Encapsulation of Nigella sativa L. essential oil into liposomes using supercritical carbon dioxide: Process optimization and enhancement of encapsulation efficiency and efficacy of bioactive components
Keywords:
Encapsulation, bioactive components, supercritical carbon dioxideAbstract
The Nigella sativa essential oil has been shown to possess a number of nutritional and medicinal benefits to the human body. Most of the bioactive compounds in it are heat sensitive and degrade during processing and storage. In order to improve their desirability and extend storability of these bioactive agents, encapsulation of Nigella sativa essential oil into liposomes was carried out using supercritical carbon dioxide by the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of different process variables viz. Pressure, temperature and oil-to-lipid ratio on encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution and stability of resulting encapsulates. Numerical optimization of process parameters suggested that the optimum conditions for the encapsulation process were pressure of 390 bar, temperature of 40°C and oil-to-lipid ratio of 7.6. Under these conditions maximum encapsulation efficiency of 88 percent was achieved with a mean particle diameter of 173 nm and a uniform size distribution (polydispersity Index of 0.30) with fair stability (zeta potential of -57mV). The results signified the encapsulation process using supercritical carbon dioxide by RESS method as a viable alternative for the sensitive bioactive components in Nigella sativa essential oil.
References
Agbaria, R., Gabarin, A., Dahan, A. and Ben-Shabat, S., 2015. Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed) and its relationship with the thermal processing and quinone composition of the seed. Drug design, development and therapy, 9: 3119–3124.
Ahmad, A., Husain, A., Mujeeb, M., Khan, S.A., Najmi, A.K., Siddique, N.A., Damanhouri, Z.A. and Anwar, F., 2013. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 3(5): 337- 352.
Al-Khalaf, M.I. and Ramadan, K.S., 2013. Antimicrobial and Anti-cancer Activity of Nigella sativa oil-A Review. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7: 505-514.
Cano-Sarabia, M., Ventosa, N., Sala, S., Patino, C., Arranz, R. and Veciana, J., 2008. Preparation of uniform rich cholesterol unilamellar nanovesicles using CO2-expanded solvents. Langmuir, 24(6): 2433-2437.
Chan, E.S., 2011. Preparation of Ca-alginate beads containing high oil content: Influence of process variables on encapsulation efficiency and bead properties. Carbohydrate polymers, 84(4): 1267-1275.
Chattopadhyay, P., Huff, R. and Shekunov, B.Y., 2006. Drug encapsulation using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(3): 667-679.
Dar, I.H., Bhat, S.A., Manzoor, A. and Ahmad, S., 2020. Encapsulation of Active Ingredients in Functional Foods: Current Trends and Perspectives. Functional Food Products and Sustainable Health: 69-89.
Diab, R., Jaafar-Maalej, C., Fessi, H. and Maincent, P., 2012. Engineered nanoparticulate drug delivery systems: the next frontier for oral administration?. The AAPS journal, 14(4): 688-702.
Disalvo, E.A., Lairion, F., Martini, F., Tymczyszyn, E., Frías, M., Almaleck, H. and Gordillo, G.J., 2008. Structural and functional properties of hydration and confined water in membrane interfaces. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)- Biomembranes, 1778(12): 2655-2670.
Dodds, W.S., Stutzman, L.F. and Sollami, B.J., 1956. Carbon dioxide solubility in water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Chemical and Engineering Data Series, 1(1): 92-95.
Edris, A.E. 2011. The chemical composition and the content of volatile oil: potential factors that can contribute to the oxidative stability of Nigella sativa L. crude oil. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 8(1): 34-42.
Erkmen, O., 2012. Effects of dense phase carbon dioxide on vegetative cells. Dense phase carbon dioxide: food and pharmaceutical applications (2012): 67-97.
Gibson, L., 2007. Lipid-based excipients for oral drug delivery. In Oral Lipid-Based Formulations (pp. 55-84). CRC Press.
Gonnet, M., Lethuaut, L. and Boury, F., 2010. New trends in encapsulation of liposoluble vitamins. Journal of Controlled Release, 146(3): 276-290.
Gruszecki, W.I. and Strzałka, K., 2005. Carotenoids as modulators of lipid membrane physical properties. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1740(2): 108-115.
Hedrick, U.P.E., 1972. Sturtevant's edible plants of the world/ed. Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick (no. QK98. 5. A1. S88 1972.).
Hunter, R.J., Midmore, B.R. and Zhang, H., 2001. Zeta potential of highly charged thin double-layer systems. Journal of colloid and interface science, 237(1): 147-149.
Isailović, B.D., Kostić, I.T., Zvonar, A., Đorđević, V.B., Gašperlin, M., Nedović, V.A. and Bugarski, B.M., 2013. Resveratrol loaded liposomes produced by different techniques. Innovative food science and emerging technologies, 19: 181- 189.
Kraft, J.C., Freeling, J.P., Wang, Z. and Ho, R.J., 2014. Emerging research and clinical development trends of liposome and lipid nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 103(1): 29-52.
Laouini, A., Jaafar-Maalej, C., Limayem-Blouza, I., Sfar, S., Charcosset, C. and Fessi, H., 2012. Preparation, characterization and applications of liposomes: state of the art. Journal of colloid Science and Biotechnology, 1(2): 147-168.
Liu, D., Hu, H., Lin, Z., Chen, D., Zhu, Y., Hou, S. and Shi, X., 2013. Quercetin deformable liposome: preparation and efficacy against ultraviolet B induced skin damages in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 127: 8-17.
Malheiros, P.S., Daroit, D.J., da Silveira, N.P. and Brandelli, A., 2010. Effect of nanovesicle-encapsulated nisin on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Food Microbiology, 27(1): 175-178.
Marsanasco, M., Márquez, A.L., Wagner, J.R., Alonso, S.D.V. and Chiaramoni, N.S., 2011. Liposomes as vehicles for vitamins E and C: An alternative to fortify orange juice and offer vitamin C protection after heat treatment. Food research international, 44(9): 3039-3046.
Müllers, K.C., Paisana, M. and Wahl, M.A., 2015. Simultaneous formation and micronization of pharmaceutical cocrystals by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS). Pharmaceutical research, 32(2): 702-713.
Otake, K., Shimomura, T., Goto, T., Imura, T., Furuya, T., Yoda, S., Takebayashi, Y., Sakai, H. and Abe, M., 2006. Preparation of liposomes using an improved supercritical reverse phase evaporation method. Langmuir, 22(6): 2543-2550.
Paisana, M.C., Müllers, K.C., Wahl, M.A. and Pinto, J.F., 2016. Production and stabilization of olanzapine nanoparticles by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS). The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 109: 124-133.
Pasenkiewicz-Gierula, M., Baczyński, K., Murzyn, K. and Markiewicz, M., 2012. Orientation of lutein in a lipid bilayer: revisited. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 59(1):115-118.
Patil, Y.P. and Jadhav, S., 2014. Novel methods for liposome preparation. Chemistry and physics of lipids, 177: 8-18.
Pintea, A., Diehl, H.A., Momeu, C., Aberle, L. and Socaciu, C., 2005. Incorporation of carotenoid esters into liposomes. Biophysical chemistry, 118(1): 7-14.
Piras, A., Rosa, A., Marongiu, B., Porcedda, S., Falconieri, D., Dessi, M.A., Ozcelik, B.E.R.R.İ.N. and Koca, U., 2013. Chemical composition and in vitro bioactivity of the volatile and fixed oils of Nigella sativa L. extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial Crops and Products, 46: 317-323.
Prieto, C. and Calvo, L., 2017. The encapsulation of low viscosity omega-3 rich fish oil in polycaprolactone by supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 128: 227-234.
Ramadan, M.F., 2007. Nutritional value, functional properties and nutraceutical applications of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.): an overview. International journal of food science and technology, 42(10): 1208-1218.
Randhawa, M.A. and Alghamdi, M.S., 2011. Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed)—a review. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 39(06): 1075-1091.
Rao, D.R., Chawan, C.B. and Veeramachaneni, R., 1994. Liposomal encapsulation of β-galactosidase: comparison of two methods of encapsulation and in vitro lactose digestibility. Journal of food biochemistry, 18(4): 239-251.
Singh, M.N., Hemant, K.S.Y., Ram, M. and Shivakumar, H.G., 2010. Microencapsulation: A promising technique for controlled drug delivery. Research in pharmaceutical sciences, 5(2): 65-77.
Takahashi, M., Uechi, S., Takara, K., Asikin, Y. and Wada, K., 2009. Evaluation of an oral carrier system in rats: bioavailability and antioxidant properties of liposome-encapsulated curcumin. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(19): 9141-9146.
Tan, C., Xia, S., Xue, J., Xie, J., Feng, B. and Zhang, X., 2013. Liposomes as vehicles for lutein: preparation, stability, liposomal membrane dynamics, and structure. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 61(34): 8175-8184.
Wan, L.Q., Jiang, J., Arnold, D.E., Guo, X.E., Lu, H.H. and Mow, V.C., 2008. Calcium concentration effects on the mechanical and biochemical properties of chondrocyte-alginate constructs. Cellular and molecular bioengineering, 1(1): 93-102.
Wengeler, R. and Nirschl, H., 2007. Turbulent hydrodynamic stress induced dispersion and fragmentation of nanoscale agglomerates. Journal of colloid and interface science, 306(2): 262-273.
Wisniewska, A. and Subczynski, W.K., 1998. Effects of polar carotenoids on the shape of the hydrophobic barrier of phospholipid bilayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1368(2): 235-246.
Wisniewska, A., Widomska, J. and Subczynski, W.K., 2006. Carotenoid-membrane interactions in liposomes: effect of dipolar, monopolar, and nonpolar carotenoids. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 53(3): 475-484.
Wright, J.C. and Burgess, D.J., 2012. Long acting injections and implants (pp. 11-24). New York, NY, USA:: Springer.
Zamani, M., Prabhakaran, M.P. and Ramakrishna, S., 2013. Advances in drug delivery via electrospun and electrosprayed nanomaterials. International journal of nanomedicine, 8: 2997.
Zhao, L. and Temelli, F., 2015. Preparation of liposomes using a modified supercritical process via depressurization of liquid phase. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 100: 110-120.
Zhao, L. and Temelli, F. 2015. Preparation of liposomes using a modified supercritical process via depressurization of liquid phase. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 100: 110-120.
Zhao, L., Temelli, F., Curtis, J.M. and Chen, L. 2015. Preparation of liposomes using supercritical carbon dioxide technology: Effects of phospholipids and sterols. Food Research International, 77: 63-72.
