The Social Aspect of Indonesian Armed Forces in The Shift of National Defense System Paradigm

The social aspect of Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia/TNI) cannot be separated from the shifting of national defense system paradigm. In terms of civil-military relationship, it can be traced by the rise of civil service contribution such as government and non-government elements in anticipating future threats to the region. The perception of threat from global scope to regional scope as well as national has been interpreted as the threat to national security, which is a democratic government ruled by civilian based on good governance principles is supported by military in tackling the threat to national security and society. This paper will describe some developments of social aspects in the context of the change of the state defense system. This paper will focus on analyzing the efforts of government for achieving accountable governance through assessing socio-political elements of national security. A conclusion will provide an overview in regard to the development of a conceptual model of existing military and civilian integration in the management of the transformation of the national security system to promote democracy in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
National security has been described as the ability of a state to cater for the protection and defense of its citizenry.It may interfere national culture, economy, politics and defense as well as security aspects.Transformation of state defense systems can be seen from the dynamic development of strategic environment which evolve rapidly.With the shifting of threats to become multidimensional threat, no longer leads to military invasion, but has threatened cultural, economic, political, and defense and security.Domestic security is not only about matters of security but also related to public order as a criminality, terrorism and social problem.However, a dynamic condition has reached the type and shape of the threats ranging from poverty, health, population, food and energy scarcity, natural disasters, local political issues etc.The transformation of Indonesia national security system is based on democratic consolidation in Indonesia.It will intensify the use of diplomatic strategy to mobilize allies and isolate threats.In this context, the reformation of the Armed Forces, and the implementation of the national defense concept, both are civil and preparedness in dealing with emergency situations, including terrorism and natural disaster.Government shall build the capacity and the availability of infrastructure in the country, which use the capability of intelligence to detect and defeat or avoid many threats and espionage and protect cyber-attack as well as the use of counterintelligence to protect the country accordingly.Therefore, we need a particular system to apply an integrated strategy for national security program both in terms of institutional issues (bureaucracy and state institutions) and the legislation to create the integration or synergy across national resources in the implementation of national security.Developing national security will transform the security future of the state, for example, sovereign, public, and territorial to the security of individuals.National security will be developed into defense purposes, homeland security and public safety as well as human security.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
The importance of the research lies in the importance of social aspect in shifting the paradigm of organizational and personal of Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), where the paradigm as the thinking pattern for decision making has become an important thing in the success of every military missions and exercises, whether in terms of its process or in terms of providing military services to beneficiaries that will contribute significantly to the development of national defense system, It comes this importance of the search also by giving a clear explanation of the organizational character which influences the strategy of TNI for guarding Indonesia sovereignty.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research aims to identify: 1. Types of National Defense System mechanism used in the protecting of Indonesian Sovereignty.
2. The role of using defense resources in the national defense system by the Indonesian Armed Forces to the beneficiaries.
3 .How important is the manage social aspects to resist the shifting of the paradigm national defense system and organizational as well as personal character of Indonesian Armed Forces still on the rules?

CURRICULUM
The documentary method was used based on the literature published on the subject, whether it is paper or electronic sources.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN MILITARY'S SOCIAL ASPECTS
In Western countries, the pattern of civil-military relationship would emphasize the "civilian supremacy over the military".Its perspectives on national security and internal threats continue to determine how this security establishment perceives its relations with the government and civil society.There is a prevailing thought for many years in the study of civil and military relations that the military should be separated from political affairs.Military bureaucracy is expected not to confuse with ideological belief in their tasks.Although, in the model of the developing countries, the military is a social and political force that plays an important role, which considers that civil-military relations do not depict the actual reality.This could result in a confrontation in maintaining power.Therefore, in achieving such western model of civilmilitary relation, the military instrument as one of the actors in implementing national strategy and as subordination to civilian government needs to be professional and neutral without favor to political interest or particular group or part.Indonesia Law No. 3 of 2003 about National Defense and Law No. 34 of 2004 about the Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI), have regulated the tasks of Indonesia military and the authority of civilian and the military as well, in which the role of military supported a democratic government, and so far, it run smoothly.It is showing that such law can put Indonesian military as a force that supports democracy and reform journey.One of the efforts that had been taken since reformation order is to keep the military apart from political affairs, restore and make it as a professional tool of national defense.However, in fact, this effort is difficult to achieve.
Indonesian military interference into political realm had happened a long time and in fact the process of democracy seems progress slow.An Experience shows that Indonesian Armed force has a "Dual Function", which are as a social & political power and defense security.At that time of such function happened, the military role in politics was needed, this is due to historical factors, where the military has become one of the dominant bodies in the fight against colonial.
When the movement of reformation in Indonesia in 1998, the society urged Indonesia government to restore Indonesia military role, as purely defense forces only.
In modern democracies, military's participation in the administration matter of government was limited to decision-making process.Moreover, military has no interest in the political process.
Therefore ideally, civilian control over the military containing several professional meanings such as recognition of military professionalism, the subordination of the military to the political leaders who make critical decisions in foreign policy and military, recognition and approval of political leaders related to military professionals, in order to minimize the intervention of military in politics and to minimize political matter in the military.In the context of Indonesia, to support the balancing of civil-military relations, it requires transformation the role of military and civilian institutions.The transformation of these two elements takes time and commitment, where, the transformation of military institution needs to be supported by various parties either by civilian institution or by Indonesian Military.
In the context of Indonesia, in order to support a democracy civilian government, the armed forces should be subject to the rule of law and the obligation to respect civilian authority.The armed forces have to remain impartial and stay away from political practice.Meanwhile, Civil institutions recognize that the armed force is a legitimate tool of democracy.In supporting those things, civil agencies have to provide funding and proper appreciation for the military to explore its role and mission, and civilian authorities need to learn about defense issues and military culture.

THE MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
The National Defense agenda is carried out to ensure that the implementation of the defense development based on priority scale.The essence of management of defense resources is the management of defense resources in times of peace and in a state of war, including aspects of planning, organizing, using, monitoring and communicating all defense resources.The mechanism process of the policy maker begins from the lowest level to the operational level.The basic principle in implementing defense resource management is the effectiveness of using resources to achieve goals.
Use of defense resources for military and non-military interests.In the military defense system, it is arranged in a framework of vertical organizations with hierarchical systems and controls that are spent briefly.Specifically arranged with a cone system which consist of sea and air joint operation.A command takes the responsibility of planning and using the available resources in an effective way and to coordinate and direct the military forces in achieving the assigned missions successfully.It has high combat power and professionals in using main weapon system of Indonesian Armed Forces.Armed forces have some capabilities that defined by three  Professional traits are shown by labor organizations with high levels of competence supported by a highly selective recruitment system and a dynamic work environment.Principally the national defense aims to protect the sovereignty of the nation and the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia as well as the safety of nations from various threats.The complexity of threats that can occur at any time, a military civil cooperation model is needed in the relationship among the main components, the reserve component and supporting components.
In developing military and non-military defense systems, a national defense posture is needed which is an ideal form to be reached in realizing civilian military cooperation.Defense posture as a representation of the format of civil military cooperation must be reliable because it has been tested since the last war of independence.Having a deterrent effect on other countries that will try to threaten national sovereignty through the development of systems and forces (system development and strength building).Reliable national defense posture is needed in the face of developing environmental and strategic threats both globally, regionally and nationally.Defense management reforms are always carried out to be able to synchronize strategic goals and capabilities of defense, budget and national political will towards defense within a comprehensive defense management framework.
This mechanism needs to be regulated in a reliable and comprehensive as a defense system management.The government as the authority which have capability to organize the entire national resources should understand how to make maximum use of those resources together with science and technology to synergize directly based on legislation.The perspective of national defense management both civil and military cooperation is carried out together in the form of empowerment of national defense areas.Large-scale peace operations (or elements thereof) conducted by a combination of military forces and nonmilitary organizations that combine one or more of the elements of peace operations with include one or more elements of other types of operations such as foreign humanitarian assistance, nation assistance, support to insurgency, or support to counterinsurgency.To support those missions, state defense stakeholder needs to rearrangements and restructuring of the Ministry of Defense in term of the development of TNI's role and capabilities through state defense system with increase pattern of civil and military relationship as the policy of the development of TNI.

Institutional Capacity Building in Developing National Security Policy
Institutional capacity building to develop National Security Policy is related to national strategic issues.This capacity building is in the form of Diplomacy, Informational, Military, and Economy, as well as programs of other national development such as educational training which is called "National Defence Program".In this program, the goal of national security is to create a sense of security for the people and the preservation of the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and maintain national sovereignty, from both external and internal threats.An effort to build Indonesian national security system required the posture of military professionalism as a main component of total defense system.Indonesia military has been expected to have a fighting spirit based on the "Sapta Marga" and "Sumpah Prajurit" which capable to transform Indonesia military into a professional armed force as the people's army, warrior's, and the national army.This professionalism would make significant advantages for national security and defense system.
The contribution of civil authority to build state defense system is not only to synergize all instruments of national resources but also to empower the soft-power as elements of civil society, and combine with the hard power as well.Hence, it makes military instrument will become a flexible and reliable, and efficient resource to tackle foreseeable challenges.Civilmilitary cooperation will pay attention regarding peace operations, stabilization and cooperation with other national components in order to integrate national security system.Civil-military relation also will escalate mutual understanding among military and civil servant in joint operations for humanitarian relief and as well as counterinsurgency.It has contribution for conducting joint Military Operation Other than War as well.In the issue of Global Maritime Fulcrum, the integration of civil military is also growing rapidly since Indonesia realised that Indonesia maritime power needs to be improved.Indonesia with its fast majority water rich of maritime resources, such as rivers, bays, oceans, islands, straits, estuaries, deltas, littoral, including fish, including the air sovereignty as a part of a natural resource that must be maintain, managed and explore it wisely.

The Model of Civil-Military Relationship and National Security Management in Indonesia
Strategic design of cooperation between the military and civil power becomes the foundation of building civil-military relations.It has successfully directed the transformation of Indonesia military role into national security systems in accordance with potential threat that will be facing.
However, as a process that is still ongoing, it is realized that nation support is needed, especially in term of regulation that become the basis of the existence of Indonesia military in the national security system.Eventually, the positive synergy among the government, civil politician and people as well as the leader of Indonesia military will support the achievement of building relationship between civil and military democratically.
Relations between the government, civil politicians, and the public, as well as managing all elements of the military will be crucial for the sustainability of Indonesia military transformation.
To achieve an effective and integrated national security system in accordance with the principles of democracy, the role of the military will be bound with the division of tasks, hierarchical, and code of conduct as a consequence to the value of a democratic state.The national security system is based on patterns of interaction, in which the military would focus on how to build and rationally use its power against the threat in the form of Non-Traditional Security Threat.That pattern needs to solve that those threats because non-traditional threats are not to expand the national security state but to expand the domestic features of the international system.
The synergy of the national defense system management, in facing various threats was carried out by certain state defense system where military and non-military in one mechanism of state defense.The Ministries and civil services are prepared as Reserve Component through one mobilization system.In case of an armed conflict, when the countries' sovereignty and territorial integrity is threatened, the full potential of the Armed Forces and the non-military component of the countries' defense is involved.Non-military defense layer are composed of security functions for public safety which include handling natural disasters and other humanitarian operations, socio-cultural, economic, defense psychology, which are essentially related to the thought of state defense awareness, and technological development.The core of non-military defense is non-physical defense that does not use weapons as practiced by the military defense, but the empowerment of ideological, political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors through the profession, knowledge and expertise, and intelligence to achieve equitable social welfare.The Ministries and civil institutions prepare Supporting Component that is ready to be mobilized in order to enlarge and strengthen Main Component (Indonesian Armed Forces).State defense is divided into two systems namely military defense and non-military defense as mandated by law.
The form of threats are about effort, activity, and action, both domestically and abroad, which is assessed or proven to endanger the safety of the nation, security, the sovereignty of the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and national interests in various aspect such as political, socio-cultural and defense security political ideologies.

The Components of National Defense System
The implementation of civil-military cooperation has been supported by networking of the national defense system, viewed from the legal aspect that is regulated in Law No.The management of defense human resources always influence the condition of national resilience in particular country.National resilience is actually an overlooked element of society's ability to enhance national security, and cannot be limited to military, economic, or clinical-psychological aspects; rather the concept should be expanded to include politicalpsychological components as well.In democratic societies, psycho-logical-political aspects such as trust in the government and the public institutions, as well as patriotism and out-group threat perceptions play an important role in political participation and gaining social capital.Political development through political institutions, military intervention is most acceptable if it is a transitional period in an effort to create strong political institutions.In this frame of mind, the military must be neutral from politics, must not be involved in politics because such involvement will alienate them from professionalism.Civil control is intended so that the military is not involved in politics.Military power carries out Military Operation Other Than War (MOOTW) tasks in two forms of activities, as the combatant and non-combatant.Combatant is carried out in order to deal with separatists, armed rebellion and terrorism as well as security of border areas.
Non-combatant applies its task for VVIP security, National Vital Object Security.The MOOTW tasks was conducted by another element of the nation's resources in helping the main elements.
Forms of assistance include assistance to the Regional Government, assistance to state interdependent factors: combat readiness, sustainable capability and force structure.A national Capabilities Development Plan seeks to provide a global understanding of capability needs, capability trends and potential capability shortfalls.Military capability is often referred to in terms of low, medium and high, although this usually refers to the type, quantity and sophistication of technology being used in combat operations, and the severity of threat to security of the state.Whereas to support non-military defense capabilities, the formation, regulation, education & training and guidance of reserve components are adjusted according to their characteristics as a component to strengthen and enlarge the Main Component namely Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI).The Reserve Component is adjusted to the organization of TNI which consist of land, sea and air dimensions with each characteristic.To facilitate its development and organizing, the reserve component is applied centrally and spread out and is within the scope of the authority of government institutions outside the defense sector.The Supporting Component will be adjusted to the provisions of national policy whose implementation is combined with defense interests.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The Mechanism of Indonesian National Defense System Source: Indonesian Defense White Paper

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The Mechanism of Indonesian National Defense System 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense, Law No. 34 of 2004 concerning TNI, Law Number 7 of 2012 concerning Social Conflict Management and ten other laws.Based on theory of networks state that organizational clusters are related to one another, namely a group of organizations or a set of inter-organizational relationships.On the other hand, civil-military relations look more at networks as a system, namely the totality of the whole unit that is interconnected with certain definite relations.Defense is an effort made to create a stable condition or condition.In Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense, Article 1 Number 1 defines national defense as all efforts to defend the sovereignty of the country, the territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of all nations from threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation.While the role of Main, Reserve and Supporting Component have been applied based on Law Number 34 Year 2004.Those roles of each component have fourteen activities which are in accordance with their respective professions.Understanding of Main Component is theIndonesian Armed Forces ready to be used to carry out defense tasks.Reserve Component is a national resource that has been prepared to be mobilized through mobilization to enlarge and strengthen the strength and capabilities of Main Component.Furthermore, the Act states that the Commission consists of citizens, natural resources, artificial resources, and national facilities and infrastructure that have been prepared to be mobilized through mobilization to enlarge and strengthen Main Component.
VVIP/VIP guest security, Human Assistance & Disaster Relief and Search & Rescue (SAR) Mission as well as securing the shipping and aviation.This is a form of government efforts in preparing the national defense system.Based on Law Number 20 of 1982 concerning the basic provisions of the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia, the people are called trained people.While Supporting Component is a national resource that can be used to increase the strength and capabilities of Main Component and Reserve Component.As form of civil and military relations human resources (HR) are considered increasingly important role in achieving its goals.That reason above has correlation with the theory of human resource management which stated "management means knowledge of how to manage human resources".Civil-military cooperation is the result of Indonesia's political and cultural transformation.It comes from different civil-military relations in the western countries placing the military as a civil subordination.Meanwhile in Indonesian defense mechanism, it is not familiar with the civil dichotomy over the military.Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense, Article 1 number 1 defines national defense as all efforts to defend state sovereignty, the territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of all nations from threats and disruptions to the integrity of the nation and state.CONCLUSION The format of civil-military cooperation in supporting MOOTW is the new paradigm of the national defense system management.Main component has responsibility to strengthen other Ministries or Institutions elements, and must know the format and the role of both Reserve Component and Supporting Component.Furthermore, those components require government policy in terms of recruitment as well as education and training, organizing, mobilization.Civilmilitary cooperation should know about the mobilization of Main Component in MOOTW based on state policies and political decisions.Deployment of the Commission to be a combatant through a government statement, as well as the deployment of Supporting Component is carried out directly or indirectly.Others know that in carrying out the military mission in war, the military defense force is carried out with the integrated Indonesian Armed Forces reinforced with Non-military defense that has been empowered by other ministries for preparing the Reserve Component and Supporting Component through mobilization mechanism.