The Journal of Plant Disease Sciences is the official publication of the Association of Plant Pathologists, housed within the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.). The journal serves as a dedicated platform for publishing research in Mycology and Plant Pathology, adhering to the constitution and bylaws of the society. It features peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, and short communications covering various aspects of plant disease management, host-pathogen interactions, epidemiology, disease diagnostics, and sustainable agricultural practices. The journal primarily publishes work by association members but is open to contributions from the broader scientific community. Committed to maintaining high academic and ethical standards, the Journal of Plant Disease Sciences aims to advance scientific knowledge in plant pathology while supporting agricultural sustainability and crop protection. Indexing details: NAAS Score - 4.20, World Cat, WorldCat Discovery, Publons, Scilit, Google Scholar, Base Indexing, Ebsco, Wos-Applied, Cross ref, ICI, ASI
ANTAGONISTIC POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT TRICHODERMA SPP. AGAINST SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII AND FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SPP. LYCOPERSICI
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops worldwide and is valued for its nutritional and economic importance. Often referred to as the “poor man’s orange” due to its high vitamin C content, tomato cultivation has expanded considerably; however, its production is severely constrained by soil-borne pathogens such as Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium species. Soil samples were collected from different tomato-growing regions of Parbhani district, Maharashtra, and six native Trichoderma isolates were obtained from the tomato rhizosphere. Based on morpho-cultural characteristics, the isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma hamatum. These isolates were evaluated under in vitro conditions against Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici using the dual culture technique. Among the tested isolates, Trichoderma harzianum (T₁) proved to be the most effective against Sclerotium rolfsii, recording the lowest mycelial growth of 15.50, 18.33 and 27.65 mm on the third, fifth and seventh days, respectively, followed by Trichoderma asperellum (T₂), which showed 16.03, 19.04 and 28.17 mm colony diameter. Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Trichoderma harzianum (T₁) again exhibited the highest antagonistic activity, recording minimum mycelial growth of 30.12, 23.96 and 30.12 mm on the third, fifth and seventh days, respectively, with maximum inhibition of 52.09, 61.06 and 66.53 per cent. The study demonstrates the strong biocontrol potential of native Trichoderma species, particularly Trichoderma harzianum, against major soil-borne pathogens of tomato, indicating their suitability for eco-friendly disease management strategies.
Fusarium, In vitro, Sclerotium, Tomato, Trichoderma
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF NEWER FUNGICIDES AND BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST CHILLI DAMPING OFF
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops and is extensively used as a spice crop throughout the world. The chilli crop is affected by several diseases such as damping-off, wilt, anthracnose, die-back, root rot and bacterial wilt. Among the fungal diseases, damping-off caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. in nurseries is a major constraint in chilli production, resulting in up to 62% seedling mortality and accounting for nearly 90% plant death either as pre- or post-emergence damping-off under nursery conditions. Traditionally, the disease is managed using synthetic fungicides such as metalaxyl and carbendazim; however, their repeated use often leads to phytotoxicity and environmental concerns. This has created a need to evaluate newer fungicide formulations and eco-friendly alternatives for effective disease management. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of newer fungicides and biocontrol agents against chilli damping-off disease. The results revealed that Metalaxyl-M 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP, Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% WG, and Mancozeb 64% + Cymoxanil 8% WP were the most effective treatments, showing 100% inhibition of the pathogen at the recommended concentration. Among the biocontrol agents tested, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens showed the highest antagonistic activity against the pathogen, recording 71.30% and 68.52% inhibition, respectively. The study indicates that newer fungicide combinations and selected biocontrol agents can be effectively utilized for managing damping-off disease of chilli in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
Biocontrol, Chilli, Damping off, Fungicides, Pythium
ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM CAUSING SOFT ROT OF GINGER
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), an important spice crop cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical regions, is severely affected by soft rot disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. The present study was undertaken to isolate and identify the causal organism from infected ginger rhizomes collected from farmers’ fields and to evaluate the efficacy of different biocontrol agents against the pathogen under in vitro conditions. The pathogen was successfully isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified based on its cultural and microscopic characteristics. Pathogenicity of P. aphanidermatum was confirmed using rhizome inoculation methods, including rhizome dip, rhizome injection and soil inoculation techniques. Eight biocontrol agents comprising six fungal agents, namely Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma virens, Aspergillus niger, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces lilacinus, and two bacterial agents, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, were evaluated against the pathogen using the dual culture technique. Among the tested biocontrol agents, Trichoderma asperellum was found to be the most effective, recording 70.36% inhibition of mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum. The results indicate that fungal biocontrol agents, particularly Trichoderma asperellum, can serve as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to chemical fungicides for the management of soft rot disease of ginger.
Biological control, Ginger, Pythium, Soft rot, Trichoderma
IMPROVEMENT IN PCR-BASED SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF DIVERSE DNA VIRUSES IN BANANA ( CV. CAVENDISH MUSA ACUMINATA)
Banana production is increasingly threatened by viral pathogens, particularly Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and (CMV). These viruses reduce crop yield and quality, making the early and accurate detection of infections critical for effective disease control. BBTV symptoms can take between 25 to 85 days to appear following transmission by aphids ( ), which complicates timely diagnosis. In this study, a PCR-based assay was developed to simultaneously detect BBTV and CMV by targeting conserved regions of their respective movement protein (MP), replication-associated (Rep), and coat protein (CP) genes. Banana leaf samples were collected from major cultivation areas across different agroclimatic zones in Maharashtra. An internal control was included to ensure the reliability of PCR amplification. The method proved effective for rapid and specific virus identification, offering an improvement over single-gene PCR by minimizing false positives. This diagnostic approach can support routine screening programs to ensure the propagation of virus-free planting material, thereby enhancing disease management and improving yields in Banana
BBTV, CMV, PCR detection, Banana viruses
IN VITRO COLLETOTRICHUM LINDEMUTHIANUM EFFICACY OF BIOAGENTS AND FUNGICIDES AGAINST CAUSING ANTHRACNOSE IN GREEN GRAM.
Green gram ( L.) is one of the most important legume crops which is a rich source of protein (24.5%), fat (1.3%), minerals (3.5%) and Carbohydrates (56.7%). Anthracnose disease of green gram caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major fungal disease causing serious loss of 24 to 67% both qualitative and quantitatively. The current study aimed to test the efficacy of bioagents and fungicides against anthracnose of green gram. Five fungal bioagent and two bacterial bioagent were evaluated against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum under condition. All the biocontrol agents were showed wide range of inhibitory patterns. and was proved to be most effective inhibiting the pathogen as 100% inhisition recorded against the test pathogen. Total seven fungicides were tested at two different concentrations (1500 and 2000 ppm) against the pathogen by using poisoned food technique. Amongst the tested fungicides, Azoxystrobin + mancozeb showed highest inhibition (100%) at both concentrations.
Bioagents, C. lindemuthianum, Fungicides, Green Gram
ECO FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM CAUSING DAMPING OFF IN CHILLI UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Chilli is a vital spice and vegetable crop that suffers significant yield losses due to damping-off disease, primarily caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of selected botanical extracts and microbial bioagents against this pathogen under in vitro conditions. The pathogen was isolated from infected chilli seedlings and identified based on morphological characteristics. Aqueous extracts at 10% and 20% concentrations from seven botanicals were evaluated using the poisoned food technique, while the antagonistic potential of five fungal and two bacterial bioagents was assessed using the dual culture method. Among the botanicals, Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Allium sativum (garlic) exhibited complete inhibition (100%) of mycelial growth at both concentrations. This was followed by Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Allium cepa (onion), which showed moderate inhibitory effects. Azadirachta indica (neem) and Datura stramonium (datura) were found to be the least effective. Among the bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum (Parbhani isolate) exhibited the highest antagonistic activity with 55.03% inhibition of mycelial growth, followed by Trichoderma asperellum (52.88%) and Trichoderma harzianum (Sambhajinagar isolate) with 50.50% inhibition. The bacterial bioagents, particularly Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis, showed comparatively lower inhibitory effects. The study indicates that certain botanicals and fungal biocontrol agents, especially Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Trichoderma harzianum, have significant potential for the eco-friendly management of damping-off disease in chilli.
Bioagents, Capsicum annuum, Damping-off, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytoextracts
MANAGEMENT OF CHILLI POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY LEVEILLULA TAURICA (LEV.) ARN. USING FUNGICIDES AND BIOPESTICIDES
Chilli powdery mildew caused by is one of the most serious disease of chilli. Field experiment was carried out to know the effect of different fungicides and biopesticides against powdery mildew of chilli during 2024–25.Among the fifteen treatments, Myclobutanil 10% WP (1g/l) emerged as the most effective treatment, recording the lowest PDI (16.91%) and highest yield (135.32 q/ha), with a highest cost- benefit ratio of 1:3.30. Sprays of Azoxystrobin 23% SC and Kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC also exhibited significant disease reduction and yield improvement. Among biopesticides, was identified as the most effective, although not as effective as Ampelomyces quisqualis synthetic fungicides. The research emphasizes Myclobutanil as the most cost-effective choice for managing powdery mildew in chilli, whereas biopesticides provide safer but less effective alternatives.
Ampelomyces quisqualis Chilli, Disease, Powdery mildew, Myclobutanil,
RESPONSE OF GROUNDNUT GENOTYPES AGAINST STEM ROT CAUSED BY SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII SACC. UNDER SICK PLOT CONDITIONS
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is responsible for causing a destructive soil-borne disease known as stem rot in groundnut crops in India. The occurance of stem rot disese has increased in the last decade in Gujarat. Fifty-three different genotypes were tested for their resistance to stem rot disease under sick plot conditions with the aim to evaluate the germplasm that is resistant to the disease. Out of them, only nine varieties, namely ICGV-86564, GJG-32, ICGV-07222, Phule Vijya, GG-13, Jawan, NRCGCS-19, GAUG-1, and R-9281, exhibited tolerant responses to , with a plant mortality rates below 50.00%. Future groundnut breeding initiatives would make further use of the identified genotypes, which have an excellent probability to provide genetic resources to improve the resistance to stem rot disease.
Disease, Groundnut, Genotypes, Sclerotium rolfsii
COMPATIBILITY STUDY OF TRICHODERMA SPECIES WITH NEWER FUNGICIDES AND ITS EFFECT ON SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS
Based on their ability to suppress plant pathogens and enhance nutrient uptake by plants, Trichoderma spp. are widely known as effective biocontrol agents. The present investigation was undertaken to study the compatibility of four Trichoderma species, namely Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma koningii and Trichoderma hamatum, with five commonly used fungicides. The fungicides tested were Thiophanate methyl + Pyraclostrobin, Carbendazim + Mancozeb, Carboxin + Thiram, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb and Tebuconazole. Each fungicide was evaluated at three concentrations, viz. recommended dose, 50% of recommended dose and 25% of recommended dose. The results revealed that mycelial growth of Trichoderma spp. was affected differently by the fungicides at various concentrations. Among the fungicides tested, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb was found to be compatible with all four Trichoderma species, showing the least inhibition at 25% of the recommended dose (0.05% concentration). The remaining four fungicides exhibited incompatibility with all Trichoderma isolates at all three concentrations tested. Carbendazim + Mancozeb and Tebuconazole caused complete (100%) inhibition of all Trichoderma spp. at all doses. Among the tested biocontrol agents, Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum were found to be more effective against soil-borne pathogens such as Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii. The study highlights the importance of selecting compatible fungicide–biocontrol combinations for integrated disease management strategies.
Compatibility, Fungicides, soilborne, Trichoderma
DETECTION OF SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF WHEAT
Detection of seed-borne mycoflora of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was carried out during 2024–25 at the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV), Akola. The study aimed to identify the seed-borne mycoflora associated with different cultivars of wheat. Four incubation techniques, namely the standard blotter method, agar plate method, 2,4-D blotter method, and rolled paper towel method, were evaluated for their efficiency in detecting seed-borne fungi. A total of eight seed-borne fungal species were identified, namely Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhizopus spp. Among the incubation methods, the agar plate method recorded the highest frequency of seed-borne mycoflora (93.25%), followed by the standard blotter method (87.00%), whereas the 2,4-D blotter method recorded 59.00%. The rolled paper towel method recorded the lowest detection of seed-borne mycoflora (35.75%). The standard blotter method proved most effective in detecting Cladosporium cladosporioides (23.00%) and Alternaria alternata (20.50%), while the agar plate method efficiently detected Curvularia lunata (13.75%) and Bipolaris sorokiniana (8.50%). Lower frequencies were observed for Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp. across all incubation methods. It was concluded that the agar plate method and standard blotter method were more efficient for routine detection of seed-borne fungi in wheat. These methods are therefore recommended for seed health testing to ensure phytosanitary quality and disease-free seed production in wheat.
DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEED-BORNE MYCOFLORA IN FOXTAIL MILLET
Four cultivars of foxtail millet were obtained from the Department of Seed Technology, Dr. PDKV, Akola, and the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Buldhana, Maharashtra, for the present investigation. These cultivars were evaluated for the presence of seed-borne mycoflora using four standard seed health testing techniques as prescribed by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), namely the standard blotter paper method, agar plate method, rolled paper towel method, and deep freeze method. A total of seven seed-borne fungal species were identified during the study Aspergillus flavus Fusarium moniliforme Curvularia lunata Aspergillus niger Rhizoctonia solani Bipolaris sorokiniana Rhizopus stolonifer, and Among the methods employed, the standard blotter paper method proved to be the most effective for detecting seed-borne fungi in foxtail millet, recording the highest incidence (37.00%) of fungal contamination, this was followed closely by the agar plate method, which exhibited a fungal incidence of (35.06%).
Detection, Foxtail Millet, Mycoflora, Seed Heath, Seed-Borne
EFFECT OF INOCULATION METHODS OF MESORHIZOBIUM (AKCR-1) ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA
This study was conducted to assess the effect of inoculation method on nutrient uptake and yield parameters of chickpea during the 2024-25 season at Pulse Research Unit, Dr. PDKV, Akola. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and it was comprising with eight treatments including uninoculated control and a recommended dose of chemical fertilizer with six treatments of different inoculation methods of Mesorhizobium by see treatment, soil application with FYM, soil application at sowing, 10, 20, 30 DAS. Field evaluation confirms that inoculation of Mesorhizobium (AKCR-1) @ 25 g/kg seeds and soil application @ 4 kg/acre in furrows at 20 DAS exhibited significant influence on the number of nodules at 45 DAS and nodule dry weight, yield Rabi Mesorhizobium attributes and yield among the all inoculated methods. The study helps to access the method of application as well as proper timing of the inoculation to be applied so as to increase the yield.
Chickpea, Furrows, Inoculation methods, Mesorhizobium, Seed treatment, Soil application,
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST SEED MYCOFLORA OF WHEAT
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of seven fungicides, each applied at varying concentrations , Below Recommended Concentration, Recommended Concentration and Above Recommended Concentration, against different seed borne fungal pathogens affecting Wheat. The standard agar plate method was used to detect the seed borne fungal pathogens on wheat seeds of 10 different varieties. A total of 7 seed borne mycoflora belonging to 6 genera, out of which 4 genera were pathogenic , (6.75% to 14.50%), (9.50% to 16.00%), (4.25% to 14.25%) and (2.50% to 9.75%) and 2 genera were saprophytic .viz. Fusarium moniliforme Alternaria alternata Bipolaris sorokiniana Curvularia lunata (3.25% to 9.50%), (3.25% to 10.25% and (0.00% to 4.25%) were associated with wheat seeds. The efficacy of seven fungicides were evaluated against pathogenic seed mycoflora isolated from wheat seeds by poisoned food technique. All fungicides taken found to have inhibitory effect on the seed borne mycoflora. The first best fungicide was Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP followed by Tebuconazole 5.36% FS and Propineb 70% WP. The results confirmed that as the concentration of fungicides was increased, a gradual decrease in the radial growth of these pathogens were observed in all cases.
Evaluation, Fungicides, Technique, Seed borne mycoflora, Wheat
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF EARLY BLIGHT OF TOMATO PATHOGEN WITH FUNGICIDES AND BIOAGENTS
Tomato ( Mill.) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops in the world. However, its production is significantly affected by various diseases, among them Early blight of tomato caused by is most destructive foliar disease. The present study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of different fungicides and bio agents against . Among the fungicides tested Propiconazole 25% EC exhibited complete inhibition of mycelial growth at all concentrations. Combination products such as Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin and Carbendazim + Mancozeb also achieved 100% inhibition at the highest concentration. Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole and Metalaxyl + Mancozeb showed high efficacy with 96.72% and 93.01% inhibition, respectively. Moderate inhibition was recorded with Captan and Mancozeb, while Carbendazim 50% WP alone exhibited comparatively lower efficacy. Among the biocontrol agents evaluated showed the highest efficacy with 73.02% mycelial growth inhibition, followed by and Pseudomonas fluorescens was least effective.
Alternaria solani, Bioagents, Early blight, Fungicides
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaik Shareef, M V Totawar, V D Kinwatkar, A G Deshmukh, A V Zope, Sarika W More
MANAGEMENT OF SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF SORGHUM BY USING FUNGICIDES AND BIOAGENTS
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), a crucial cereal crop of arid and semi-arid regions, is frequently affected by seed-borne fungi that adversely influence seed germination and reduce crop productivity. The present study focused on the fungicidal management of seed-borne mycoflora of sorghum using the poisoned food technique. The major fungal pathogens isolated from sorghum seeds were Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata and Curvularia lunata.Among the fungicides evaluated, carboxin + thiram 75% WP was the most effective, exhibiting the highest inhibition of Fusarium moniliforme with 82.22% at 0.15%, 85.55% at 0.30% and 88.88% at 0.45% concentrations. Metalaxyl 35% WS followed, showing 73.77%, 78.14% and 85.55% inhibition at 0.10%, 0.20% and 0.30% concentrations, respectively. Fluxapyroxad 33 g L⁻¹ FS and sulphur 80% WP showed moderate effectiveness, while metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% WS was the least effective. Against Alternaria alternata, carboxin + thiram 75% WP achieved 100% inhibition at all concentrations, followed by fluxapyroxad, which recorded complete inhibition at the highest concentration. Metalaxyl-based formulations exhibited moderate inhibition, whereas sulphur 80% WP was the least effective. Among the biocontrol agents, Trichoderma harzianum showed the highest inhibition against both Fusarium moniliforme (68.36%) and Alternaria alternata (74.41%), followed by Trichoderma asperellum and Bacillus subtilis, while Pseudomonas fluorescens was the least effective.
Bioagents, Fungicide, Mycoflora, Sorghum, Management
MANAGEMENT OF COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES CAUSING BLIGHT OF PIPER LONGUM
Piper longum (long pepper) is an economically important spice crop affected by blight disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, particularly during the humid monsoon months, resulting in yield losses of up to 50%. The pathogen predominantly infects the leaves and berries of the crop. In management studies, eight fungicides were evaluated at three concentrations using the poisoned food technique. Propiconazole 25% EC and tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG exhibited 100% mycelial inhibition at all tested concentrations. Additionally, four bioagents, namely Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, were evaluated using the dual culture technique. Trichoderma harzianum recorded the highest inhibition (65.00%), followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (64.33%).The study highlights the effectiveness of integrating chemical fungicides with bioagents for eco-friendly management of blight disease in Piper longum.
Bioagents, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fungicides, Piper longum
DETECTION OF SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF BLACKGRAM
The present investigation was conducted to detect seed-borne mycoflora of blackgram. Seed samples of ten varieties, namely AKU-15, PDKV Blackgold, Phule Vasu, Phule Rajan, AKU-13-3, TAU-1-42, AKU-16-08, TAU-1, BDU-1 and TAU-62, were collected and examined for seed mycoflora using different detection methods, viz., standard blotter paper method, standard agar plate method and 2,4-D blotter paper method.A total of six seed-borne mycoflora were detected across all the detection methods. The maximum frequency of occurrence was recorded with Aspergillus flavus (20.75%), followed by Aspergillus niger (16.75%) and Fusarium oxysporum (12.83%), whereas the minimum frequency was observed with Curvularia lunata (5.16%), followed by Alternaria alternata (6.38%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (7.88%) in the standard agar plate method compared to other detection methods.Among the varieties tested, TAU-62 showed the maximum association of seed mycoflora by the standard blotter paper method and the 2,4-D blotter paper method. Similarly, the TAU-1 variety exhibited the highest frequency of occurrence of seed mycoflora by the agar plate method. Among the three detection methods, the highest frequency of occurrence was recorded with the agar plate method (69.74%), followed by the standard blotter paper method (50.87%), while the minimum frequency was recorded with the 2,4-D blotter paper method (37.00%). Thus, the agar plate method proved to be the most effective for detecting seed-borne mycoflora of blackgram.
Black gram, Detection, Seed borne, Mycoflora
EFFICACY OF BIOAGENT AND CHEMICALS AGAINST WILT / ROOT ROT COMPLEX OF CHICKPEA
Wilt/root rot complex of chickpea is a major constraint in chickpea production. Among the fungicides tested, carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WP, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG, and prochloraz 5.7% + tebuconazole 1.54% ES showed complete radial mycelial inhibition of the pathogens under in vitro conditions. Among the bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum inhibition (84–85%) under in vitro conditions. Under in vivo conditions, integrated treatments involving seed treatment and multiple soil applications of Trichoderma harzianum along with the fungicide prochloraz 5.7% + tebuconazole 1.54% ES resulted in the lowest disease incidence (18.70% at 60 DAS). These results suggest that integrated seed and soil treatments with the bioagent Trichoderma harzianum at 4 g kg⁻¹ of seed and the fungicide prochloraz 5.7% + tebuconazole 1.54% ES at 2 ml kg⁻¹ of seed offer promising management of the chickpea wilt/root rot complex.
Bioagents, Chickpea, Fungicide, Wilt complex
MANAGEMENT OF SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF MAIZE BY USING FUNGICIDES AND BIO AGENTS
Maize (Zea mays L.), a major cereal crop, is susceptible to several seed-borne fungi, including Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris maydis, Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp., which significantly reduce seed viability and seedling vigour. Pathogenicity tests confirmed the harmful effects of these fungi on seed health. The present study aimed to manage maize seed-borne mycoflora using fungicides and biocontrol agents, with emphasis on Fusarium moniliforme and Alternaria alternata. The poisoned food technique revealed that carbendazim 25% + mancozeb 50% WS was the most effective against Fusarium moniliforme, achieving 91.10% inhibition at 0.05% concentration and complete inhibition at higher concentrations (0.1% and 0.15%). Metalaxyl 35% WS followed with inhibition up to 88.80%, while carboxin + thiram 75% WP and azoxystrobin 23% SC showed moderate efficacy. Metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% WS was the least effective. Against Alternaria alternata, carboxin + thiram 75% WP achieved 100% inhibition at all tested concentrations, closely followed by carbendazim 25% + mancozeb 50% WS at 0.15%. Azoxystrobin 23% SC and metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% WS showed moderate activity, whereas metalaxyl 35% WS was the least effective.Among the biocontrol agents, Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective, suppressing Fusarium moniliforme and Alternaria alternata by 68.35% and 74.41%, respectively. Trichoderma asperellum and Bacillus subtilis provided moderate control, while Pseudomonas fluorescens exhibited the least antagonistic activity.
Bioagents, Fungisides, Maize, Mycoflora management
EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT BIOAGENTS, FUNGICIDES AND BOTANICALS FOR MANAGEMENT OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM ORYZAE
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the extensively paid staple foods for nearly half of the world’s population. Its production and productivity are significantly affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses, with fungal diseases causing major economic losses. One such disease is brown spot, caused by the Deuteromycetes fungus (teleomorph ), which is a significant challenge in all rice-growing regions, accounting for 5-10% yield loss worldwide annually. Given the significance of brown spot disease in rice, the current investigations aimed to know the efficacy of different Bioagents, Fungicides and Botanicals for management of Helminthosporium oryzae In vitro and In vivo evaluations of bioagents revealed that all the and were found to be more effective. and evaluations of fungicides revealed that all the fungicides (Propiconazole 25% EC and Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP) were found to be more effective. evaluations of botanical garlic were found to be highly effective against brown spots of rice. In this taxation, we have highlighted epidemiology, control measures practiced and several quantitative and qualitative gaps with respect to disease management, which if rectified would lead to a strong impact on crop disease control and the sustainable rice production that are pertinent to the present situation of farmers.
Bioagents, Botanicals, Fungicides, Management, Rice
BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE AGAINST TURCICUM LEAF SPOT AND GROWTH PROMOTION TRAITS OF MAIZE
This study investigates the biocontrol potential and plant growth promoting abilities of five isolates of (Ma1 to Ma 5) against ,Exserohilum turcicum the causative agent of maize leaf blight. Among the isolates, Ma2 demonstrated the highest antagonistic activity, achieving 84.66% growth inhibition of , indicating its potential as a biocontrol agent. The study also evaluated plant growth promoting traits of , including iron chelation through siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) synthesis and ammonia production, with Ma2 excelling in these areas. Notably, Ma2 showed 70.45% siderophore activity, 57.80% phosphate solubilization efficiency and IAA production of 49.65 μg/ml. Overall, this study highlights Ma2 as a dual function agent, effective against and as a promoter of plant growth of maize.
Biocontrol, Exserohilum, Indole-3-acetic acid. Maize, Metarhizium,
MANAGEMENT OF SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA WITH TRICHODERMA BASED COPPER NANOPARTICLES (CUNPS)
Biosynthesized -based copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), obtained from the Department of Plant Pathology, PDKV Akola, were evaluated for their effects on soybean ( L. Merrill) seed performance. Seed treatments were applied at concentrations of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm, and assessed for their impact on seed germination, root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index, and pre- and post-emergence mortality. The results indicated that seed treatment with -based CuNPs at 10 ppm was the most effective concentration, significantly reducing the adverse effects of seed- borne mycoflora and promoting optimal seedling growth. Specifically, this concentration enhanced seed germination and seedling vigour while minimizing both pre- and post-emergence mortality. In contrast, higher concentrations (@ 50 ppm) of -based CuNPs exhibited phytotoxic effects, leading to a reduction in germination rate, root and shoot growth, seedling vigour, and an increase in mortality. These findings suggest that lower concentrations of biosynthesized CuNPs are beneficial for seed treatment, whereas elevated doses may exert detrimental effects on soybean seedling development.
Mycoflora, Nanoparticles, Soybean, Trichoderma
POTENCY OF AGAINST LEAF SPOT AND GROWTH PROMOTION TRAITS OF MAIZE
This study investigates the potential of five strains (designated Bb1 to Bb5) as biocontrol agents against , the pathogen responsible for turcicum leaf blight and plant growth promotion of maize. Among the tested strains, Bb1 demonstrated the most significant antagonistic activity, achieving an impressive 81.67% inhibition of growth . The study also assessed the plant growth promoting traits of Bb1, revealing that it exhibited 69.93% iron chelation efficiency, 60.67% phosphate solubilization efficiency and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production of 18.98 μg/ml. Overall, Bb1 stands out as a dual-function agent that is effective against while also enhancing plant growth.
Beauveria bassiana, biocontrol, turcicum leaf blight, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF BIOAGENTS AGAINST SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII CAUSING BASAL ROT OF GINGER
Basal rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is a major constraint in ginger (Zingiber officinale) cultivation, leading to significant yield losses. The present study aimed to isolate and identify the causal organism and evaluate the efficacy of selected fungal and bacterial bioagents against the pathogen under in vitro conditions. The pathogen was isolated from infected ginger rhizomes and identified based on its cultural and morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity was confirmed through rhizome and soil inoculation methods.For bioassay studies, six fungal bioagents—Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma virens, Aspergillus niger, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Paecilomyces lilacinus—and two bacterial bioagents—Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens—were tested against S. rolfsii using the dual culture technique.Among all the treatments, Trichoderma asperellum showed the highest antagonistic activity, recording 67.95% inhibition of mycelial growth, followed by T. virens (61.29%) and T. harzianum (54.06%). The bacterial antagonists were found to be ineffective against the pathogen under in vitro conditions. These findings suggest the potential of fungal bioagents, particularly T. asperellum, as effective biocontrol agents against S. rolfsii, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides for managing basal rot disease in ginger disease management.
Basal rot, Biocontrol, Ginger, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma asperellum
SCREENING OF SOYBEAN GENOTYPES AGAINST MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA
This study of screening of soybean genotypes against Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot in soybean is carried out at Regional Research Centre (RRC), Amravati to get the resistant genotypes. Screening is carried out under natural field condition as well as soil sick plot condition. Observations and data is calculated by 0 to 9 scale by percent disease Incidence. Total 10 genotypes are screened in , 2024 that are AMS 2022-1, AMNS 06, AMS 2019-1, AMS 22-16, AMS 22-14, AMS 22-7, AMS 22-2, JS-335, AMS 1001, AMS 100 39. Among all this genotypes 3 are resistant (R) that are AMS 2022-1, AMS 22-2, AMS 100 39, 5genotypes are moderately resistant (MR) that are AMNS 06, AMS 2019-1, AMS 22-16, AMS 22-14, AMS 22-7 and 2 genotypes are highly susceptible (HS) that are JS-335 and AMS 1001. Among all this genotypes AMS 1001 showed 100% mortalityunder all conditions.
Charcoal rot, Disease, Macrophomina phaseolina, Soybean.
IN VITRO ASSOCIATION OF SEED BORNE FUNGI WITH PEA IN CENTRAL INDIA
Pea is a most important legume in several developing and developed countries including India. In the present investigation, keeping in view these facts, Seed samples were collected from four districts of Madhya Pradesh . Katni, Mandla, Narsinghpur and Jabalpur during 2018-19 for evaluation of associated fungi on pea seed. These sample studied for detection of seed mycoflora by Standard Blotter Paper Method recommended by ISTA. Atotal of six genera were identified and recorded from seeds of pea. During the surveyed years, the highest incidence of seed/seedling disease (53.0 and 32.4%) was recorded in Jabalpur, followed by Fusarium wilt (42.5 and 44.5%), powdery mildew (62.8 and 64.4%) and downymildew (22.2 and 16.4%). The result of the present studies provides the baselineinformation about seed mycoflora for further studies and management of seedborne diseases associated with pea seeds.
Pisum Sativum Standard Blotter Paper Method, Seed borne fungi
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS AGAINST MAJOR PATHOGENS OF CITRUS
The present study was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic activity of selected endophytic microorganisms against major plant pathogens. The experiment was carried out at the AICRP on Fruits scheme laboratory and the Department of Plant Pathology, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. A total of seven endophytic microorganisms were isolated from healthy and asymptomatic leaves of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata). These included fungal endophytes, namely Colletotrichum siamense, Diaporthe miriciae, Colletotrichum gigasporum, Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, Lasiodiplodia curvata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and one bacterial endophyte, Pseudomonas fluorescens. The antimicrobial potential of these endophytes was assessed in vitro using dual culture assays against major citrus pathogens, viz., Fusarium solani, Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, and Pantoea ananatis. Among the tested isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens exhibited the strongest antagonistic activity, significantly suppressing the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. In addition, the fungal endophyte Aspergillus fumigatus effectively inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. The results indicate the potential of selected endophytes, particularly Pseudomonas fluorescens, as effective biological control agents against important citrus pathogens.
Antagonistic activities, Citrus reticulata, Dual culture, Endophytes, Pseudomonas fluorescens
CULTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM ORYZAE CAUSES BROWN LEAF SPOT OF RICE
Brown leaf spot remains one of the most devastating diseases of rice under the present scenario, causing significant yield losses. To understand the cultural and morphological variability of the pathogen causing brown leaf spot, extensive fortnightly surveys were conducted in major rice-growing districts of Madhya Pradesh. The collected isolates were studied to assess variability under different cultural and environmental conditions. Among the culture media tested, the maximum mycelial growth of the pathogen was recorded on oat meal agar (68.45 mm), while the minimum growth was observed on corn meal agar (40.26 mm). The effect of pH on fungal growth revealed that the highest mycelial growth occurred at pH 6.5 (64.41 mm), whereas the lowest growth was recorded at pH 4.5 (38.55 mm). This study also highlights the epidemiology of brown leaf spot, the existing control measures practiced by farmers, and identifies several quantitative and qualitative gaps in disease management strategies. Addressing these gaps could significantly enhance disease control efficiency and contribute to sustainable rice production, which is crucial for improving the livelihoods of farmers under current agricultural conditions.
Brown leaf spot, Helminthosporium oryzae, Rice, Variation
PATHOGENIC AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS
Citrus is an important commercial fruit crop cultivated extensively in India, where the selection of suitable rootstocks plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity and imparting tolerance or resistance to diseases. Dry root rot, caused by Fusarium solani, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting citrus orchards. The present study was conducted to screen citrus rootstocks for resistance against dry root rot under the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Fruit Crops at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV), Akola, with the objective of identifying resistant or tolerant rootstocks. Screening was carried out using the seedling inoculation method. A total of eight citrus rootstocks, namely NRCC-1, NRCC-2, NRCC-3, NRCC-4, CRH-12, Rangpur lime, Alemow, and Jambheri, were evaluated. Among the tested rootstocks, Rangpur lime exhibited tolerance to Fusarium solani compared to the others. In addition, biochemical analyses were performed to assess defense-related parameters, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, esterase activity, reducing and non-reducing sugars, and chlorophyll content. Rangpur lime recorded the highest levels of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity, indicating a stronger oxidative defense response against the pathogen. The findings suggest that Rangpur lime is a promising rootstock for managing dry root rot disease in citrus cultivation.
Biochemical analysis, Citrus, Fusarium solani, Rootstocks, Screening
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PEA DISEASES IN MAJOR GROWING DISTRICTS OF CENTRAL INDIA
Pea ( L.) is one of the most important legume crop after chickpea in Pisum sativum India. In the present investigation, keeping in view these facts, roving survey was conducted during 2018-19 and 2019-20 to obtain information on the natural disease incidence and distribution of Pea diseases in the farmers’ fields in four different districts of Madhya Pradesh. Apooled mean of seed and seedling disease ranging from 10.19 to 41.22%, wilt incidence ranging from 23.46 to 42.53 %, Powdery mildew incidence ranging from 41.29 to 59.62% and Downy mildew incidence ranging from 1.97 to 18.33% was observed during 2018-19 and 2019-20. Diseases transmitted through seeds are becoming a significant threat to the production of peas.(Katni, Mandla, Narsinghpur and Jabalpur).
Disease incidence Occurrence, Pea, Pea diseases