COMPETENCY BASED OR COMPETENCY DRIVEN MEDICAL EDUCATION IN FORENSIC MEDICINE: CROSSROADS AND WAY FORWARDS
Keywords:
teaching-learning, strategies, graduatesAbstract
Health care systems all over the world are transforming to align with the needs of 21st century patients and community at large. Also, there is great need of transformation in the educational systems that prepare the health care professionals who deliver care with compassion and treat the patient as whole, not just the disease.1-3 The world over, a paradigm shifts toward competency based medical education - a comprehensive educational strategy is widely approaching.4-6 Flexner report stated that most of curriculum is delivered in “Flexnerian” fashion which directly means that medical school focused upon the factual basic science disciplines in silos.7 After many years in the making, an increasing number of postgraduate medical education (PGME) training programs in India are now adopting a competency-based medical education (CBME) framework based on Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) that, in turn, encompass a larger number of competencies and training milestone. After successfully implementation in postgraduate medical education, CBME is now being incorporated into undergraduate medical education (UGME) intended to improve integration across the medical education continuum and to facilitate a smooth transition from clerkship to residency by ensuring that all graduates are ready for indirect supervision of required EPAs.
References
Spritz N. Oversight of physicians’ conduct by state licensing agencies. Lessons from New York’s Libby Zion case. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(3):219-222.
Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79(10):S70.
Grantcharov TP, Reznick RK. Training tomorrow’s surgeons: what are we looking for and how can we achieve it? Anz J Surg. 2009;79(3):104-107.
Naik VN, Wong Anne K, Hamstra SJ. Review article: leading the future: guiding two predominant paradigm shifts in medical education through scholarship. Can J Anaesth. 2012;59(2):213-223.
Hodge S. The origins of competency-based training. Aust J Adult Learn. 2007;47(2):31.
McCowan RJ. Origins of Competency-Based Training. Center for Development of Human Services, Buffalo, NY: Buffalo State College. 1998:41. Available at: )#http:/ /www.bsc-cdhs.org*#.
Carraccio C, Wolfsthal SD, Englander R, Ferentz K, Martin C. Shifting paradigms: from Flexner to competencies. Acad Med. 2002;77(5):361.
Long DM. competency-based residency training: the next advance in graduate medical education. Acad Med. 2000;75(12):1178-1183.
Smith SR, Dollase R. AMEE guide no. 14: outcomebased education: part 2-planning,
implementing and evaluating a competency-based curriculum. Med Teach. 1999;21(1):15-22.
Iobst WF, Sherbino J, Cate OT, et al. Competency based medical education in postgraduate medical education. Med Teach. 2010;32(8):651-656.
Tuxworth E. Competence based education and training: background and origins. In: Burke J, ed. Competency Based Education and Training. London: The Falmer Press; 1989:10–26.
Brooks MA. Medical education and the tyranny of competency. Perspect Biol Med. 2009;52(1):90-102.
Hodges BA. tea-steeping or i-doc model for medical education? Acad Med. 2010;85:S34-S44.
Epstein R, Hundert E. Defining and assessing professional competence. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287 (2):226-235.
Frank JR, Mungroo R, Ahmad Y, Wang M, De Rossi S, Horsley T. Toward a definition of competency based education in medicine: a systematic review of published definitions. Med Teach. 2010;32(8): 631-637.
Grant J. The incapacitating effects of competence: a critique. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 1999;4 (3):271-277.
Wolf A. Competence-Based Assessment. 1st ed. London, UK: Open University Press; 1995.
Gruppen LD, Mangrulkar RS, Kolars JC. The promise of competency-based education in the health professions for improving global health. Hum Resour Health. 2012;10:43.
Morcke AM, Dornan T, Eika B. Outcome (competency) based education: an exploration of its origins, theoretical basis, and empirical evidence. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2012:1-13.
Ladhani Z, Scherpbier AJ, Stevens FC. Competencies for undergraduate community-based education for the health professions—a systematic review. Med Teach. 2012;34(9):733-743.