Review Article on Role of Bhanga (Cannabis) in Pain Management.
Keywords:
Bhanga (Cannabis), medicinal values, cannabinoids, Cannabidiol, pain managementAbstract
Bhanga (Cannabis) has been an integral part of the Indian system of medicine and Indian culture from centuries. During Holi (the festival of colors) there is an increased availability and consumption of Bhanga and in Maha-Shivratri Bhanga is consumed because of its deliriant effect. However, since the consumption of Bhanga majorly falls under the category of recreational marijuana use, its exceptional medicinal values are not explored in-depth. However, during the last decade, interest in cannabis in medicinal use has been increasing. In many countries like the USA, UK etc. implementing their regulations in Bhanga (cannabis) based medicines. Bhanga is extracted from the buds, leaves, and flowers of the cannabis plant. Bhanga contains cannabinoids and is helpful in treating nausea and vomiting- mainly in the patients undergoing chemotherapy. One of the most well-known medicinal uses of cannabis products is pain reduction, especially CBD (Cannabidiol), which are quite effective in treating chronic pain. Cannabinoids can help in reducing chronic pain caused due to fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Because of this reason research is increasing to explore the role of Bhanga (cannabis) in pain management.
Downloads
References
Dewey W. L., Cannabinoid pharmacology, 1986 Jun;38(2):151-78. PMID: 3529128.
"Right kick for day-long masti". The Times of India. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
"Holi 2014: Festival Of Colors Celebrates Spring (SONGS, PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Kunjalal B, English translation, Susruta Samhita, Kalpa Sthana, Chapter 2, Sloka 4. Varanasi; Chaukhambha Vidya Bhavan, 1960
Sharma R.K., Bhagwan Das, English translation, Agnivesha, Charak Samhita, Volume III, Chikitsa sthana, Chapter 14, Sloka 169. Varanasi; Chaukhambha Vidya Bhavan, 1960
Dahegaonkar Y.A., concept of mahavishaupvisha shodhan in agadtantra, international ayurvedic medical journal, issn: 2320 5091.
Krushnachandra C., commentator Gangasahaya Pandeya, Editor, Bhavprakash Nighantu– Purvakhanda, Dhatwadivarga/191,1sted., Varanasi; Chaukhambha Vidya Bhavan, 1960: 678.
Shastri K, Dr. G Chaturvedi, Charak samhita of Agnivesha, 22nd edition, Sutrasthana 1/127Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi; 1996: 49.
Sadananda S. Rasa Tarangini, Kasinath sastri, editor. 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass, 2004: 346-349. 10. Shastry J.L.N., Illustrated dravyaguna vijnana, volume 2, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi. Edition:2010. 11. Dewey W. L., Cannabinoid pharmacology, 1986 Jun;38(2):151-78.. PMID: 3529128..
Pamplona F., Takahashi R. (2012) Psychopharmacology of the endocannabinoids: far beyond anandamide. J Psychopharmacol 26: 7–22 [PubMed].
"Bhang or Marijuana is Legal in Ayurvedic Prescription" (PDF). Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
"Recreational use of marijuana: Of highs and laws". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
Boister, Neil; Jelsma, Martin (2018). "Inter se modification of the UN drug control conventions: An exploration of its applicability to legitimize the legal regulation of cannabis markets". International Community Law Review. 20: 472. doi:10.1163/18719732-
hdl:10092/101255. ISSN 1388-
S2CID 150161293. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021
Law: Decreto 9 novembre 2015. GU Serie Generale n.279 del 30-11-2015.
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/publichealth-focus/fda and-marijuana.
Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. IASP Press; Seattle: 1994:.210 [Google Scholar]
Loeser JD, Melzack R. Pain: an overview. The Lancet. 1999;353(9164):1607–1609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Osterweis M, Kleinman A, Mechanic D, editors. Washington (DC), Pain and Disability: Clinical, Behavioral, and Public Policy Perspectives, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Pain, Disability, and Chronic Illness Behavior;: National Academies Press (US); 1987.
Starowicz K, Finn DP. Cannabinoids and pain; sites and mechanisms of action. Adv Pharmacol. 2017;80:437-75. 22. Cheng Y, Hitchcock S. Targeting cannabinoid agonists for inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;16:951-65.
Demuth D, Molleman A. Cannabinoid signaling. Life Sci.2006;78:549-63.
Russo EB. History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet. Chem Biodivers. 2007;4:1614– 1648.
Light MK, Orens A, Lewandowski B, et al.. Market size and demand for marijuana in Colorado. The Marijuana Policy Group. 2014.
Ilgen MA, Bohnert K, Kleinberg F, et al.. Characteristics of adults seeking medical marijuana certification. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132:654–659.
Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Oct 25. doi: 10.1016/S2215- 0366(19)30401-8.
Kevin P Hill, A Clinical Review, Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: Thompson AE.JAMA. 2015 Jun 23- 30;313(24):2508. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.6676.PMID: 26103044.
Mary E Lynch, Fiona Campbell, Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials, PMID: 21426373, PMCID: PMC3243008.
Guido Fanelli, Giuliano De Carolis, Claudio Leonardi, Adele Longobardi, Ennio Sarli, Massimo Allegri,
and Michael E Schatman, Cannabis and intractable chronic pain: an explorative retrospective analysis of Italian cohort of 614 patients, 2017 May 22;10:1217-1224. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S132814.
Gunn J.K.L , Rosales C B , Center K. E , Nuñez A. , Gibson S.J. , Christ C. , Ehiri J.E. , Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PMID: 27048634,
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009986.
Foeller M. E. , Lyell D.J. , Marijuana Use in Pregnancy: Concerns in an Evolving Era, Midwifery Womens Health. 2017 May;62(3):363-367. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12631. Epub 2017 May 12.
Bridgeman M. B. , PharmD, BCPS, BCGP and Daniel T. Abazia, PharmD, BCPS, CPE P T. Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting 2017 Mar; 42(3): 180–188. PMID: 28250701.
Anisha R. Turner; Benjamin C. Spurling; Agrawal Suneil, Marijuana Toxicity StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. 35. Noble M.J, Hedberg K, Hendrickson R.G. Acute cannabis toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Aug;57(8):735- 742. [PubMed]
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Heena Kaushik, Brijender Singh Tomar, Satbir Kumar Chawla (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
