Changes in morphological and physiological parameters affecting lettuce cultivars due to nitrogen fertilizer in greenhouse tunnel
Keywords:
Lactuca sativa, Batavia, Butterhead,, Iceberg, , Romaine,, nitrates, yield.Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most widely grown leafy vegetable in the world. It is appreciated for its balanced nutritional value and its dietary properties. Nitrogen nutrition is a key factor in controlling Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. The lettuce types Romaine, Iceberg, Batavia type and Butterhead treated with the nitrogen levels: control (N0), 40 kg∙ha-1 N (N40), 60 kg∙ha-1 N (N60), 80 kg∙ha-1 N (N80) and 120 kg∙ha-1 N (N120) in a 3 year experiment. Yield, growth and qualitative parameters of the plant were measured. The Romaine and the Iceberg types produced a high exploratory potential of the root system, intercepting more nutrients and resulting in a higher growth rate. The Iceberg type differed from the others by growth speed compared to foliar initiation speed. The higher accumulation of dry matter per day affirms that this type tends to be more efficient than others in use of resources. The N60 seems to be suitable under conditions of the test with acceptable production and induces a lower sensitivity of the crop to Bremia diseases. The N80 dose produced a higher yield, and reduced damage from Bremia compared to 120 kg∙ha-1 N. The Iceberg type was the most efficient in dry matter production particularly under the dose of 80 kg ha-1. Concerning lettuce quality, it has been shown that residual nitrate content was incompliance with the European regulation in all type of lettuce disregarding the applied nitrogen dose.
References
Abro, M.A., R.N. Syed, A. Yasmin, S. Abro, A. Kumar, and P.C. Nicot. 2014. Different nitrogen fertilization regimes influences the susceptibility of lettuce plants to Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Science International, 26, 325-329.
Anonymous. 2018. FAOSTAT, Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize
Anonymous. 2019. FAOSTAT, Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN
Babiker, I.S., M.A. Mohamed, H. Terao, K. Kato, and K. Ohta. 2004. Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system. Environment International, 29, 1009-1017.
Bauer, A., A.G. Bostrom, J. Ball, C. Applegate, T. Cheng, S. Laycock, S.M. Rojas, J. Kirwan, and J. Zhou. 2019. Combining computer vision and deep learning to enable ultra-scale aerial phenotyping and precision agriculture: A case study of lettuce production. Horticulture Research, 6, 1-12.
Boroujerdnia, M. and N.A. Ansari. 2007. Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and cultivars on growth, yield and yield components of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). Middle Eastern and Russian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1, 47-53.
Bottoms, T.G., R.F. Smith, M.D. Cahn, and T.K. Hartz. 2012. Nitrogen requirements and N status determination of lettuce. HortScience, 47, 1768-1774.
Chaux, C. and C. Foury. 1994. Productions Légumières. Tome 3 : Légumineuses potagères - Légumes fruits. Coll. « AGRICULTURE D'AUJOURD'HUI : Sciences, Techniques, Applications ».Tec & Doc. Lavoisier, Paris, France. 563 p
Chowdhury, P.S., D. Babin, M. Sandmann, S. Jacquiod, L. Sommermann, S. J. Sørensen, A. Fliessbach, P. Mäder, J. Geistlinger, K. Smalla, M. Rothballer, and R. Grosch. 2019. Effect of long-term organic and mineral fertilization strategies on rhizosphere microbiota assemblage and performance of lettuce. Environmental Microbiology, 21, 2426- 2439.
Conversa, G. and A. Elia. 2019. Growth, critical N concentration and crop N demand in Butterhead and Crisphead Lettuce grown under Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy, 9(11), 681.
David, D.J. 1960. The determination of exchangeable sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in soils by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst, 85, 495-503.
Di Gioia, F., M. Gonnella, V. Buono, O. Ayala, and P. Santamaria. 2017a. Agronomic, physiological and quality response of romaine and red oak-leaf lettuce to nitrogen input. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 12,47-58.
Di Gioia, F., M. Gonnella, V. Buono, O. Ayala, J. Cacchiarelli, and P. Santamaria. 2017b. Calcium cyanamide effects on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, nitrates, and dry matter content of lettuce. Agronomy Journal. 109:354-362.
Di Gioia, F., Renna, M, and P. Santamaria. 2017c. Sprouts, microgreens and “baby leaf” vegetables, pp. 403-432.
Foteinis, S. and E. Chatzisymeon. 2016. Life cycle assessment of organic versus conventional agriculture. A case study of lettuce cultivation in Greece. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 2462-2471.
Fu, Y., H. Li, J. Yu, H. Liu, Z. Cao, N.S. Manukovsky, and H. Liu. 2017. Interaction effects of light intensity and nitrogen concentration on growth, photosynthetic characteristics and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. Var. youmaicai). Scientia Horticulturae, 214, 51-57.
Hoque, M.M., H. Ajwa, M. Othman, R. Smith, and M. Cahn. 2010. Yield and postharvest quality of lettuce in response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Hortscience, 45, 1539-1544.
Kyriacou, M.C., G.A. Soteriou, G. Colla, and Y. Rouphael. 2019. The occurrence of nitrate and nitrite in Mediterranean fresh salad vegetables and its modulation by preharvest practices and postharvest conditions. Food Chemestry, 285, 468- 477.
Lucarini, M., L. D'Evoli, S. Tufi, P. Gabrielli, S. Paoletti, S. Di Ferdinando, and G. Lombardi-Boccia. 2012. Influence of growing system on nitrate accumulation in two varieties of lettuce and red radicchio of Treviso. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92, 2796-2799.
Mirjalili, S.A. 2014. Evaluation of some organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Ahoora). Advances in Environmental Biology, 8, 82-86.
Mitchell, C.E., P.B. Reich, D, Tilman, and J.V. Groth. 2003. Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition, and decreased species diversity on foliar fungal plant disease. Global Change Biology, 9, 438-451.
Montemurro, F. 2010. Are organic N fertilizing strategies able to improve lettuce yield, use of nitrogen and N status?. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33, 1980-1997.
Montemurro, F., C. Ciaccia, R. Leogrande, F. Ceglie, and M. Diacono. 2015. Suitability of different organic amendments from agro-industrial wastes in organic lettuce crops. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 102, 243-252.
Nicoletto, C., S. Santagata, G. Zanin, and P. Sambo. 2014. Effect of the anaerobic digestion residues use on lettuce yield and quality. Scientia Horticulturae, 180, 207-213.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe, and L.A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Circular 939, United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Parente, A., M. Gonnella, P. Santamaria, P. L’Abbate, G. Conversa, and A. Elia. 2006. Nitrogen Fertilization of new cultivars of Lettuce. Acta Horticulturae, 700, 137-140.
Quijano, L., V. Yusà, G. Font, C. McAllister, C. Torres, and O. Pardo. 2017. Risk assessment and monitoring programme of nitrates through vegetables in the Region of Valencia (Spain). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 100, 42-49.
Saftner, R.A. and G.E. Lester. 2009. Sensory and analytical characteristics of a novel hybrid muskmelon fruit intended for the fresh-cut industry. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 51, 327-333.
Santamaria, P. 2006. Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity, content, intake and EC regulation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86, 10-17.
Scuderi, D., C. Restuccia, M. Chisari, R.N. Barbagallo, C. Caggia, and F. Giuffrida. 2011. Salinity of nutrient solution influences the shelf-life of fresh-cut lettuce grown in floating system. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 59, 132- 137.
Thompson, R.B., N. Tremblay, M. Fink, M. Gallardo, and F.M. Padilla. 2017. Tools and strategies for sustainable nitrogen fertilisation of vegetable crops, pp. 11-63.
USDA. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, a basic system of Soil Classification for making and interpreting Soil Surveys. - US Government Printing Office, Washington
Veresoglou, S.D., E.K. Barto, G. Menexes, and M.C. Rillig. 2013. Fertilization affects severity of disease caused by fungal plant pathogens. Plant Pathology, 62, 961-969.
Zandvakili, O.R., A.V. Barker, M. Hashemi, F. Etemadi, and W.R. Autio. 2019. Comparisons of commercial organic and chemical fertilizer solutions on growth and composition of lettuce. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42, 990-1000.
