Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) against stone weevil (Aubeus himalayanus) in hot arid region of India
Keywords:
Ber, antixenotics, allelochemicals, stone weevil, resistanceAbstract
Plants possess different antixenotic and allelochemical properties, which resultantly induce in them different mechanisms of resistance. The ber varieties/ genotypes Kali, Katha, Illaichi and Tikadi were found to be resistant; Akharota, Dandan, Gola, Goma Kirti, Sanaur-1, Seb, Umran and ZG-3 moderately resistant; Badami, Banarasi Karaka, Gularvasi, Jogia, Kaithli, Mundia, Reshmi, Sanaur-3, Thar Bhubhraj, Thar Sevika and Thornless susceptible and Banarsi Pebandi, Chhuhara, Sanaur-2, Sanaur-4 and Sanaur-5 highly susceptible varieties/ genotypes against stone weevil. The fruit infestation ranged from 8.80 to 49.44 % on retained fruits and 13.31 to 73.77% on dropped fruits. Tannins, phenols, alkaloids and flavonoids contents had significant negative correlations (P = 0.01) with the percentage fruit infestation on retained fruits and the fallen fruits. The pulp: stone ratio was having significant positive correlations (P = 0.01) with percent fruit infestation on retained and the dropped fruits. Two principal components (PCs) were extracted with eigen value =1.0, after varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization procedure which converged in three iterations. The extraction communalities for all the variables tested were = 0.5 indicating that the variables were well represented by the extracted PCs which together explained a cumulative variation of 90.75 %. PC1 explained 70.74 % of the variation while PC2 explained 20.01 % of variation. PC1 had the loadings for flavonoid content (0.91), tannins content (0.71), total alkaloid (0.93) and phenols content (0.95). Pulp: stone ratio of different varieties/ genotypes of ber (0.96) were loaded in PC2.
Downloads
References
Agrawal, A.A., Fishbein, M., Jetter, R., Salminen, J.P., Haldhar, S.M., Bhargava, R., Krishna, H., Berwal, M.K. and
Goldstein, J.B. and Freitag, A.E. 2009. Phylogenetic Saroj, P.L. 2018. Bottom-up effects of different host
ecology of leaf surface traits in the milkweeds plant resistance cultivars on ber (Ziziphus
(Asclepias spp.): chemistry, ecophysiology, and mauritiana)-fruit fly (Carpomyia vesuviana)
insect behavior. New Phytollogy, 183: 848-867. interactions. Crop Protec., 106: 117-124.
Bakhshi, J. C. and Singh, P. 1974. The ber - a good choice for Haldhar, S.M., Choudhary, B.R. and Bhargava, R. 2015c.
semi-arid and marginal soils. Indian Horticul., 19: Antixenotic resistance traits of muskmelon cucumis
-30. melo ( l.) against fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae
Balikai, R.A. 2009. Seasonal occurrence of ber fruit weevil, (coquillett)) in arid region of India. Indian J. Appl.
Aubeus himalayanus Voss in India. Acta Horticul., Entomol., 29(2): 81-87.
: 461-474. Haldhar, S.M., Choudhary, B.R., Bhargava, R. and Gurjar, K.
Balikai, R.A., Kotikal, Y.K. and Prasanna, P.M. 2013. Global 2015b. Host plant resistance (HPR) traits of ridge
scenario of insect and non-insect pests of jujube and gourd (Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) L. against melon
their management options. Acta Horticul., 993: 253- fruit fly, (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)) in hot
arid region of India. Horti. Scientia, 194: 168-174.
Barakat, A., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Frost, C.J. and Haldhar, S.M., Choudhary, B.R., Bhargava, R. and Meena,
Carlson, J.E. 2010. Phylogeny and expression S.R. 2015a. Antixenotic and allelochemical
profiling of CAD and CAD-like genes in hybrid resistance traits of watermelon against Bactrocera
Populus (P. deltoides x P. nigra), evidence from cucurbitae in a hot arid region of India. Florida
herbivore damage for sub-functionalization and Entomol., 98: 827-834.
functional divergence.BMC Plant Biol., 10:100. Haldhar, S.M., Choudhary, B.R., Bhargava, R. and Sharma,
Barbehenn, R.V. and Peter Constabel, C. 2011. Tannins in S.K. 2013c. Screening of ridge gourd varieties/
plant herbivore interactions. Phytochem., 72: 1551- genotypes (Luffa acutangula) for resistance fruit fly
(Bactrocera cucurbitae) in hot arid region of
Cartea, M.E., Soengas, P., Sotelo, T., Abilleira, R. and Rajasthan. Indian J. Arid Horticul., 8 (1-2): 21-24.
Velasco, P. 2014. Determining the host-plant Haldhar, S.M., Deshwal, H.L., Jat, G.C., Berwal, M.K. and
resistance mechanisms for Mamestra brassicae Singh, D. 2016. Pest scenario of ber (Ziziphus
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pest in cabbage. Ann. Appl. mauritianaLam.) in arid regions of Rajasthan, a
Biol., 164: 270-285. review. J. Agricul. Ecol., 1: 10-21.
Chamarthi SK, Sharma HC, Sahrawat KL, Narasu LM, Haldhar, S.M., Karuppaiah, V., Sharma, S.K. and Singh, D.
Dhillon MK.2011. Physico-chemical mechanisms of 2012. Insect-pests of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)
resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in as influenced by abiotic factors in arid region of
sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. J. Appl. Entomol., 135: Rajasthan. Global conference on “Horticulture for
-455. food, nutrition and livelihood options” organised by
Dhillon, M. K., Singh, R., Naresh, J. S. and Sharma, N. K. ASM foundation, New Delhi and OUAT,
The influence of physico-chemical traits of Bhubaneswar. Odisha during 27-31, May, 2012.
bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. on larval Haldhar, S.M., Sharma, S.K., Bhargava, R., Singh, R.S.,
density and resistance to melon fruit fly, Bactrocera Sharma, B.D. and Singh, D. 2013d. Insect pests of
cucurbitae (Coquillett). Journal Applied arid fruit crops, practical manual for field
Entomology, 129, 393399.Mithofer, A. and Boland, identification and damage symptoms. CIAH/ Tech./
W. 2012. Plant defense against herbivores, chemical Pub. No. 42 pp 1-53.
aspects. Annu. Rev. Plant Bio., 63: 431-450. Han, P., Desneux, N., Michel, T., Le Bot, J., Seassau, A.,
Gogi, M.D., Ashfaq, M., Arif, M.J., Sarfraz, R.M. and Nawab Wajnberg, E., Amiens-Desneux, E. and Anne-
N.N. 2010. Investigating phenotypic structures and Violette Lavoir, A.V. 2016. Does plant cultivar
allelochemical compounds of the fruits of difference modify the bottom-up effects of resource
Momordica charantia L. genotypes as sources of limitation on plant-insect herbivore interactions? J.
resistance against Bactrocera cucurbitae Chem. Ecol., 42: 1293-1303.
(Coquillett) (Diptera, Tephritidae). Crop Protec., 29: Hanley, M.E., Lamont, B.B., Fairbanks, M.M., Rafferty, C.M.,
-890. 2007. Plant structural traits and their role in
Haldhar S.M., Samadia D.K., Bhargava R. and Singh D. 2017. antiherbivore defense. Perspec. Plant Ecol. Evol.
Host plant genotypes determine bottom-up effect of System, 8, 157-178.
Cucumis melo var. callosus against melon fruit fly. Johnson, M.T. and Agrawal, A.A. 2005. Plant genotype and
Crop Protec., 98: 157-165. environment interact to shape a diverse arthropod
Haldhar, S.M., Bhargava, R., Choudhary, B.R., Pal, G. and community on evening primrose (Oenothera
Kumar, S. 2013a. Allelochemical resistance traits of biennis). Ecology, 86: 874-885.
muskmelon (Cucumis melo) against the fruit fly Karuppaiah, V., More, T. A. and Bagle, B. G. 2010. Arecord of
(Bactrocera cucurbitae) in a hot arid region of India. stone weevil (Aubeus himalayanus) (Curculionidae:
Coleoptera) on ber in hot arid region of Bikaner, Sabelis, M.W. and Janssen, A. 2011. Aherbivore that
Rajasthan. Karanataka J. Agric. Sci., 23: 180-181. manipulates plant defence. Ecol. Lett., 14: 229-236.
Kavitha, Z. and Savithri, P. 2002. Documentation of insect Sharma, H.C., Sujana G. and Rao, D.M. 2009. Morphological
pests on ber. South Indian Horticul., 50: 223-225. and chemical components of resistance to pod borer,
Maffei, M.E., Mithöfer, A. and Boland, W. 2007.Insects Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea.
feeding on plants, rapid signals and responses Arthrop. Plant Inter., 3: 151-161.
preceding the induction of phytochemical release. Simmonds, M.S.J. and Stevenson, P.C. 2001. Effects of
Phytochem., 68: 2946-59. isoflavonoids from Cicer on larvae of Heliocoverpa
Morton, J. 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, armigera. J. Chem. Ecol.,27: 965-977.
Miami, FL. p.272-275. Singh, M. P. 2008. Managing menace of insect pests on ber.
O'Connor, B.P. 2000. SPSS and SAS programs for Indian Horti., 53: 31-32.
determining the number of components using Treutter D. 2006. Significance of flavonoids in plant
parallel analysis and Velicer's MAPtest. Behav. Res. resistance: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett., 64: 147-
Math. Instrum. Comput., 32: 396-402. 157.
Prasad, G. S., Babu, K. S., Sreedhar, M., Padmaja, P. G., War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A.A., Hussain,
Subbarayudu, B., Kalaisekar, A. and Patil, J. V., B., Ignacimuthu, S. and Sharma, H.C., 2012.
Resistance in sorghum to Sitophilus oryzae Mechanisms of plant defense against insect
(L.) and its association with grain parameters. herbivores. Plant Sign. Behav., 7: 1306-1320.
Phytoparas., 43: 391-399. War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., War, M.Y. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2011.
Sarfraz, M., Dosdall, L. M. and Keddie, B. A. 2006. Jasmonic acid- mediated induced resistance in
Diamondback mothhost plant interactions: groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) against
implications for pest management. Crop Protec., 25: Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera:
-639. Noctuidae). J. Plant Growth Regul., 30: 512-523.
Sarmento, R.A., Lemos, F., Bleeker, P.M., Schuurink, R.C.,
Pallini, A., Oliveira, M.G.A., Lima, E.R., Kant, M.,
