Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Challenges: A Review

Abstract

A variety of alternative energy sources are being investigated  for hybrid cars as a means of refueling the world's depleted  petroleum supply. The usage of fossil fuel in cars is becoming  a growing source of worry due to its negative environmental  consequences. Battery, fuel cell (FC), super capacitors (SC),  and photovoltaic cell (PV) are among the sources being  investigated for automotive applications. These renewable  energy sources may be used to create a hybrid electric vehicle  (HEV) for the future generation of mobility. This article  examines many elements and methods of HEVs, including  energy management systems (EMS), power conditioning, and  propulsion systems. Other HEV-related fields including DC  machines and automotive systems are also covered. Different  types of models and algorithms developed from simulation and  experiment are thoroughly described. The table summarizes the  performance of different HEV system combinations, along  with pertinent references. Various academics have produced a  thorough assessment of hybrid electric vehicles, including their  source combinations, models, and energy management systems  (EMS). Following a thorough examination, it was shown that  current technologies are more or less capable of performing  HEV effectively; nevertheless, dependability and intelligent  systems are still lacking. As a result, numerous aspects,  difficulties, and concerns with the next generation hybrid car  have been highlighted in this study.