Systemic Hypertension in Companion Animals: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.19.4.01Keywords:
Systemic, Hypertension, CompanionAbstract
With the rapid pace of westernization, economic development and increasing pets as a member of nuclear families, human and companion animals do share a common sedentary behaviour and unhealthy feeding habits. These insalubrious habits predispose them to the lifestyle diseases also known as non-communicable chronic diseases which are increasing at an alarming rate in humans as well as in companion animals (Pappachan, 2011; Chandler et al., 2017). These diseases include hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, which are considered to be the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases like myocardial ischemia and stroke in human beings (Pappachan, 2011). But, in contrast to humans, myocardial ischemia and stroke due to hypertension is very rare in dogs and cats (Elliott, 2020). Systemic hypertension also known as the silent killer in human medicine is a newly recognized disease in veterinary that affects the essence and survivability of companion animals (Dixon-Jimenez et al., 2011; Elliott and Brown, 2020).
Downloads
References
Acierno, M.J., & Labato, M.A. (2004). Hypertension in dogs and cats. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 26(5), 336–345.
Acierno, M.J., Brown, S., Coleman, A.E., Jepson, R.E., Papich, M., Stepien, R.L., & Syme, H.M. (2018). ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 32(6), 1803-1822.
Appel, N.M., Li, S., Holmes, T.H., & Acri, J.B. (2015). Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonist (GSK598809) Potentiates the Hypertensive Effects of Cocaine in Conscious, Freely-Moving Dogs. September, 484-492.
Atkins, C.E., Rausch, W.P., Gardner, S.Y., Defrancesco, T.C., Keene, B.W., & Levine, J.F. (2007). The effect of amlodipine and the combination of amlodipine and enalapril on the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the dog. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30(5), 394-400.
Bagley, R.S. (2003). The brain as a target organ In: Egner B, Carr A, Brown S, eds. Essential Facts of Blood Pressure in Dogs and Cats. Babenhausen.
Belew, A.M., Barlett, T., & Brown, S.A. (1999). Evaluation of the white-coat effect in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 13(2), 134-142.
Bodey, A.R., & Michell, A.R. (1996). Epidemiological study of Blood Pressure in Domestic Dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 37(3), 116-125.
Bovee, K.C., Littman, M.P., Crabtree, B.J., & Aguirre, G. (1989). Essential hypertension in a dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 195(1), 81-86.
Braga, E.T., Leite, J.H.A.D.C., Rosa, F.A., Tivelli, P., Araújo, A.M., Almeida, B.F.M.D., & Marcondes, M. (2015).Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis. RevistaBrasileira de ParasitologiaVeterinária, 24, 45-51.
Bragg, R.F., Bennett, J.S., Cummings, A., & Quimby, J.M. (2015). Evaluation of the effects of hospital visit stress on physiologic variables in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 246(2), 212-215.
Brown, S.A., & Henik, R.A. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of systemic hypertension. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 28(6), 1481-1494.
Brown, S.A., Finco, D.R., Brown, C.A., Crowell, W.A., Alva, R., Ericsson, G.F., & Cooper, T. (2003). Evaluation of the effects of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with enalapril in dogs with induced chronic renal insufficiency. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(3), 321-327.
Brown, S., Atkins, C., Bagley, R., Carr, A., Cowgill, L., Davidson, M., & Stepien, R. (2007). Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(3), 542-558.
Buranakarl, C., Ankanaporn, K., Thammacharoen, S., Trisiriroj, M., Maleeratmongkol, T., Thongchai, P., & Panasjaroen, S. (2007). Relationships between degree of azotaemia and blood pressure, urinary protein: creatinine ratio and fractional excretion of electrolytes in dogs with renal azotaemia. Veterinary Research Communications, 31(3), 245-257.
Chakrabarti, S., Syme, H.M., & Elliott, J. (2012). Clinicopathological variables predicting progression of azotemia in cats with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(2), 275-281.
Chandler, M., Cunningham, S., Lund, E.M., Khanna, C., Naramore, R., Patel, A., & Day, M.J. (2017). Obesity and associated comorbidities in people and companion animals: a one health perspective. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 156(4), 296-309.
Charles, L., Triscott, J., & Dobbs, B. (2017). Secondary hypertension: discovering the underlying cause. American Family Physician, 96(7), 453-461.
Chetboul, V., Lefebvre, H.P., Pinhas, C., Clerc, B., Boussouf, M., & Pouchelon, J.L. (2003). Spontaneous feline hypertension: clinical and echocardiographic abnormalities, and survival rate. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17(1), 89-95.
Church, M.E., Turek, B.J., & Durham, A.C. (2019). Neuropathology of spontaneous hypertensive encephalopathy in cats. Veterinary Pathology, 56(5), 778-782.
Cole, L.P., Jepson, R., Dawson, C., & Humm, K. (2020). Hypertension, retinopathy, and acute kidney injury in dogs: A prospective study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34(5), 1940-1947.
Coleman, A.E., & Brown, S.A. (2020). Hypertension and the heart and vasculature. In: Hypertension in the Dog and Cat (pp. 187-215), Springer, Cham.
Corda, A., Corda, F., Caivano, D., Saderi, L., Sotgiu, G., Mollica, A., & Pinna Parpaglia, M.L. (2020). Ultrasonographic assessment of abdominal aortic elasticity in hypertensive dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34(6), 2337-2344.
Cortadellas, O., del Palacio, M.J.F., Bayón, A., Albert, A., & Talavera, J. (2006). Systemic hypertension in dogs with leishmaniasis: prevalence and clinical consequences. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20(4), 941-947.
Creedon, J.M.B., & Davis, H. (Eds.) (2012). Advanced monitoring and procedures for small animal emergency and critical care. John Wiley & Sons.
Dixon-Jimenez, A., Rapoport, G., & Brown, S.A. (2011). Systemic Hypertension in Dogs & Cats. Today's Veterinary Practice, 1(2), 20-26.
Elliott, J. (2020). Physiology of blood pressure regulation and pathophysiology of hypertension. In: Hypertension in the Dog and Cat (pp. 3-30), Springer, Cham.
Elliott, J., & Brown, C. (2020). Hypertension and the kidney. In: Hypertension in the Dog and Cat (pp. 171-185), Springer, Cham.
Hartshorne, T.C., McCollum, C.N., Earnshaw, J.J., Morris, J., & Nasim, A. (2011).Ultrasound measurement of aortic diameter in a national screening programme. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 42(2), 195-199.
Holland, M., Hofmeister, E., & Hudson, J. (2021). Echocardiographic changes in the shape and size of the aortic cusps in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 62(6), 697-704.
Holland, M., Hudson, J., & Hofmeister, E. (2022). An observational thoracic radiographic study of aortic remodeling in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 63, 254-263
Holland, M., Hudson, J., Bao, Y., & Gaillard, P. (2020). Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 61(2), 206-214.
Jacob, F., Polzin, D.J., Osborne, C.A., Neaton, J.D., Lekcharoensuk, C., Allen, T.A., & Jepson, R.E. (2020). Measurement of Blood Pressure in Conscious Cats and Dogs. In: Hypertension in the Dog and Cat (pp. 31-65), Springer, Cham.
Jepson, R.E., Elliott, J., Brodbelt, D., & Syme, H.M. (2007).Effect of control of systolic blood pressure on survival in cats with systemic hypertension. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(3), 402-409.
Kallet, A.J., Cowgill, L.D., & Kass, P.H. (1997). Comparison of blood pressure measurements obtained in dogs by use of indirect oscillometry in a veterinary clinic versus at home. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210(5), 651-654.
Kamberi, L.S., Gorani, D.R., Hoxha, T.F., & Zahiti, B.F. (2013). Aortic compliance and stiffness among severe longstanding hypertensive and non-hypertensive. Acta Informatica Medica, 21(1), 12.
Kelly, K.L., Drobatz, K.J., & Foster, J.D. (2016). Effect of fenoldopam continuous infusion on glomerular filtration rate and fractional excretion of sodium in healthy dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(5), 1655-1660.
Kittleson, M.D., & Hamlin, R.L. (1983). Hydralazine pharmacodynamics in the dog. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 44(8), 1501-1505.
Kletzmayr, J., Uffmann, M., & Schmaldienst, S. (2003). Severe but reversible hypertensive encephalopathy. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 115(12), 416-416.
Klosterman, E.S., & Pressler, B.M. (2011). Nephrotic syndrome in dogs: clinical features and evidence-based treatment considerations. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 26(3), 135-142.
Konta, M., Nagakawa, M., Sakatani, A., Akabane, R., Miyagawa, Y., & Takemura, N. (2018). Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of telmisartan on drug-induced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in normal dogs. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 20(5), 376-383.
Krieger, J.E., Liard, J.F., & Cowley Jr, A.W. (1990). Hemodynamics, fluid volume, and hormonal responses to chronic high-salt intake in dogs. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 259(6), H1629-H1636.
Kyles, A.E., Gregory, C.R., Wooldridge, J.D., Mathews, K.G., Aronson, L.R., Bernsteen, L., & Ilkiw, J.E. (1999). Management of hypertension controls postoperative neurologic disorders after renal transplantation in cats. Veterinary Surgery, 28(6), 436-441.
LeBlanc, N.L., Stepien, R.L., & Bentley, E. (2011). Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in dogs: 65 cases (2005-2007). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 238(7), 915-921.
Lederle, F.A., Johnson, G.R., Wilson, S.E., Chute, E.P., Littooy, F.N., Bandyk, D., & Ballard, D.J. (1997). Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126(6), 441-449.
Littman, M.P. (1994). Spontaneous systemic hypertension in 24 cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 8(2), 79-86.
Littman, M.P., Robertson, J.L., & Bovee, K.C. (1988). Spontaneous systemic hypertension in dogs: five cases (1981-1983). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 193(4), 486-494.
Lovern, C.S., Swecker, W.S., Lee, J.C., & Moon, M.L. (2001). Additive effects of a sodium chloride restricted diet and furosemide administration in healthy dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(11), 1793-1796.
Maggio, F., DeFrancesco, T.C., Atkins, C.E., Pizzirani, S., Gilger, B.C., & Davidson, M.G. (2000). Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985–1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217(5), 695-702.
Mahmood, S.S., Levy, D., Vasan, R.S., & Wang, T.J. (2014). The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet, 383(9921), 999-1008.
Marino, C.L., Cober, R.E., Iazbik, M.C., & Couto, C.G. (2011). White-coat effect on systemic blood pressure in retired racing greyhounds. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(4), 861-865.
Mathur, S., Syme, H., Brown, C.A., Elliot, J., Moore, P.A., Newell, M.A., & Brown, S.A. (2002). Effects of the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine in cats with surgically induced hypertensive renal insufficiency. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63(6), 833-839.
Mentari, E., & Rahman, M. (2004). Blood pressure and progression of chronic kidney disease: importance of systolic, diastolic, or diurnal variation. Current Hypertension Reports, 6(5), 400-404.
Michell, A.R., Bodey, A.R., & Gleadhill, A. (1997). Absence of hypertension in dogs with renal insufficiency. Renal failure, 19(1), 61-68.
Misbach, C., Gouni, V., Tissier, R., Trehiou-Sechi, E., Petit, A.M.P., Carlos Sampedrano, C., & Chetboul, V. (2011). Echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging alterations associated with spontaneous canine systemic hypertension. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(5), 1025-1035.
Mishina, M., & Watanabe, T. (2008). Development of hypertension and effects of benazepril hydrochloride in a canine remnant kidney model of chronic renal failure. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 70(5), 455-460.
Montoya, J.A., Morris, P.J., Bautista, I., Juste, M.C., SuárezRamírez, L., Pena, C., & Rawlings, J. (2006). Hypertension: a risk factor associated with weight status in dogs. Journal of Nutrition, 15, 155-158.
Mooney, A.P., Mawby, D.I., Price, J.M., & Whittemore, J.C. (2017). Effects of various factors on Doppler flow ultrasonic radial and coccygeal artery systolic blood pressure measurements in privately-owned, conscious dogs. PeerJ, 5, e3101.
Nelson, O.L., Reidesel, E., Ware, W.A., & Christensen, W.F. (2002). Echocardiographic and radiographic changes associated with systemic hypertension in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16(4), 418-425.
Pappachan, M.J. (2011). Increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases: high time for action. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 134(2), 143.
Perez-Sanchez, A.P., Del-Angel-Caraza, J., Quijano-Hernández, I.A., & Barbosa-Mireles, M.A. (2015). Obesity-hypertension and its relation to other diseases in dogs. Veterinary Research Communications, 39(1), 45-51.
Quimby, J.M., Smith, M.L., & Lunn, K.F. (2011). Evaluation of the effects of hospital visit stress on physiologic parameters in the cat. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13(10), 733-737.
Rahimi, K., Emdin, C.A., & MacMahon, S. (2015). The epidemiology of blood pressure and its worldwide management. Circulation Research, 116(6), 925-936.
Sangwan, T., Saini, N., Anand, A., & Bisla, A. (2023). Thoracic and abdominal aortic alterations in dogs affected with systemic hypertension. Research in Veterinary Science, 159, 133-145.
Sansom, J., & Bodey, A. (1997). Ocular signs in four dogs with hypertension.Veterinary Record, 140(23), 593-598.
Sansom, J., Barnett, K.C., Dunn, K.A., Smith, K.C., & Dennis, R. (1994). Ocular disease associated with hypertension in 16 cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 35(12), 604-611.
Sansom, J., Rogers, K., & Wood, J.L. (2004). Blood pressure assessment in healthy cats and cats with hypertensive retinopathy. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(2), 245-252.
Schwartz, R.B. (2002). Hyperperfusion encephalopathies: hypertensive encephalopathy and related conditions. The Neurologist, 8(1), 22-34.
Skelding, A., & Valverde, A. (2020). Non-invasive blood pressure measurement in animals: Part 1- Techniques for measurement and validation of non-invasive devices. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 61(4), 368.
Snyder, P.S., Sadek, D., & Jones, G.L. (2001).Effect of amlodipine on echocardiographic variables in cats with systemic hypertension. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 15(1), 52-56.
Spencer, S. (2020). Management of Hypertension in Dogs.In Hypertension in the Dog and Cat (pp. 331-367), Springer, Cham.
Stepien, R.L., Rapoport, G.S., Henik, R.A., Wenholz, L., & Thomas, C.B. (2003). Comparative diagnostic test characteristics of oscillometric and Doppler ultrasonographic methods in the detection of systolic hypertension in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17(1), 65-72.
Syme, H.M. (2020). Epidemiology of Hypertension. In: Hypertension in the Dog and Cat (pp. 67-99), Springer, Cham.
Syme, H.M., Barber, P.J., Markwell, P.J., & Elliott, J. (2002). Prevalence of systolic hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure at initial evaluation. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220(12), 1799-1804.
Syme, H.M., Markwell, P.J., Pfeiffer, D., & Elliott, J. (2006). Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure is related to severity of proteinuria. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20(3), 528-535
Thomas, E.K., Drobatz, K.J., & Mandell, D.C. (2014). Presumptive cocaine toxicosis in 19 dogs : 2004- 2012. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 24(2), 201-207.
Tilley, L.P. (1985). Essentials of canine and feline electrocardiography: interpretation and treatment (2nd edn.), Lea & Febiger.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
