of school culture, empowerment, and job characteristics. CEPS Journal, 9(3), 137-156.

Zhang, J., Huang, Q., & Xu, J. (2022). The Relationships among Transformational Leadership, Professional Learning Communities and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in China: What Do the Principals Think? Sustainability, 14(4), 2362.