CANNABIS: CURRENT GLOBAL SCENARIO AND SCOPE OF ITS MEDICINAL USE IN INDIA
Keywords:
Cannabis, Government policies, Medicinal use, NDPS AcAbstract
Cannabis based preparations have been in used for many centuries. Over the years cannabis despite its abusive potential has emerged as one of the principal alternatives to Opioids in management of pain. Even, though cannabis cultivation and use are prohibited in many countries including India, with changing times it is essential to understand the beneficial effects of cannabis and recalibrate the policies to make the best in use of it in the field of research and development and its derivatives in the treatment of several medical conditions. Accordingly, the Government should recalibrate and amend its policies in the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS ACT) in India to facilitate research and developmental work on cannabis
References
Demske, D.,Tarasov, P.E., Leipe, C., Kotlia, B.S., Joshi, L.M., & Long, T. Record of vegetation, climate change human impact and retting of hemp in Garhwal Himalaya (India) during the past 4600 years. The Holocene, 2016; 26(10):1661-1675.
Soma Matha Organization. (2017). Ayurvedic View of Marijuana. Website: Retrieved August 24, 2017.http:/ / ww w. s o ma ma t h a . o r g / a yu r v e d i c - v i e wo f - marijuana.html
Jha, C., & Plummer, D. (2014). Culture, identity and the embodiment of illicit drug use in Nepal. Mental Health and Substance Use, 7(1), 5-18.
Houze B, El-Khatib H, Arbour C. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of non-pharmacological Therapies for chronic pain: An umbrella review on various CAM approaches. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017;79(Pt B):192–205.
Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162: 276–86.
Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, et al. Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: the space randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2018; 319: 872–82.
Nugent SM, Morasco BJ, O’Neil ME, et al. The effects of cannabis among adults with chronic pain and an overview of general harms: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167: 319–31
Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015; 313: 2456– 73.
Stockings E, Campbell G, Hall W, et al. Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic non-cancer pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies. Pain 2018; published online May 25. DOI: 10.1097/j. pain.0000000000001293.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/ 10.17226/24625
Walsh Z, Callaway R, Belle-Isle L, et al. Cannabis for therapeutic purposes: patient characteristics, access, and reasons for use. Int J Drug Policy 2013; 24: 511– 16.
Romero-Sandoval EA, Asbill S, Paige CA, Byrd Glover K. Peripherally restricted cannabinoids for the treatment of pain. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 10:917–25.
Savage SR, Romero-Sandoval A, Schatman M, et al. Cannabis in pain treatment: clinical and research considerations. J Pain. 2016; 6:654–68.
Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly ME, Denovan-
Wright EM. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 20:4790–805.
Russo EB, Burnett A, Hall B, Parker KK. Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors. Neurochem Res 2005; 8:1037–43.
Chopra, I., & Chopra, R. (1957). Use of Cannabis drugs in India. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Bulletin of Narcotics, 1-002, 4-29.
Haney M, Malcolm RJ, Babalonis S, et al. Oral Cannabidiol does not alter the subjective, reinforcing or cardiovascular effects of smoked cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;8: 1974–82.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2006) (PDF). Cannabis: Why We Should Care. Retrieved on Feb 3, 2013.
Kriti Sangar. An insight into the marijuana tradition of India. International Journal of Law Management & Humanities. IJLMH. 2018;1(2):1- 6
Maurijo Bifulco, Simona Pisanti. Medical use of cannabis in Europe. EMBO Reports. 2015 Feb; 16(2):130–132.
Colorado pot potency ballot initiative is withdrawn. By Molly Armbrister – Reporter, Denver Business Journal Jul 8, 2016, Updated Jul 8, 2016, 1:54pm MDT
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014.
Lopez-Quintero C, Pérez de los Cobos J, Hasin DS, et al. Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011; 115:120–30. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Hall W, Degenhardt L. Adverse health effects of non medical cannabis use. Lancet. 2009;374:1383– 91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar
Nora. D. Volkow, Ruben D. Baler, Wilson M. Compton, and Susan R.B. Weiss. Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use. N Engl. J. Med. 2014 Jun 5; 370(23):2217-2227 doi: 10.1056 /NEJMra1402309
Zalesky A, Solowij N, Yücel M, et al. Effect of long term cannabis use on axonal fibre connectivity. Brain. 2012; 135:2245– 55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Filbey F, Yezhuvath U. Functional connectivity in inhibitory control networks and severity of cannabis
use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2013; 39:382– 91. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Batalla A, Bhattacharyya S, Yücel M, et al. Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PLoS One. 2013;8(2): e55821. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Tashkin DP. Effects of marijuana smoking on the lung. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013; 10:239– 47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Callaghan RC, Allebeck P, Sidorchuk A. Marijuana use and risk of lung cancer: a 40-year cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 2013; 24:1811– 20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Owen KP, Sutter ME, Albertson TE. Marijuana: respiratory tract effects. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014; 46:65–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Thomas G, Kloner RA, Rezkalla S. Adverse cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular effects of marijuana inhalation: what cardiologists need to know. Am J Cardiol. 2014; 113:187–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Stanley C, O’Sullivan SE. Vascular targets for cannabinoids: animal and human studies. Br J Pharmacol. 2014; 171:1361–78. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Rezkalla SH, Sharma P, Kloner RA. Coronary no flow and ventricular tachycardia associated with habitual marijuana use. Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 42:365– 9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Hepler RS, Frank TR. Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA. 1971; 217:1392. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Chen J, Matias I, Dinh T, et al. Finding of endocannabinoids in human eye tissues: implications for glaucoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005; 330:1062-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Song ZH, Slowey CA. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of WIN55212-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000; 292:136– 9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zuardi AW. Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008; 30:271–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Sallan SE, Zinberg NE, Frei E., III Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocanna-binol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1975; 293:795– 7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Parker LA, Kwiatkowska M, Burton P, Mechoulam R. Effect of cannabinoids on lithium-induced vomiting
in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;171:156– 61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Nagarkatti P, Pandey R, Rieder SA, Hegde VL, Nagarkatti M. Cannabinoids as novel anti inflammatory drugs. Future Med Chem. 2009; 1:1333– 49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Zuardi AW. Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008; 30:271–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Chiou LC, Hu SS, Ho YC. Targeting the cannabinoid system for pain relief? Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2013; 51:161–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Tsodikov A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2008; 9:506– 21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Wallace M, Schulteis G, Atkinson JH, et al. Dose dependent effects of smoked cannabis on capsaicin induced pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2007; 107:785– 96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Collin C, Davies P, Mutiboko IK, Ratcliffe S. Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur J. 2007; 14:290–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Centonze D, Mori F, Koch G, et al. Lack of effect of cannabis-based treatment on clinical and laboratory measures in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2009; 30:531–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]