Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (IJVSBT)is published by the Society for Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (SVSBT) Indore (M.P.) The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology (IJVSBT) is an Open Access online and print journal that publishes Original Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Case Reports in all areas of Veterinary Science and its related subjects. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology(IJVSBT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that aims to publish high quality papers rapidly and makes them freely available to researchers worldwide. Indexed/Tracked/Covered By: NAAS - 5.58 , Base Indexing, CAS (Chemical Abstract Society (Americal Chemical Society)), CABI*, ISA*, EBSCO*, Journal Indexed in Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI) ,Open Archives, Cross Ref., Google scholar, PKP Index, Cite Factor, Indian Citation Index, Jgate,ROAD, WorldCat, ICI, ASI, Scopus-Applied For.
Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology
Surgical Repair of Recto-Vaginal Tear from Dystocia in a Thoroughbred Mare: A Case Report
Rectovaginal fistula (RVF) is an abnormal communication between the rectum and vagina, often resulting from foaling trauma in mares, such as dystocia caused by malpositioned foals (Pooniya et al., 2019). The injury is seen predominantly in primiparous mares and is usually due to violent expulsive efforts by the mare (Colbern et al., 1985; Turner and McIlwraith, 1989). This condition risks reproductive tract infections, potentially impairing fertility, a critical concern for Thoroughbred breeding farms (LeBlanc, 2010). In India, where Thoroughbreds are bred under live cover regulations and tropical conditions, RVF management is vital to minimize economic losses (Scoggin et al., 2015). Surgical repair, typically using layered suturing, is the standard treatment, with reported high success rates (Easley, 1988; Jalim and McKinnon, 2010). This case report describes the successful surgical correction of a recto-vaginal tear in a primiparous Thoroughbred mare from stud farm, Karnataka, aiming to highlight effective management strategies and their relevance to India’s equine industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Per-Vaginal Delivery of Dicephalic Perosomus Elumbis Monster by Partial Fetotomy in a Cow
Dystocia, a challenging condition in obstetrics, can arise from various causes, including fetal monsters with structural abnormalities. Congenital fetal monstrosities are not uncommon clinical findings in dairy cattle where multiple anatomical defects could be found in the fetal monsters. Although, the exact etiologies for these conditions are not known but their clinical presentation sometimes causes life threatening condition to the dam along with the loss of calf crop. The most common group of monsters is conjoined twins which arise from incomplete division from fertilized ovum. Dicephalic is described as an abnormality of incomplete separation of heads resulting from twinning in animals. Perosomus elumbis is a rarely occurring congenital condition characterized with partial or complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae and ankylosis of hind limbs (Son, 2008). The conspicuous feature for the obstetrician is the rigidity of the posterior limbs (Arthur et al., 2001). Double headed calf represent a case of absolute fetal oversize with subsequent provoke of dystocia in animals. The present report represents the successful per-vaginal delivery of dicephalic perosomus elumbis monster by partial fetotomy in a cow.
Molecular Detection and Treatment of Trypanosomiosis in a Cat: A Case Report
Trypanosomosis is one of the most common and important haemoprotozoan disease that affects humans and animals including cats (Mohammed et al., 2022). The aetiological agent for trypanosomiosis in cats is T. evansi and T. brucei (Priyowidodo et al., 2023). The disease has wide distribution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (Da Silva et al., 2010) and mainly transmitted mechanically by biting flies such as Tabanus, Stomoxys and triatomids bugs or by feeding on infected meat (Sivajothi and Sudhakara Reddy, 2017; Mohammed et al., 2022). Infected cats show clinical signs such as anorexia, diarrhoea, decrease in weight, progressive anaemia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hyperthermia, corneal opacity, edema around the eyes and in-coordination (Da Silva et al., 2011: Sivajothi and Sudhakara Reddy, 2017: Priyowidodo et al., 2023). The rapid diagnosis of trypanosomosis in animals is commonly attempted by examination of wet mount smears, and blood smears stained with Romanowsky stains such as Giemsa stain. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique can be performed for further confirmatory diagnosis (Mohammed et al., 2022: Priyowidodo et al., 2023). However, there was a paucity of literature available on natural infection of feline trypanosomosis in the world (Sivajothi and Sudhakara Reddy, 2017), Hence, the present case study on trypanosomosis in cat and its successful treatment in Bidar district, Karnataka, India is reported.
Serum Enzyme Activity in Murrah Buffalo under Hot-Humid and Cold Seasonal Conditions
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seasonal variation, specifically the hot-humid (June to September) and cold period (December to February), on selected serum enzyme activity in adult female Murrah buffalo (n=10). Blood samples were aseptically collected from the jugular vein, and serum was separated for biochemical analysis. Hepatic enzyme activities were quantified using an automated Turbo Chem 100 blood biochemistry analyzer. Seasonal variation had no significant effect on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), or alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, aspartate amino-transferase (AST) concentrations showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) during the cold season. These findings suggest that while most serum enzyme levels remain relatively stable across seasonal conditions, AST is sensitive to ambient temperature changes and may serve as a potential indicator of thermal stress in Murrah buffaloes.
Hot-humid and cold climate, Murrah buffalo, Seasonal variation, Serum enzymes
Hormonal Management of Persistent Estrus in Bitches: A Report of Seven Cases
Seven bitches of various breeds presented at the VCC, Junagadh with the anamnesis of persistent vaginal bleeding since 30 to 45 days were included in this syudy. They were all subjected to a vaginal cytology, which showed that there were a lot of superficial cells (>80%). Given the vaginal cytological cellular profile, the presumptive diagnosis was made for the prolonged estrus, may be due to either follicular cysts or persistent anovulatory follicles. To induce ovulation or luteinization, the animals were treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin twice at 24-h intervals at a dose of 22 IU/kg body weight. After receiving an hCG injection, the vaginal bleeding in six of the treated animals decreased every day and almost ceased in five days, but in one instance, the bleeding continued. The recommendation for this bitch was an ovario-hysterectomy.
Bitch, Cysts of follicles, hCG, Luteinizing hormone, Prolonged heat, Vaginal exfoliative cytology
Predicting Live Body Weight using Morphometric Measurements in Jersey and Holstein Dairy Cows
Live body weight estimation in dairy animals is an important activity with regard to animal performance monitoring. Traditional weighing bridges/platforms, though accurate are costly for a farmer and have portability issues making them unavailable in field conditions. Present study was conducted to determine the correlation between live body weight and linear/ morphometric measurements in Jersey and HF cattle at an organized farm under the temperate climate of Jammu & Kashmir. Five linear body measurements i.e., body length, chest girth, belly circumference, pelvic girth and withers height were taken at different ages over a period of 3 years wherein a total of 231 recordings from Jersey and 114 from HF cattle pertaining to each of the mentioned parameters were made. The live weights of these animals were also recorded on the same days using conventional weighing bridges. In Jersey cattle, the highest correlation observed was with chest girth (+0.89) followed by pelvic girth (+0.80) and withers height (+0.76). Similarly in HF cattle, highest correlation was observed with chest girth (+0.95) followed by body length (+0.92) and pelvic girth (+0.89). Regression analysis revealed a best-fit equation for predicting live weight with body length, chest girth and withers height in Jersey (R2= 0.73) and with chest girth and body length in HF (R2= 0.95) cattle. It was concluded that the correlation between live body weight and linear body measurements can be suitably exploited to predict live body weight in dairy cattle in the absence of conventional means of live weight estimation.
Cattle, Linear measurements, Morphometry, Prediction, Regression
Pathomorphological Changes in the Liver of Goats Affected by Escherichia coli Infection
The present study was aimed to document the gross and microscopic findings in the livers of goats from Jaipur region. A total of 712 liver samples were collected from organized slaughter houses and various meat outlets in Jaipur. Among these, 253 samples of liver exhibiting suspected abnormalities were selected for analysis. These samples were subjected to microbiological examination using MacConkey agar and eosin methylene blue agar, along with detailed histopathological evaluation. Esherichia coli infections were observed in 15 out of 253 samples accounting for an incidence rate of 5.93% E. coli infection in necropsied goat livers.
Abnormalities, Esherichia coli, Goat, Histopathology, Liver
Genetic Analysis of 305-Day Milk Yield in Mehsana Buffaloes of Banaskantha and Mehsana Districts of Gujarat
Buffaloes play a vital role in Indian dairy economy, contributing more than half of the nation’s total milk production. Among indigenous breeds, the Mehsana buffalo is a high-performing dual-purpose breed predominantly found in Gujarat. The present study was aimed to estimate the genetic parameters and evaluate the 305-day milk yield (305DMY) of Mehsana buffaloes maintained under field conditions in Mehsana and Banaskantha districts. A total of 18,888 buffaloes (15,418 from Mehsana and 3,470 from Banaskantha) with 305DMY records were analyzed using data retrieved from the NDDB’s INAPH–MIS (Information Network for Animal Productivity and Health - Management Information System) database. The mean 305DMY was 1962.75 ± 3.19 kg. Fixed effects, such as tehsil, year-season of calving, and age at calving significantly influenced milk yield, highlighting the role of environmental and management factors. Genetic variance was higher in Mehsana district (58,181) compared to Banaskantha (10,015), indicating greater genetic variability. Heritability of 305DMY was moderate in Mehsana (0.36) but appeared low in Banaskantha (0.051) mainly because of very high residual variation using BLUP model. Field data indicate that Banas animals show higher variability than Mehsana. This suggests that pedigree and phenotypic records alone are not sufficient to capture the true genetic variability, which results in underestimated heritability. Therefore, combining data from both Banaskantha and Mehsana for joint evaluation may improve genetic linkage and comparability between herds and lead to more accurate breeding value estimation. Using Random Regression Model (RRM), the overall heritability estimates were 0.2611 for Mehsana and 0.1436 for Banas buffaloes. The heritability estimate was observed as higher using random regression model than routine 305DMY BLUP model.
305-day milk yield, Banaskantha, BLUP, Genetic evaluation, Heritability, Mehsana buffalo, Random Regression Model (RRM)
Prospective Analysis of Dogs Affected with Urinary Calculi: Diagnosis and Surgical Management
One-year prospective study evaluated the occurrence of urinary tract affections in dogs, with a specific focus on urinary calculi, at Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College in Anand (Gujarat, India). A total of 11,525 animals were presented, among them 126 were diagnosed with urinary tract disorders. The highest incidence was observed in canines (58.73%, n=74), followed by caprines (23.81%, n=30), bovines (11.90%, n=15), and felines (5.55%, n=7). Among 74 dogs affected with urinary tract, urinary calculi were the most common condition (n=33), followed by cystitis, kidney failure, cystitis with calculi and bladder tumours. Middle aged dogs (5-10 years) showed the highest incidence of urinary calculi and Labrador Retrievers, Pomeranians and Pugs were the most commonly affected breeds. Male dogs were slightly more affected than females, although sex distribution varied between breeds. Most dogs were fed a combination of commercial and vegetarian diet compared to only vegetarian diet or non-vegetarian diet. In one year analysis it was found that urinary calculi were the most common occurrence compared to the other urinary tract affections, and it was also related to age, breed, sex, diet and water. Among 33 dogs affected with various type of urinary calculi, 6 dogs were diagnosed by imaging techniques having complete urinary obstruction or large size of the calculi in bladder or urethra, which were managed surgically by cystotomy. Rectal temperature and haemato-biochemical parameters, except BUN & creatinine, were within normal range before and after surgery. Urinalysis was a guiding force to determine nature of calculi & thereby the therapeutic management approach.
Cystitis, Cystotomy, Diagnosis, Dog, Imaging techniques, Urinary calculi.
Prevalence of Subclinical Coccidiosis in Broilers
The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis in broilers affected with different diseases/ pathological conditions received for post-mortem examination. The study was carried out in 50 broiler flocks of 2-7 weeks age. The study comprised of molecular detection and oocyst count (OPG) of subclinical coccidiosis. Samples were collected from three birds in each flock and observed by direct microscopic method. Out of 50 flocks investigated, Eimeria oocysts were detected in 17 (34%) broiler flocks by direct smear examination. On molecular detection of Eimeria species in 50 flocks, 19 (38%) were found positive in which E. tenella and E. acervulina were detected. Among the 50 flocks tested Eimeria species encountered were E. tenella and E. acervulina in 30% and 8%, respectively.
Coccidiosis, Eimeria, Molecular detection, Prevalence, Subclinical.
Haemato-Biochemical Alterations in Cattle Naturally Infected with Lumpy Skin Disease
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease of cattle, causing substantial economic losses due to decreased productivity and increased morbidity. This study investigated haematological and biochemical alterations in LSD-affected cattle (n=150) compared to healthy controls (Group A, n=25). LSD-infected animals were categorised according to the severity of infection based on clinical signs in to Group B: Mild LSD infection (n=42), Group C: Moderate LSD infection (n=84), and Group D: Severe LSD infection (n=24). Infected animals exhibited significant leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, macrocytic hypochromic anaemia, and thrombocytopenia in accordance with the severity of the disease. Biochemical analysis showed reduced total protein and albumin with elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, and AST, particularly in severe cases, and these alterations were also in accordance with the severity of the disease. The values of almost all haemato-biochemical parameters were significantly (p<0.01) altered from those of healthy controls. These findings highlight the utility of blood and serum biochemical profiling as valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools for timely disease detection and effective management in endemic regions.
Cattle, Diagnosis, Haematology, Lumpy skin disease, Serum biochemistry
Efficacy of Ovixcell Extender for Cryopreservation of Buck Epididymal Spermatozoa
Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is a cornerstone of reproductive biotechnology, enabling long-term storage of genetic material from livestock and endangered species. However, the freezing-thawing process predisposes spermatozoa to cryoinjuries, including osmotic stress, oxidative damage, and alterations in membrane integrity. This study evaluated the efficacy of Ovixcell, a soy lecithin-based extender, in preserving buck epididymal spermatozoa during cryopreservation. Testes (n=40) were collected from freshly slaughtered bucks, and spermatozoa were retrieved from the cauda epididymides. Samples with >70% motility were cryopreserved using Ovixcell supplemented with 7% glycerol. Sperm quality was assessed pre-freeze and post-thaw using standard procedures, including motility, CFDA and PI dual staining for viability, hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) and acrosomal integrity using Giemsa staining. The results showed a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in sperm characteristics from pre-freeze to post-thaw stage. The motility decreased from 82.60% to 63.80%, viability from 80.47% to 61.13%, plasma membrane integrity from 92.16% to 59.40%, and acrosomal integrity from 90.92% to 63.43%. Despite this decline, post-thaw values remained within the acceptable range for further use. The findings confirm that Ovixcell stabilizes sperm membranes effectively and serves as a good sperm extender, supporting artificial insemination and conservation programmes through retrieval and storage of epididymal spermatozoa.
Buck, Cryopreservation, Ovixcell, Post-thaw, Sperm quality parameters
Ultrastructural Morphology and Molecular Identification of Laemobothrion maximum Lice (Phthiraptera: Laemobothriidae) from Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) in India
Laemobothrion maximum is one of the largest known avian lice, predominantly parasitizing raptors but detailed morphological and molecular studies from India are scarce. A juvenile Brahminy kite rescued was presented with active lice infestation to VCRI, Orathanadu (TN, India). Lice were collected, morphologically examined and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular confirmation. Morphological examination identified the specimens as L. maximum, measuring 10-11 mm, with a flattened head, sculptured temples, U-shaped sitophore sclerite, cephalic ctenidia and specialized tarsal claws. SEM revealed ultrastructural adaptations including mandibular cuticular projections, diverse trichoid and basiconic sensilla, reticulated abdominal microtrichial patterns. Molecular identification using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (COI) gene amplification confirmed species identity with high accuracy. This is the first integrated morphological, ultrastructural and molecular description of L. maximum infesting Brahminy kite in India. The findings provide insights into its identification features, host specificity and adaptive traits, offering a valuable baseline for future taxonomic, ecological and phylogenetic studies on avian lice.
Brahminy kite, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (COI) gene, Electron microscopy, Laemobothrion, Morphometry, Sensilla
VP3 Gene Analysis and Histopathological Investigation of Chicken Infectious Anaemia Virus in Poultry Flocks of Andhra Pradesh
Chicken infectious anaemia (CIA) is a significant economic concern affecting poultry, particularly young chicks and is marked by poor weight gain, anaemia, immunosuppression, and production losses. This research focused on the molecular detection of the VP3 gene, histopathological examination and phylogenetic analysis of chicken infectious anaemia viruses (CIAVs) in suspected commercial poultry flocks. Samples were collected from 75 birds across 22 commercial poultry flocks during necropsy. Tissue samples including thymus, bone marrow, liver and spleen were collected in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and 10% formalin for molecular detection and histopathological studies, respectively. Samples were subjected to PCR targeting the VP3 gene producing an amplicon size of 367 bp. Among 22 flocks, 16 were found positive for the VP3 gene. The DNA from four different flocks tested positive, was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all four isolates clustered within the same clade, grouping with strains from diverse regions in India, as well as strains from China, the USA, Malaysia, and vaccine strains. Histopathological studies revealed moderate degree of lymphocytosis, bone marrow atrophy, hepatic congestion and periportal fibrosis. The study will enhance the understanding of circulating CIAV genotypes in India and help in developing effective control and prevention strategies.
Chicken infectious anaemia, CIA virus, Histopathology, Phylogenetic analysis, Polymerase chain reaction
Nutrient Profiling and In-Vitro Fermentation Dynamics of Maize, Bajra, Soybean Meal, and CoFS-31 Fodder used in Stall-Fed Sheep Systems
Efficient lamb production relies on balanced rations using local feed resources. The present study evaluated the proximate composition, fibre fractions, and in-vitro metabolizable energy (ME) using standard laboratory protocols for commonly used feed ingredients such as maize, bajra, soybean meal (SBM), and CoFS-31 fodder used in stall-fed sheep production systems in northern Karnataka. Crude protein (CP) varied widely from 4.10% in CoFS-31 to 46.06% in SBM. Maize and bajra showed comparable CP contents (8.29% and 8.33%) and low crude fibre (2.21-2.29%), indicating their high energy potential. Gas production increased with incubation time in all samples, showing a rapid rise between 4 to 12 h and stabilizing thereafter. Net gas production (mL/g DM) was higher for maize (324.95), followed by bajra (311.55), SBM (243.05), and CoFS-31 (152.10). Corresponding ME values (MJ/kg DM) were 12.62, 12.22, 12.34, and 7.19, respectively. SBM recorded the higher digestibility (IVDMD 73.08%; IVOMD 79.33%), while CoFS-31 exhibited high fibre (NDF 59.73%) and lower ME, confirming its role as structural roughage. Overall, maize and bajra are rich in fermentable carbohydrates, SBM is an excellent protein source, and CoFS-31 provides essential fibre. A balanced combination of these feeds offers a region-specific, economical, and nutritionally efficient ration to enhance sheep productivity in northern Karnataka.
Bajra, CoFS-31, Maize, Metabolizable energy, Proximate composition, Soybean meal
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles-Enriched Extender Enhances Cryosurvival and Antioxidant Defense of Buffalo Spermatozoa
The present study was conducted at the Central Sperm Station of the College of Veterinary Science in Anand, to evaluate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on the post-thaw quality of buffalo bull semen. A total 18 ejaculates from four mature healthy breeding bulls were collected using an artificial vagina and evaluated for semen quality. Semen samples showing >70% initial motility were diluted in Tris fructose egg yolk glycerol (TFYG) extender, divided into four aliquots supplemented with 0 (control), 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL ZnONPs, equilibrated at 4°C, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapour, and stored at -196 °C overnight. Post-thaw semen was evaluated for sperm motility, viability, morphology, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity (HOST), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Statistical analysis revealed that a significant (p<0.05) improvement was observed in post-thaw sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, and antioxidant activity in ZnONPs-supplemented groups compared to the control. The 25 µg/mL ZnONPs concentration showed the most significant enhancement (p<0.05) in sperm quality parameters, accompanied by a significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation levels and an increase in total antioxidant capacity, indicating optimal protection against oxidative damage, followed by 10 µg/mL, while higher concentration (50 µg/mL) showed a detrimental effect.
Antioxidant status, Buffalo bulls, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Cryopreservation, TFYG extender
Prevalence and Diagnostic Evaluation of Endometritis in Infertile Mares: Bacteriological, Cytological, and Haematological Correlations
The study was conducted on infertile mares from stud farms around Anand and those presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Kamdhenu University, Anand, to assess the prevalence of infertility and endometritis, identify major uterine pathogens, and evaluate age-related haematological and cytological changes. Thirty mares with a history of infertility were examined. The incidence of infertility and endometritis increased notably with age, as mares above eight years showed a higher prevalence of uterine infection, suggesting age-related degeneration of uterine defense mechanisms. Bacteriological examination revealed Escherichia coli as the predominant isolate, followed by Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. β-haemolytic Streptococcus was associated with elevated uterine pH, while E. coli infection showed no pH correlation. Cytological examination showed increased polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), confirming endometrial inflammation. Haematological analysis indicated mild immunosuppression, reflected by slightly reduced leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, while erythrocytic and platelet values remained largely within normal limits, with a minor decrease in platelet mass. In conclusion, endometritis was identified as a major cause of infertility in mares, with higher susceptibility in older animals. The predominance of E. coli and Streptococcus spp., coupled with supportive cytological and haematological changes, highlights the importance of integrated diagnostic approaches for effective detection and management of uterine infections in mares.
Age-related infertility, Bacteriology, Cytology, Equine endometritis, Haematology, Escherichia coli, Infertility
Physiological and Haemato-Biochemical Alterations in the Ketamine-Propofol-Isoflurane and Tiletamine-Zolazepam Isoflurane Anaesthetic Protocols in Cats
The present clinical study involved 12 cats of different age, sex, and breed presented for various surgeries, which were randomly divided into two groups, each group consisting of six cats. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved by administration of ketamine @ 2 mg/kg b.wt. in combination with propofol @ 2 mg/kg b.wt., intravenously in group I and tiletamine @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. in combination with zolazepam @ 5 mg/kg b.wt., intramuscularly in group II. It was maintained by isoflurane with 100% oxygen using a face mask connected with small animal inhalant anaesthesia machine. Significant decrease in rectal temperature, respiration rate and plasma total protein, and non-significant alteration in heart rate, SpO2, ALT, BUN and creatinine were observed during the maintenance phase in both groups, but within normal physiological range. However, no significant difference was noted between groups at any point of time in any of the parameters evaluated. Overall satisfactory outcome from the anaesthesia was achieved in both groups, yet group I showed slightly better result than group II.
Cats, Clinico-physiological effects, Haemato-biochemical alterations, Isoflurane, Ketamine-propofol, Tiletamine-zolazepam
Molecular Characterization of Pasteurella multocida from Spontaneous Outbreaks in Cattle and Buffalo in Punjab
Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a peracute disease prevalent in India that is affecting cattle, buffalo and pigs. Microscopic and biochemical analysis of isolated bacterial colonies is essential for reliable Pasteurella multocida detection in the laboratory along with the pathological findings wherever possible. Present study involved a total of 247 animals from seven outbreaks, out of which 54 animals (21.86%) were affected, with high mortality rate, i.e. 48.14% (26/54) in four districts (Ludhiana, Patiala, Moga and Jalandhar) of Punjab. Heart blood, nasal and tracheal swabs collected and processed for bacterial isolation on the blood agar yielded grayish-white colonies of P. multocida, which were confirmed microscopically and biochemically in accordance with their established protocols. Molecular characterization was carried out using gene specific and type specific PCR. Histopathological studies on lungs, kidneys, liver and spleen collected from the animals died due to the disease revealed the lesions of HS.
Histopathology, Isolation, Pasteurella multocida Type B:2, PCR, Sequencing
Effect of Different Levels of Energy and Protein in Total Mixed Ration on Body Weight, Body Condition Score and Body Measurement in Crossbred Heifer-Calves
The experiment was aimed to evaluate the impact of varying energy and protein levels in a total mixed ration on body weight, body weight gain, body condition score (BCS), and body measurement in crossbred heifer-calves. A total of 24 crossbred heifer-calves (75% Holstein Friesian x 25% Kankrej) 4-6 months old, with similar growth and body weight were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each consisting of six calves. The calves in groups T1, T2, T3, and T4 were fed TMR having 12.60% crude protein (CP) & 2.028 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg feed, 14.30% CP & 2.131 Mcal ME/kg feed, 15.98% CP & 2.244 Mcal ME/kg feed, and 17.58% CP & 2.307 Mcal ME/kg feed, respectively, for 140 days. The mean body weight was not significantly (p>0.05) affected among treatment groups, while total body weight gain (kg) and heart girth gain (cm) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in high ME CP groups (T3, T4) than lower ME CP groups (T1, T2) of calves. The body condition score and daily body weight gain (kg/day) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T4 group followed by T2 and T3 groups and lowest in T1 group. The body measurement (heart girth, height at wither, body length) and their gain (height at wither, body length) were statistically non-significant (p>0.05) among treatment groups. The higher energy and protein levels in total mixed ration increased total and daily body weight gain and body condition score in crossbred heifer-calves.
Body condition score, Body measurement, Body weight, Crossbred heifer calves, Energy and protein level, Total mixed ration
Epidemiology of Canine Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca and the Efficacy of Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in its Clinical Management and Tear Production: A Comparative Study
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or dry eye is a significant cause of ocular morbidity in dogs. This study was aimed to determine the incidence of KCS and to compare the therapeutic efficacy of oil-based 2% cyclosporine and 0.03% tacrolimus ointment. Over a period of one-year, KCS was the most frequently diagnosed ophthalmic condition (24.70%, 41/166) among canine ocular affections. Incidence of KCS was the highest in dogs aged 1-5 years (65.85%), in females (58.54%), and in the Pug breed (43.90%). For the therapeutic trial, 26 client-owned dogs (52 eyes) were divided into two treatment groups: cyclosporine and tacrolimus and monitored for 60 days. The key clinical parameters, viz., ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperaemia, corneal pigmentation and Schirmer tear test (STT) values were systematically scored. Both treatments significantly mitigated the inflammatory signs of ocular discharge and conjunctival hyperaemia (p<0.05). Treatment with tacrolimus successfully arrested the advancement of pigmentation, particularly in mild KCS cases, showing a statistically significant (p<0.05) advantage over 2% cyclosporine. 0.03% tacrolimus was also found to be significantly superior (p<0.05) to 2% cyclosporine in increasing STT values across all severity groups (mild, moderate, and severe) by day 60. In severe KCS cases, only tacrolimus produced a statistically significant increase in tear production. These findings underscores that while both agents address superficial inflammation, tacrolimus has a superior lacrimostimulant effect providing a superior therapeutic outcome by controlling the vision-threatening progression of corneal pigmentation for the management of canine KCS.
Canine, Cyclosporine, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Schirmer tear test, Tacrolimus, Tear production
Influence of Progesterone Levels at AI and during Early Luteal Phase on Conception in Acyclic Sahiwal Cows Treated with Ovulation Synchronization Regimens
The present experiment attempted to examine the influence of serum progesterone concentrations on conception rate in acyclic cows that were treated with three variants of ovsynch protocol. Postpartum (> 90 days) acyclic Sahiwal cows (n=18) were divided into three groups; each group consisted of six animals. Animals of group I were treated with modified ovsynch, group II animals with modified heat-synch and those of group III were treated with modified select-synch regimens. FTAI was performed in animals of group I and group II, whereas animals of group III were inseminated at detected estrus. Detection of conception was accomplished by ultrasonography on day 35 post-AI and confirmed later by examination per rectum between days 50-60 post-AI. Based on pregnancy diagnosis the animals were divided into conceived and non-conceived groups irrespective of treatment given to the animals. Blood samples were collected on the day of AI, days 10 and 20 post-AI for estimation of serum estradiol, insulin and progesterone levels using RIA kits. Results revealed that on the day of AI conceived animals had significantly higher serum estradiol concentrations (51.32±5.55 vs. 32.13±2.47 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.05) and insulin concentrations (17.61±0.74 vs. 12.94±0.39 µIU/mL, p<0.01) and lower serum progesterone levels (1.00±0.10 vs. 2.01±0.29 ng/mL, p ≤ 0.01) than in non-conceived animals. Conceived animals also recorded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) serum progesterone concentrations on day 10 (10.49±0.32 vs. 4.23±0.99 ng/mL) and day 20 (9.36±0.23 vs. 1.60±0.35 ng/mL) post-AI than in non-conceived animals. These observations highlighted two distinct prerequisites for successful conception; complete luteolysis before AI and strong luteal activity during early gestation
Acyclic, Conception, Estradiol, Insulin, Sahiwal cows, Supra-basal progesterone
Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Mapping of Escherichia coli Isolates from Various Animal Species and Birds
In the present study, 257 faecal samples were collected from diarrheic and healthy cattle, buffaloes, dogs, and poultry in and around Anand, Gujarat. Based on cultural and biochemical characterization, 200 isolates (77.82%) were identified as Escherichia coli. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using 22 antimicrobials revealed high resistance to cephalothin (up to 100%), followed by pefloxacin (84%), erythromycin (72%), and cefoperazone (64%), while complete sensitivity was observed toward amoxyclav, colistin, and amikacin. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was phenotypically confirmed in 52.00% of isolates from diseased poultry, followed by 44.00% from diarrheic cattle, 40.0% from healthy cattle and diarrheic buffaloes, each and 20.00% from healthy dogs. PCR based screening of 200 isolates for 14 different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) detected multiple ARGs, with tetA (47.50%), followed by tetB (41.50%), sulI (39.00%), aadA1 (32.50%) and qnrS (29.50), while β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, blaSHV) and integron gene intl1 were detected in 10.50-27.00% of the isolates. The findings highlight widespread dissemination of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli among livestock and poultry, emphasizing the need for judicious antibiotic use and regular AMR surveillance in animal populations.
Animals, Antibiotic resistance genes, Antimicrobial resistance, Birds, E. coli, ESBL, Integron
Impact of Oral Glucosamine-Chondroitin-Methylsulfonylmethane Supplementation on Functional Recovery in Dogs with Diaphyseal Fractures
This study evaluated the effect of oral Glucosamine HCl, Chondroitin sulphate, and Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on fracture healing in dogs treated with minimally invasive external skeletal fixation (ESF). Twelve dogs with diaphyseal fractures of the radius-ulna or tibia fibula were randomly assigned to two equal groups: Group I served as control, and Group II received oral Flexirun tablets (glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM) for two months. Lameness and radiographic healing were assessed on the 7th, 15th, 30th, and 60th postoperative days. All dogs showed progressive improvement, but Group II demonstrated faster functional recovery and earlier callus formation, with significant differences in healing scores at day 30. By day 60, both groups achieved near-complete union, with excellent outcomes in most cases. The findings indicate that ESF provides effective fracture stabilization, while adjunctive glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM accelerate recovery, reduce stiffness, and enhance limb function during the critical early and mid-recovery periods. Nutraceutical supplementation may therefore serve as a valuable adjunct in canine fracture management.
Chondroitin sulphate, Dogs, External skeletal fixation, Fracture healing, Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
Nano-Cerium: A Promising Additive for Enhancing Cryosurvival and Antioxidant Defence in Buffalo Bull Semen
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) supplementation in Tris-fructose-yolk glycerol (TFYG) extender on post-thaw semen quality of buffalo bulls. Semen ejaculates (n=18) collected from four healthy, sexually mature bulls using an artificial vagina were pooled and divided into four treatment groups containing 0 (control), 25, 50, and 75 μg/ mL CeO2NPs in TFYG extender. The samples were processed, equilibrated, cryopreserved, and evaluated post-thaw for sperm motility, viability, morphology, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Post-thaw sperm motility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in extender supplemented with 50 and 75 μg/mL CeO2NPs compared to 25 μg/mL and control groups, while 75 μg/mL CeO2NPs showed a marked improvement in sperm viability and reduced sperm abnormalities compared to other treatments. The extender with 75 μg/mL CeO2NPs also maintained significantly better sperm plasma membrane and acrosome integrity than the lower concentrations and control. Moreover, the MDA level was significantly reduced (p<0.05) and TAC was increased in semen supplemented with 75 μg/mL CeO2NPs, indicating enhanced antioxidant protection and reduced oxidative stress during cryopreservation. It is concluded that supplementation of TFYG extender with 75 μg/mL cerium oxide nanoparticles is optimal for maintaining superior post-thaw sperm quality by improving structural and functional attributes as well as antioxidant status in buffalo bull semen, though further in vivo fertility trials are required to confirm these findings.
Antioxidant status, Buffalo bulls, Cerium oxide nanoparticles, Cryopreservation, TFYG extender
Pentaplex PCR for Rapid and Reliable Detection of Virulence-Associated Genes in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Colibacillosis
The present study was conducted with the aim to characterize Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from colibacillosis affected chickens and to screen for key virulence-associated genes using a pentaplex PCR assay. A total of 100 tissue samples were collected from chickens diagnosed with colibacillosis during post-mortem examination. Out of these, 77 samples were presumptively identified as E. coli based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. All 77 isolates provisionally identified as E. coli were subsequently confirmed by PCR amplification using genus specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Further screening of the isolates by pentaplex PCR targeting five APEC-associated virulence genes (iutA, iroN, iss, ompT and hlyF) revealed a high prevalence of these virulence determinants among the E. coli isolates obtained from diseased poultry. The iss and ompT genes were most frequently detected (97.40%), closely followed by iroN and hlyF (96.10%) and iutA (88.31%). Among the isolates, 66 (85.71%) carried all five virulence genes, 9 (11.69%) harbored four genes in various combinations, and only 2 (2.60%) lacked all five genes. These findings substantiate the utility of pentaplex PCR as a rapid, specific, and reliable molecular assay for early identification and differentiation of APEC, thereby supporting prompt intervention and effective control of colibacillosis in poultry production systems.
APEC, Colibacillosis, Pentaplex PCR, Poultry, Virulence-associated genes
Therapeutic Modulation of Haematological Parameters and Fertility Outcomes in Postpartum Subclinical Endometritis in Jaffarabadi Buffaloes
The present study investigated the effects of intrauterine lysozyme, povidone iodine, and antibiotic therapy on haematological parameters and conception rates in postpartum subclinical endometritic (SCE) Jaffarabadi buffaloes. Thirty animals (24 SCE-affected and 6 healthy controls) were randomly allocated into five groups: Group I (lysozyme 2 mg in 20 mL PBS once), Group II (2% povidone iodine, 50 mL once), Group III (sensitive antibiotic, levofloxacin, 20 mL for 3 days), Group IV (untreated positive control), and Group V (healthy negative control). Haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, and differential leukocyte counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) were assessed at 0 h, 72 h, and at subsequent estrus. Conception rate was evaluated on the basis of first service conception (FSCR) at subsequent estrus. Groups I and II buffaloes exhibited significant (p<0.05) post-treatment increase in haemoglobin and packed cell volume, whereas other haematological parameters remained unaffected. First service conception rate was recorded as 33.33% in Groups I, II, and V, 16.67% in Group III, and 0.00% in Group IV. These findings indicate that intrauterine administration of lysozyme and povidone iodine improves haematological status and reproductive performance in SCE-affected Jaffarabadi buffaloes
Conception rate, Haematological parameters, Intrauterine therapy, Jaffarabadi buffalo, Lysozyme, Povidone iodine, Subclinical endometritis
Estrus Induction with Exogenous Melatonin in Anestrus Pubertal Jaffarabadi Buffalo Heifers during Summer Season
The present study evaluated the effect of exogenous melatonin on ovarian follicular dynamics, hormonal profile, oxidative stress, and conception rate in pubertal Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers during the summer season. Twelve buffalo heifers (32-36 months; 300-350 kg) were randomly divided into two equal groups: Control (Group I; corn oil 1 mL/50 kg s/c) and Melatonin-treated (Group II; melatonin 18 mg/50 kg b.wt. in corn oil s/c). Ovarian activity was monitored using ultrasonography, and blood samples were analyzed for melatonin, progesterone, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Melatonin significantly (p<0.05) enhanced follicular recruitment and follicle diameter, reduced oxidative stress, increased TAC, and improved estrus induction and conception rate. The study demonstrates melatonin’s beneficial role in alleviating heat stress-induced reproductive suppression and improving fertility in buffalo heifers.
Buffalo heifers, Estrus induction, Follicular dynamics, Melatonin, Oxidative stress, Progesterone
Isolation, Molecular Detection and Multidrug-Resistant Major Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci from Recurrent Canine Pyoderma
Bacterial pyoderma is one of the most frequent skin diseases in dogs. Recurrent pyoderma is often secondary to an underlying skin disease and is most commonly caused by coagulase-positive staphylococci. The main objectives of this study was to assess the level of resistance acquired by the most common bacteria responsible for causing recurrent pyoderma in dogs. The methodologies used were molecular methods, minimum inhibitory concentration, and antibiotic sensitivity testing to study resistance among the isolated bacteria. A total of 80 samples were collected from the dogs affected with different types of canine pyoderma, presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College in Junagadh (Gujarat, India). Of these, 9 (11.25%) dogs were diagnosed with recurrent canine pyoderma. From these 9 cases, 7 (77.78%) isolates were confirmed as coagulase-positive Staphylococcus comprising, 5 (71.42%) S. pseudintermedius and 2 (28.58%) S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. Among the 7 major CoPS isolates, a higher percentage of antibiotic resistance was shown against penicillin-G, followed by amoxyclav and amikacin, and 3 (42.86%) isolates showed multidrug resistance among selected antibiotics of different classes, and one (14.28%) isolate of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans showed methicillin-resistant (MRSS) phenotypically by disc diffusion method. These findings highlight the need for periodic assessment of pathogens and drug susceptibility patterns in different areas to ensure judicious use of antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance, Multidrug resistance, Recurrent canine pyoderma, Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans
Impact of Aspiration Pressure on Oocyte Quality and Retrieval Outcomes in FSH Pre-Stimulated Sahiwal Cows
Ovum pick-up (OPU) followed by in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is an efficient tool to accelerate genetic progress in cattle, particularly indigenous breeds that possess superior adaptability and disease resistance. The present study evaluated the effect of two vacuum pressures (40 vs. 50 mmHg) on oocyte recovery, quality and blastocyst rate in 16 Sahiwal donor cows that were hormonally pre-stimulated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Animals were randomly assigned to two groups (n=8 each) and subjected to OPU at either 40 mmHg or 50 mmHg. The mean number of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered per session was higher in the 50 mmHg group (26.13 ± 2.92) compared with the 40 mmHg group (20.63 ± 3.94). A significantly greater proportion of viable oocytes (Grades A+B+C) was recovered at 50 mmHg (74.16%) compared to 40 mmHg (71.51%), while the proportion of degenerated oocytes (Grades D+E) was lower (24.88% vs. 45.45%). Following in vitro maturation (IVM), an average 76.4±1.5% of recovered oocytes exhibited cumulus expansion. Of these, ~62% of total oocytes (78.7±1.6% of matured) were successfully fertilized under in vitro fertilization (IVF) conditions. By Day 7 of culture, ~34% of total oocytes and 43.3 ± 1.8% of matured oocytes developed into blastocysts, with a significantly higher mean blastocyst yield per OPU in the 50 mmHg group (8.5±0.9 vs 6.8±0.8). These findings demonstrate that aspiration at 50 mmHg not only enhances the yield and quality of oocytes but also improves there in vitro developmental competence up to the blastocyst stage. The results have practical implications for improving IVEP efficiency in elite Sahiwal cows and conserving valuable indigenous germplasm.
FSH stimulation, Oocyte quality, Ovum pick-up, Sahiwal cows, Vacuum pressure.