Antibacterial properties of ginger rhizome
Keywords:
Ginger, antimicrobial,, zone of inhibition, antibiotics,, extraction, microorganismAbstract
Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), is an essential plant based product consumed as spice and can be used as naturopathy due to its potential antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes and is also used in various food industries and traditional medicine. In this study, the antimicrobial potential of ginger was analyzed against Gram -ve Escherichia coli and Gram +ve Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Analysis of the results of sensitivity tests (disc diffusion assays) indicated each of the microorganisms to be completely inhibited. The formation of zones of inhibition indicated that the spice tested was effective as an antimicrobial agent when screened. Zones of inhibition (greater than 30 mm in diameter were obtained during positive disc diffusion assaying. Analysis of the results concluded that the active compounds present in the Ginger were effective against tested micro-organisms and may be used to treat bacterial infections. This could be an alternative treatment to antibiotics for one or all of the microbial species investigated and in so doing allow the healing powers of spices to be acknowledged. The observations of such inhibition zones were comparatively significant and demonstrated the potential use of these Ginger as antimicrobial agents with an efficacy that can be compared to that of the already recognized and widely used antibiotic, neomycin.
References
Abdel-Azeem, A.S., A.M. Hegazy, K.S. Ibrahim, A.R. Farrag and E.M. ElSayed. 2013. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and ameliorative effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and vitamin E in acetaminophen treated rats. Journal of Dietary Supplements. 10(3): 195-209
Al-Amin, Zainab, M., M. Thomson, K.K. Al-Qattan, S.R. Peltonen and M. Ali. 2007. "Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". British Journal of Nutrition. 96 (4): 660–666.
Ali, B.H., G. Blunden, M.O. Tanira and A. Nemmar. 2008. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food and chemical Toxicology. 46(2): 409-420.
Al-Tameme, H. J., M. Y. Hadi and I. H. Hameed. 2015. Phytochemical analysis of Urtica dioica leaves by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 7(10): 238-252
Anjan, G., L. Nagesh and B. Sapna. 2012. Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of ginger extract against Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis- An invitro study. International Journal of Science, Innovations and Discoveries. 2 (1): 260-265.
Auta, K.I., A.A. Gladimia, J.U. Basey and A.B. Yako. 2011. Antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on Escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginisa. Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 6(1): 37-39.
Chen, I.N. C.C. Chang, C.C. Ng, C.Y. Wang, Y.T. Shyu and T.L. Chang. 2008. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Zingiberaceous Plants in Taiwan. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 63(1): 15-20
Edward, K.C., and C.G. Ohaeghu. 2012. The effect of ginger and garlic on the microbial load and shelf life of kunan- zaki. Journal of Applied Phasrmaceaticul Science. 02 (5): 150- 153.
El-baroty G.S, H.H. El-Baky, R.S. Faray and Salen. M.A. 2010. Chareterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of cinnamon and ginger essential oil. African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 4 (6): 167-174.
Ewenye, U.N., and N.N. Elegalam. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on Escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. International Journal of Molecular Medicines and Advance Science. 1(4): 411-416.
Fuhrman, B., M. Rosenblat, T. Hayek, R. Coleman and M. Aviram. 2000. Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Journal of Nutrition. 130(5): 1124-1131.
Govindarajan V.S. 1982. Ginger—chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation: part 1. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 17(1): 1-96.
ICMR Bulletin. 2010. Ginger: It’s Role in Xenobiotic Metabolism.
James, M.E. R. Nannapaneni and M.G. Johnson. 1999. Identification and characterization of two bacteriocin- producing bacteria isolated from garlic and ginger root. Journal of Food Protection. 62: 899-904.
Jeena, K., V.B. Liju and R. Kuttan (Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from ginger. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 57(1): 51-62.
Ji, L., J. Wu, W. Gao, J. Wei, J. Yang and C. Guo. 2011. Antioxidant capacity of different fractions of vegetables and correlations with the contents of ascorbic acid, phenolics and flavonoids, Journal of Food Science. 76(9): 1257- 1261.
Kapoor A. 1997. Antifungal activities of fresh juice and aqueous extracts of turmeric and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Phytological Research. 10: 59-62.
Karuppiah, P., and S. Rajaram. 2012. Antibacterial effects of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple drug resisitant clinical pathogens. Asian Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 5 (3): 197-202.
Kemper K.J. 2004. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). The Longwood Herbal Task Force. Available Source: http://www.mcp.edu.herbal/default.htm,
Khushtar, M., V. Kumar, K. Javed and U. Bhandari. 2009. Protective effect of ginger oil on aspirin and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 71(5): 554-558.
Lee, K.W., and H.J. Lee. 2006. The roles of polyphenols in cancer chemoprevention. Journal of Biofactors. 26(2): 105-121. McGee, Harold. 2004. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (2nd ed.). New York: Scribner 425-426.
Meena, M.R. 1992. Studies on antimicrobial activity of various spices and their oils. M.Sc. Thesis: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi,
Middleton, E., C. Kandaswami and T.C Theoharides. 2000. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease and cancer, Pharmacological Reviews. 52(4): 673-751.
Mostafa, N.M., and A.N. Singab. 2016. After HCV eradication with Sovaldi®, can herbs regenerate damaged liver, minimize side effects and reduce the bill?.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. 5(4): 257.
Namita, P., and R. Mukesh. 2012. Medicinal plants used as antimicrobial agents: A review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 3(1): 31-40.
Narojit, K., N. Loanakunjit and O. Kerdchoechuen. 2007. Antimicrobial effects of five Zingiberane essential oils. Molecules. 12(8): 2047-2060.
Natta, L., K. Orapin, N. Krittika and B. Pantip. 2008. Essential oil from five Zingiberaceae for anti food borne bacteria. International Food Research Journal. 15(3): 337-346
Poeloengan, M. 2011. The effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract on the growth of mastitis causing bacterial isolates. African Journal of Microbiology Research.5(4): 382.
Rehman, R., M. Akram, N. Akhtar, Q. Jabeen, T. Saeed, S. Ali, S.M. Ahmed, K.G. Shaheen and H.M. Asif. 2011. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (pharmacological activity). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(3): 344-348.
Robert, N.H., N.S. Peterson and M.C. Clave. 2008. Antimicrobial properties of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale. International Journal of Pharmacy. 7 (2): 144-146.
Sasikumar, B. 2011. Spices. Indian institute of spices research, Kerela. 22 (12).
Sebiomo, A.D., AO. Awofodu, F.E. Awosanya, Awotona and A.J. Ajayi. 2011. Comparative studies of antibacterial effect of some antibiotics and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on two pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 3(1):18-22.
Sharma, S., R. Vijayvergia and Singh. T. 2010. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of some medicinal plants. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2(1): 121-124.
Sivasothy, Y., W.K. Chong, A. Hamid, I.M. Eldeen, S.F. Sulaiman and K. Awang. 2011. Essential oils of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and their antibacterial activities. Food Chemistry. 124(2): 514-517.
Skrinjar, M.M. and T. Nemet. 2011. Antimicrobial effects of spices and herbs essential oils. Journal of Microbiology. 6 (2): 29- 33.
Strack, D. 1997. Phenolic metabolism, Plant Biochemistry, Academic press ltd. ISBN No.0-12-214674-3, 387-413.
Tan B.K.H., and J. Vanitha. 2004. Immunomodulatory and Antibacterial Effects of Some Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbs: A Review. Current medicinal chemistry. 11(11):1423-1430.
Toor, R.K., and G.P. Savage. 2005 Antioxidant activity in different fractions of tomatoes. Food Research International 38:487- 494.
Yang, Z., W. Yang, Q. Peng, Q. He, Y. Feng, S. Luo and Z. Yu. 2009. Volatile phytochemical composition of rhizome of ginger after extraction by headspace solid-phase microextraction, petroleum ether extraction and steam distillation extraction. ||| Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology|||. 4(2): 136-143.
