Nutritional and health benefits of papaya: a review
Keywords:
Papaya, nutrients, phytochemicals, health benefitsAbstract
The papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is a fruit-bearing plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions and belongs to the Caricaceae family. It is mainly known for food and nutritional values throughout the world. The different parts of papaya plant such as leaves, seeds, stem, bark, roots, latex and fruit are economically more important because they possess excellent nutritional as well as medicinal properties. Leaves are used as a food, medicine and industrial applications. Compared to pulp and seeds, leaves are rich in major nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fiber are small amount of fat. It contains micronutrients such as potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc, chromium, phosphorous, manganese. Vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, C, and E. Leaves are also good source of phytochemicals which have the ability to prevent diseases such as alkaloid, glycoside, flavonoid, phenol, polyphenol, saponin, tannin, and steroid. Also with good source of carotenoids they possess medicinal properties like antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, abortifacient, hepatoprotective, wound healing and antitumor. The nutrient and phytochemicals present in eaves helps to increase appetite, improves digestion, reduce inflammation, supports the functioning of cardiovascular diseases, normalizes blood pressure and digestive system and also helps to increase white blood cells and platelets.
References
Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Ayaz, M., Abbasi, B.H., Mohammad, I. and Fazal, L. 2011. Dengue fever treatment with Carica papaya leaves extracts. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1, 330-333.
Anjum, V., Ansari, S., Naquvi, K.J., Arora, P. and Ahmad, A. 2013. Development of quality standards of Carica papaya Linn leaves. Scholars Research Library 5, 370-376.
Aravind, G., Bhowmik, D., Duraivel, S. and Harish, G. 2013. Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 17-15.
J. Postharvest Technol., 2021, 09(3): 61-67 Awodele, O., Yemitan, O., Ise, P. U. Ikumawoyi, V. O. 2016. Modulatory potentials of aqueous leaf and unripe fruit extracts of Carica papaya Linn. (Caricaceae) against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology. 5, 27–35.
Ayoola, P.B. and Adeyeye, A. 2010. Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves. International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies 5, 325-328.
Bergonio, K. B., and Perez, M. A. 2015. The potential of male papaya (Carica papaya L.) flower as a functional ingredient for herbal tea production. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 15(1), 41-49.
de-Oliveira, J, and Vitoria, A. 2011. Papaya: nutritional and pharmacological characterization and quality loss due to physiological disorders. An overview. Food Research International 44, 1306-1313.
Elizabeth K. 1994. Immense help from nature’s workshop. 1st Ed. Elikaf Health Services Ltd. Ikeja, Lagos.
Flath, R. A., Light, D. M., Jang, E. B., Mon, T. R., John, J. O. 1990. Headspace examination of volatile emissions from ripening papaya (Carica papaya L., Solo variety). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38, 1060-1063.
Hernandez, Y., Lobo, M. G., and Gonzalez, M. 2009. Factors affecting sample extraction in the liquid chromatographic determination of organic acids in papaya and pineapple. Food Chemistry 114: 734-741.
Igwe, O. U. 2015. Chemical constituents of the leaf essential oil of Carica papaya from South East Nigeria and its antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry 5(1): 77-83.
Isela, E. J., Carlos A. T., Dora, E. A., Luis, F. R., Carlos, E. L., Jorge, L. B., Leonor, L., Juan, C. D., Deysi, Y. B.: 2014. Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 24(3): 341-347.
Kavimandan, B. 2016. Studies on Biological efficacy of various leaf extracts of Carica papaya L. International CONFERENCE 2016 on Global Trends in Engineering, 510-516. Technology and Management.
Krishna, K. L., Paridhavi, M., and Patel, J. A. 2008. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.). Natural Product Radiance 7, 363-373.
Krishnaiah, D., Awang, B., Rosalam, S., and Buhri, A. 2002. Commercialization of papain enzyme from papaya In: Omar, R., Rahman, Z. A., Latifm M. T., Lihan, T., Adam, J. H. (Eds). Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 240-250.
Kumar, V., Singh, J., Chandra, S., Kumar, R., Sunil, Singh, K., Chaudhary, V. and Kumar, P. 2019. Post-harvest technology of papaya fruits and its value added products – A review. International Journal of Pure and applied Bioscience 7(2): 169-181.
Manohar, P. R.: Papaya, dengue fever and Ayurveda. Ancient Science Life 32:131-133.
Manpreet, K., Naveen, C. T., Seema, S., Aravind, K., and Elena, E. S. 2019. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Carica papaya plant: A compendious review. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, 463.
Marfo, E. K., Oke, O. L., and Afolabi, O. A. 1986. Chemical composition of papaya (Carica papaya seeds. Food Chemistry 22, 259-266.
Maria, L. S. M. and Damiao, P. S. 2016. Physical and chemical characterization of the seeds and oils of three papaya cultivars (Carica papaya). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 8(7), 870-876.
Nam, J., Jang, H., and Rhee, Y. H. 2018. Nutritional compositions in roots, twigs, leaves, fruit pulp and seeds from pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) grown in Korea. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality. 91, 47-55.
Nandini, G., Gopenath, T.S., Prasad, N., Karthikeyan, M., Gnanashekaran, A., Ranjith, M. S., Palanisamy, P., and Basalingappa, K. M. 2020. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant properties of leaf extracts of carica papaya. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 13(1): 58-62.
Nath, R. and Dutta, M. 2013. Phytochemical and proximate analysis of papaya (Carica papaya) leaves. Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 3(2), 85-87.
National Horticulture Board, 2018.
Neetu, E. K., Joseph, S., Rajeev, R. K., Kavya, K., Anjali, K. M., Bharathi, S. M. 2018. Preliminary phytochemical and biochemical analysis of Carica papaya Linn. (seed). International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(3), 19-22.
Nunes, N. N., Santana, L. A., Sampaio, M. U., Lemos, F. J., Oliva, M. L. 2013. The component of Carica papaya seed toxic to A. Aegypti and the identification of tegupain, the enzyme that generates it. Chemosphere 92, 413-420 (2013).
Nwofia, G.E., Ojimelukwe, P. and Chinyere, E.J.I. 2012. Chemical composition of leaves, fruit pulp and seedsin some Carica papaya (L) morphotypes. International Journal of Medicine of Aromatic Plants 2, 200-206.
Otsuki, N., Dangb, H.N., Kumagaia, E., Kondoc, A., Iwataa, S. and Morimotoa, D.C. 2010. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. Journal of ethnopharmacology 127 :760-767.
Saeed, F., Arshad, M.U., Pasha, I., Naz, R., Batool, R., Khan, A. A., Nasir, M. A., Shafque, B. 2014. Nutritional and phyto therapeutic potential of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.): an overview. International Journal of Food Properties 17:1637– 1653.
Sagadevan, P., Selvakumar, S., Raghunath, M., Megala, R., Janarthanan, P., Vinitha, E. C., and Senthil, K. V. 2019. Medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn: Review. Madridge J ournal of Novel and Drug Research 3(1), 120-125.
Salas, C. E., Gomes, M. T. R., Hernandez, M., Lopes, M. T. P. 2008. Plant cysteine proteinases: Evaluation of the pharmacological activity. Phytochemistry 69: 2263-2269.
Santana, L.F., Inada, A.C., Santo, E., Filiu, W.F., Pott, A., Alves, F.M., Guimaraes, R.D.C.A., Freitas, K.D.C. and Hiane, P.A. 2019. Nutraceutical potential of Carica papaya in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 11: 608-611.
Saran, P.L., Choudhary, R., Solanki, I. S., Devi, G. 2015. Traditional medicaments through papaya in North eastern plains zone of India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 14: 537–543.
Scheldeman, X., Kyndt, T., Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, G. C., Ming, R., Drew, R., Droogenbreck, B. V., Damme, P. V., and Moore, P. H. 2011. In: Kole, C. (Ed.). Wild crop relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources. Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
Sharifi-Rad, J., Tayeboon, G.S., Niknam, F., Sharifi-Rad, M., Mohajeri, M., Salehi, B., Iriti, M., and Sharifi-Rad, M.: Veronica persica poir. 2018. Extract-antibacterial, antifungal and scolicidal activities, and inhibitory potential on acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand France) 64, 50–56.
Spinola, V., Pinto, J. and Castilho, P. C. 2015. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of selected fruits from Madeira Island by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn and screening for their antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry 173, 14-30.
Stephen, C., Ukpabi, C., EsiheTochukwu, E. and Brown, N. 2013. Chemical composition of Carica papaya stem (Paw Paw). American Open Food Science Journal, 1(1), 1-5.
Tan, S. A., Ramos, S., Martin, M. A., Mateos, R., Harvey, M., Ramaanathan, S., Najimudin, N., Alam, M., Bravo, L. and Goya, L. 2012. Protective effects of papaya extracts on tert-butyl hydroperoxide mediated oxidative injury to human liver cells. Free Radicals and Antioxiants 2(3), 10-19.
Ugo, N. J., Ade, A. R. and Joy, A. T. 2019. Nutrient composition of Carica papaya leaves extracts. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research 2(3), 274-282.
Vij, T. and Prashar, Y. 2015. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 5, 1–6.
Vyas, S. J., Khatri, T. T., Ram, V. R., Dave, P. N., and Joshi, H. S. 2014. Biochemmical constituents in leaf of Carica papaya ethnomedicinal plant of Kachchh region. International Letters of Natural Sciences 12, 16-20.
Wilson, P. 1994. Papaya – Manual of tropical and subtropical fruits. Hafner Press.Facsimile of the 1920 Ed. : 225-240.
Zunjar, V., Mammen, D., trivedi, B. M., and Daniel, M. 2011. Pharmacognostic, physiocochemical and phytochemical studies on Carica papaya Linn. Leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal 3, 5-8.
