Gender Pay Gap in Textile Industrial Cluster Kotri, Sindh Pakistan

Rizwan Ali  Memon; Kamleshwer  Lohana; Iffat Batool  Naqvi

doi:10.48165/sajssh.2021.2208

Authors

Rizwan Ali Memon Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan
Kamleshwer Lohana Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan
Iffat Batool Naqvi Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2021.2208%20

Keywords:

Gender pay gap, Industrial cluster, labor market, Women worker.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to substantiate the gender pay gap in textile industrial cluster Kotri with the twin comparative research questions, what are the hourly wages of men and women workers and why do men and women workers receive unequal hourly wages in textile industrial cluster Kotri, Sindh Pakistan? The term gender pay gap is not only concern equal pay for equal work. It also refers equal opportunities for women in industrial sector, in the meaning of socioeconomic privileges. In Pakistan female labor force participation rates remain stumpy, the gaps in industries labor market outcomes between men and women (gender disparities) are far from closing. A mixed methodology used with snowball sampling technique in eleven textile industries of Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (Site) Area Kotri. Current study found that from 1 rupee to 11 rupees difference in one hour pay of daily wages men and women workers. Majority of daily wages worker are happy with the role of middleman but mass of them are illiterate. Further this paper offers specific policy recommendations for strengthen women worker position and priorities to wage balance in industrial cluster, expand women employment in industries and advance women’s wellbeing socially and economically by which we may enjoy a healthy piece of society.

References

Akram, S., & Kashmir, K. (2015). Gender dimensions in textiles and clothing sector of Pakistan. Basic Research Journal of Business Management and Accounts, 4(1), 25-30.

Ali, S. A., Ali, S. A., Feroz, A., Saleem, S., Fatmai, Z., & Kadir, M. M. (2020). Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care among married women of reproductive age in the rural Thatta, Pakistan: findings from a community-based case-control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 1-12.

Anner, M. (2020). Squeezing workers’ rights in global supply chains: Purchasing practices in the Bangladesh garment export sector in comparative perspective. Review of International Political Economy, 27(2), 320-347.

Bellace, J. R. (2018). Back to the future: workplace relations and labour law in the 21st century in the Asia Pacific context. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 56(4), 433-449.

Bilodeau, J., Marchand, A., & Demers, A. (2020). Work, family, work–family conflict and psychological distress: A revisited look at the gendered vulnerability pathways. Stress and Health, 36(1), 75-87.

Chaudhary, A. R., Chani, M. I., & Pervaiz, Z. (2012). An analysis of different approaches to women empowerment: a case study of Pakistan.

Clibborn, S., & Wright, C. F. (2018). Employer theft of temporary migrant workers’ wages in Australia: Why has the state failed to act? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 29(2), 207-227.

De Clercq, D., Haq, I. U., & Azeem, M. U. (2019). Workplace ostracism and job performance: roles of self-efficacy and job level. Personnel Review.

Dixon, M. (2010). Union Threat, Countermovement Organization, and Labor Policy in the States, 1944—1960. Social Problems, 57(2), 157-174.

Falk, A., & Hermle, J. (2018). Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality. Science, 362(6412).

Fraser, S. (2020). 3 The'Labor Question' The rise and fall of the New Deal order, 1930-1980 (pp. 55-84): Princeton University Press.

Hegewisch, A., & Hartmann, H. (2014). Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap: A job half done.

Huyer, S. (2015). Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering. UNESCO science report: towards, 2030, 85.

Ibekwe, C. S. (2020). Equal Pay and Comparable Worth: Conceptual and Functional Bearings to Closing Nigeria's Gender Pay Gap. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 100, 30.

Iqbal, F., Ahmad, M. B., Rai, I. H., Aslam, S., & Hafiz, F. A. (2020). Time Poverty among

Working Females in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(4), 170.

Isran, S., & Ali Isran, M. (2012). Low Female Labour Participation in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 32(2).

Khan, S. U., & Hussain, I. (2020). Inequalities in health and health-related indicators: a spatial geographic analysis of Pakistan. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-9.

Longhi, S., & Brynin, M. (2017). The ethnicity pay gap. Equality and Human Rights Commission.

Lu, L., Kao, S.-F., Chang, T.-T., Wu, H.-P., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). Work/family demands, work flexibility, work/family conflict, and their consequences at work: A national probability sample in Taiwan. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 1(S), 68.

Makhdoom, T. R. (2018a). Analyzing The Factors Affecting Employees’ Turnover In Textile Mills Of Site Area Kotri, Sindh (Pakistan). Grassroots, 51(2).

Makhdoom, T. R. (2018b). Employees’ exit from manufacturing organizations: Investigating the consequences. Pakistan Administrative Review, 2(2), 243-252.

Makhdoom, T. R., Shah, S. A. S., & Jamali, N. M. Measuring Industry-wise difference of employee turnover and its consequences at Site Area Kotri using ANOVA.

Moore Jr, B. (2016). Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt: Routledge.

Naz, F., & Bögenhold, D. (2020). Understanding labour processes in global production networks: a case study of the football industry in Pakistan. Globalizations, 17(6), 917-934.

Pakeeza, S. (2015). Domestic violence laws and practices in Pakistan. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences, 3(1), 46-49.

Rahman, A., Khan, M. N., Hamdani, S. U., Chiumento, A., Akhtar, P., Nazir, H., . . . Khan, N. A. (2019). Effectiveness of a brief group psychological intervention for women in a post conflict setting in Pakistan: a single-blind, cluster, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 393(10182), 1733-1744.

Razavi, S. (2012). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development—A commentary. Development and Change, 43(1), 423-437.

Rinz, K. (2018). Labor market concentration, earnings inequality, and earnings mobility. Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications Working Paper, 10.

Rowther, A. A., Kazi, A. K., Nazir, H., Atiq, M., Atif, N., Rauf, N., . . . Surkan, P. J. (2020). “A Woman Is a Puppet.” Women’s Disempowerment and Prenatal Anxiety in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study of Sources, Mitigators, and Coping Strategies for Anxiety in Pregnancy. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(14), 4926.

Saqib, S. E., Kuwornu, J. K., Panezia, S., & Ali, U. (2018). Factors determining subsistence farmers' access to agricultural credit in flood-prone areas of Pakistan. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 262-268.

Sarwar, A., & Imran, M. K. (2019). Exploring Women’s Multi-Level Career Prospects in Pakistan: Barriers, Interventions, and Outcomes. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1376.

Sarwar, F., & Abbasi, A. S. (2013). An in-depth analysis of women’s labor force participation in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(2), 208-215.

Segovia-Pérez, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., & Muñoz-Mazón, A. (2019). Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: Female executives’ perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 184-193.

Šestić, M., Rahimić, Z., Ćar, M. B., & Hodžić, D. (2020). Global Gender Gap Index: Is It Time to Measure Technology Access Gap Also? Paper presented at the International Conference “New Technologies, Development and Applications”.

Sinkovics, N., Hoque, S. F., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2016). Rana Plaza collapse aftermath: are CSR compliance and auditing pressures effective? Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 29(4), 617-649.

Suleman, D., & Mohamed, A. H. (2019). Examining the Women Issues and Child Abuse as Mirrored by Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development, 3, 10-21070.

Suleman, D., Mohamed, A. H., & Ahmmed, M. F. (2020). Political and Gender issues in Arundhati Roy’s" The Ministry of Utmost Happiness". Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development, 5, 10-21070.

Suleman, D., & binti Ab Rahman, F. (2020). Transgender Issues in Indian Society from the Viewpoint of Arundhati Roy’s Novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(3), 159-172.

Syed, B. (2020). Gender and decentralized governance: impact on women’s empowerment through improvement In education sector. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.

Teasdale, S., McKay, S., Phillimore, J., & Teasdale, N. (2011). Exploring gender and social entrepreneurship: women's leadership, employment and participation in the third sector and social enterprises. Voluntary sector review, 2(1), 57-76.

Yu, S., & Zia-ud-Din, M. (2018). International Trade Agreements and Their Relation to Core Labor Standards. J. Pol. & L., 11, 33.