Aflatoxin Growth versus Safe Pre- and Post-Harvest Drying and Storage
Keywords:
Aflatoxins, Cocoon™, Hermetic Storage Solar Drying, Ultra Hermetic™Abstract
Discussed are field tested solutions including Ultra Hermetic storage™ contributing to solving the dual global issues of reducing food losses and protecting food safety during drying and storage of grains in a world of growing climate change.Data is provided on post harvest losses, on the public health hazard posed by aflatoxins, and how these problems are aggravated by hot, humid climates. Field data on drastically reducing growth of aflatoxins in storage is described. The storage requirements for moisture control and oxygen levels are specified for pesticide-free storage using airtight storage, including hermeticity requirements needed. Such systems are now used in 107 countries. Benefits include major storage loss reduction – typically to less than 1% for up to 1-year of storage even in the tropics, as compared to typical losses up to 25%, and the inhibition of growth of aflatoxin-producing molds. Data on the application of the same technology to safe, multi-month seed storage without refrigeration as documented by the IRRI and others. Quantitative data is presented. Comparison of conventional storage, air-conditioned and refrigerated storage with Ultra Hermetic storage is provided.Also described are the available forms of both Ultra Hermetic Storage and improved solar drying for cost effective solutions to improve both farmer income and nutrition during what many developing countries refer to as the “starving season”. This helps solve food insecurity with increased abilities to preserve commodities in good condition for up to a year or more, as well as facilitate exports by meeting international standards.
References
Allied Agro Industries, Dhaka, private communication.
Alvindia DG, Caliboso FM, Sabio GC and AR Regpala, Modified atmosphere storage of bagged maize outdoors using flexible liners: a preliminary report. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Stored Product Protection, Canberra, Australia, 1994; 1: 22-26.
Aronson S, Raudales R, Trubey R, and P Villers, Breakthrough in storing high quality coffee. Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, 2005; 177(11): 32-37.
Bajaj V, As grains pile up, India’s poor still go hungry. New York Times, June 7, 2012.
Baoua IB, Amadou L, Ousmane B, Baributsa D and LL Murdock Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags for post-harvest storage of maize grain in West Africa. Journal of Stored Prod Res., 2014; 58: 20-28.
Bayer Crop Sciences 2013. Unpublished (GrainPro Document PPT4051CG0314).
Bunna S, Agricultural Engineer at CARDI, Phnom
Penh 15 Mar 2001.
Calderon M, E. Donahaye, S. Navarro and R. Davis, Wheat storage in a semi desert region
Trop. Sci., 1989; 29: 94-110.
Das B and G Atlin, Evaluation of hermetically sealed SuperGrainbags for post-harvest
insect control and maintenance of
germination rate of maize (Zea mays) in
the tropical lowlands of Central
America. CIMMYT, Mexico, 2010.
DeBruin T, Villers P and S Navarro Worldwide developments in ultra hermetic™
storage and solar drying technologies.
Proc. 11th Int. Working Conf. on Stored
Product Protection, 2014.
DeBruin T, Villers P, Wagh A and S Navarro Worldwide use of hermetic storage for
the preservation of agricultural products.
Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Controlled
Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored
Products, Antalya, Turkey, 2012.
Ediage EN, Hell K and S DeSaeger A comprehensive study to explore
differences in mycotoxin patterns from
agro-ecological regions through maize,
peanut, and cassava products: A case
study, Cameroon. J. of Agr. And Food
Chem., 2014; 62: 4789-4797.
Gong YY, Hounsa A, Egal S, Turner PC, Sutcliffee A, Hall AJ, Cardwell KF and CP Wild
Post weaning exposure to aflatoxin
results in impaired child growth: A
longitudinal study in Benin, West
Africa. Environmental Heath
Perspectives, 2004; (112): 1334-1338.
Hell K, Mutegi C and P Fandohan Aflatoxin control and prevention strategies in maize for
Sub-Saharan Africa. 10th Int. Working
Conf. on Stored Product Prot., 2010; 2:
-540.
Jiang Y, Jolly PE, Preko P, Wang JS, Ellis W, Phillips TD and JH Williams Alfatoxin
related immune dysfunction in health
and in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2008; 790309: 1-21.
Jolly P, Jiang Y, Ellis W, Awuah R, Nnedu O, Phillips T, Wang JS, Afiyie-Gyawu E, Tang L, Person S, Williams J and C Jolly Determinants of aflatoxin levels in Ghanaians: Sociodemographic factors, knowledge of aflatoxin and food handling and consumption practices. Int. J. of Hygiene and Env. Health, 2006; 209(4): 345-358.
Jolly P, Jiang Y, Preko P, Wang JS, Ellis W, Phillips T, Williams J, Bessler P, Baidoo J and J Stiles Socio-demographic, health and clinical predictors of high aflatoxin levels in HIV positive Ghanaians. Epidemiology, 2009; 20(6): 239.
Jonfia-Essien WA, Navarro S and JV Dator Effectiveness of hermetic storage in insect control and quality preservation of cocoa beans in Ghana. Proc. 8th Conf. Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, Chengdu, China, 2008; 290-293.
Jonfia-Essien WA, Navarro S and P Villers Hermetic Storage: A novel approach to the protection of cocoa beans. African Crop Science, 2010; 18(2): 59-68.
Kang’ethe E Situation analysis: improving food safety in the maize value chain in Kenya. FAO, 2011.
Moreno E, C. Benavides and J. Ramirez, The Influence of Hermetic Storage on the Behaviour of Maize. Seed Germination. Seed Science and Technology, 1988; 16: 427-434.
Navarro S, Donahaye E, Rindner M and A Azrieli Airtight storage of grain in plastic structures. Hassadeh Quarterly, 1990; 12: 85-88. (PU2283SN1112)
Navarro H, Navarro S and S Finkelman Hermetic and modified atmosphere storage of shelled peanuts to prevent free fatty acid and aflatoxin formation. Proc. Int. Conf.
Org. Bio. Integrated Control of Noxious
Animals and Plants Volos, Greece, 2011.
Navarro H, Navarro S and S Finkelman Hermetic and modified atmosphere storage of
shelled peanuts to prevent free fatty acid
and aflatoxin formation. IOBC
Integrated Protection of Stored
Products, 2012; 81: 183-192.
Navarro S, et al, Hassadeh Quarterly, Volume 1, #2, Agrotechnology, 1990, Page 87.
Coffee & Cocoa International. GrainPro concept finds new adherents in the coffee
industry. Coffee and Cocoa
International Journal, 2011; 38(3): 38-
Oladele D The effects of alfatoxins on animals. Aflatoxin Partnership Newsletter, 2014;
(1): 4-6.
Rojas-Azucena RNM The bubble that dries. IRRI J. Rice Today, 2014; 13(1): 18.
Quasem M. Aul and A. Abdur Rahman Testing of the GrainPro Cocoon for storage of
Paddy. Bangladesh Rice Research
Institute (BRRI), SSO, Farm Machinery
and Post Harvest Technology Div.,
Gazipur 2001.
Sabio GC, Dator JV, Orge RF, Julian D, Alvindia DG, Miranda GC and MC Austria
Preservation of Mestizo 1 (PSB Rc72H)
seeds using hermetic and low
temperature storage technologies. 9th
Int. Conf. on Stored Product Protection,
Sao Paulo, Brazil, ABRAPOS, 2006;
-955.
Sumner PE and D Lee Reducing aflatoxin in corn during harvest. CAES Pub., U. of
Georgia, 2012; B 1231.
Sukprakarni, Chuwit, et al. Trial on Storing Corn Seed in Airtight Storage. Ministry of
Agriculture, Stored Product Insect
Research Group, Division of
Entomology and Zoology, Bangkok,
Thailand 1998.
Turner PC, Collinson AC, Cheung TB, Gong Y, Hall AJ, Prentice AM and CP Wild
aflatoxin exposure in utero causes growth faltering in Gambian infants. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2007; 36(5): 1119-1125.
Turner PC, Moore SE, Hall AJ, Prentice AM and CP Wild modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children. Env. Health Perspectives,2003; 111(2): 217-220.
Villers P, 2002, (unpublished, available as “Summary of Germinations of Different Commodities under Hermetic Storage”, Document # SL2187PV0701, from GrainPro, Inc.).
Villers P, DeBruin T and S Navarro Safe storage of grain in the tropics. Feed Technology Update, 2006; 1(3): 2-7.
Villers P and M Gummert Seal of approval. IRRI J. Rice Today, 2009; 8(1):26-27.
Villers P Aflatoxins and safe storage. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014; 5: 158.
Waliyar R, Natre BR, Traore A, Diarra B, Kodio O and P Lava Kumar Pre and postharvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. Int. Crops Research Inst. For the Semi-Arid Tropics, Mali, 2002.
Williams JH Aflatoxin as a public health factor in developing countries and it influence on HIV and other diseases. World Bank Report, 2011; Report #60371-AFR; 1- 95.
Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles, JK, Jolly CM and D Aggarwal Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am. J Clin. Nutr, 2004; 80: 1106-22.
Zorya S, Morgan N, L Diaz Rios Missing food: The case of postharvest grain losses in sub Saharan Africa. World Bank Report, 2011; Report #60371-AFR; 1-95.
