Different Management Options Of Root- Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.): A Threatening Pest To Carrot (Daucus Carota L.) Production

Authors

  • Gebissa Yigezu Haramaya University, School of Plant Sciences, P. O. Box 138, Diredewa, Ethiopia.
  • Bekele Gelena Haramaya University, School of Plant Sciences, P. O. Box 138, Diredewa, Ethiopia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48165/

Keywords:

Cropping Systems, Fallowing, Flooding, Soil Solarisation, Quarantine, Integrated Pest Management, Root-knot nematodes

Abstract

 

Carrot (Dacus carota var. sativus.) is a top-ten economically important vegetable crop in the worldfor its tuber production. However, its production is hindered by both abiotic and biotic factors. Among the biotic factors,the root knot nematodes is the most widely devastating pests that inflicting direct and indirect damage to carrot, especially in resource poor farmers. The root knot nematode damage causes an increase in carrot yield prices and even limits produce availability. Therefore, this paper review has been emphasized on the different practiced root knot nematode managements. Several management methods existed to suppress root knot nematodes and reduce their damage in carrot crop includescultural practices, biological, host resistance crops, chemicals, physical and integrated root knot managements were included. It was also indicated some future directions to be implemented. It is hoped that this article would provide good inspirational tools to users to create a sound scientific knowledge base for sustainable management of root knot nematodes in carrotcultivated area. 

References

Abad, P., J. Gouzy, M-J. Aury and P. Castagnone-Sereno, 2008: Genome sequence of the metazoan plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nature Biotechnology, 26, 909-915.

Agyarko, K., K. P. Kwakye , B. A.Bonsu , M. Osei and K.A. Frimpong, 2006: The Effect of Organic Soil Amendments on Root-Knot Nematodes, Soil Nutrients and Growth of Carrot;Journal of Agronomy, 5 (4): 641-646.

Alam, M. M. and A. M. Khan, 1980: Effect of organic amendments on the growth and chemical composition of tomato, eggplant, chilli and their susceptibility to attack by Meloidogyne incognita. Plant and Soil, 57: 231-236.

Altier, M. A., 1990: Why study traditional Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1996.34:201-225. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org (Access provided by PERI - ET - Haramaya University on 01/06/19. For personal use only. Agriculture? In Agroecology, ed. CR Carroll, JH Vandermeer, P Rosset, 20:551– 64.New York: McGraw-Hill. 641 pp).

Anita, B. and N. Selvaraj, 2011: Biology, yield loss and integrated management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla infecting carrot in Nilgiris. Indian Journal of Nematology. 41: 144–149.

Anonymous, 2008: www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/ today.html#cultivated.

Anwar, S. A. and M. V. McKenry, 2010: Incidence and reproduc-tion of Meloidogyne incognita on vegetable crop genotypes. Pakistan J. Zool, 42:135-141.

Anwar, S. A. and M. V. Mckenry, 2010: Incidence and Population Density of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Infection Vegetable Crops and Associated Yield Losses, in Panjab. Pakistan. J. Zool, 44(2), Pp. 327- 333, 2012.

Anwar, Shamim, Javed, N., Zia, Amjad, Kamran, Muhammad, Hussain, Manzoor and M. Javed, 2007: Root Knot Nematode reproduction and galling severity on thirteen vegetable crops, Jo Proceedings of International Symposium on Prospects of Horticultural Industry, pp 310-314.

Barker, K. R. and S. R. Koenning, 1998: Developing sustainable systems for nematode management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 36:165–205.

Beixing, Li, Yupeng Ren, Da-xia Zhang, Shuangyu Xu, Wei Mu and Feng Liu, 2018: Modifying the Formulation of Abamectin to Promote its Efficacy on Southern Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) under Blending-of-Soil and Root Irrigation Conditions, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66 (4), 799-805, DOI: 10.1021/ acs.jafc.7b04146.

Belatn, G., 1984: Nofumigant nematicides for control of northern root-knot nematode in muck-grown carrots. Can. J. Plant Sci., 64 175-179.

Bello, A., J. A. López-Pérez, A. García-Álverez, R. Sanz and A. Lacasa, 2004: Biofumigation and nematode control in the Mediterranean region. In: Cook, R.C. and Hunt, D.J. (eds) Nematology Monograph sand Perspectives 2, Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 133–149.

Bergeson, G. B., 1968: Evaluation of factors contributing to the pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 58, 49–53.

Bridge, J., 1987: Control strategies in subsistence agriculture. In Principles and Practice of Nematode Control in Crops, ed. RH Brown, BR Kerry, pp. 389–420. New York: Academic.

Bridge, J., 1996: Nematode management in sustainable and subsistence agriculture. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 34, 201–225.

Bridge, J. and J. L. Starr, 2007: Plant nematodes of agricultural importance: A color handbook. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.

Bunte, R., J. Muller and W. Friedt, 1997: Genetic variation and response to selection for resistance to root knot nematodes in oil radish (Raphanus sativus ssp. oleiferus). Plant Breeding, 116: 63–266.

Cheng, X., X. Liu, H. Wang, X. Ji, K. Wang and M. Wei, 2015: Effect of Emamectin Benzoate on Root-Knot Nematodes and Tomato Yield. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0141235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141235.

Clyde, L. E., J. S. James, E. B. Carls, and E. D. James, 1997: Soil Solarization: A Nonpesticidal Method for Controlling Diseases, Nematodes, and Weeds; University of California, Vegetable Research and Information Center, pp. 1-16.

Coyne, D. L., R. A. Plowright, B. Thio and D. Hunt, 1998: Plant parasitic nematode diversity and prevalence in upland rice based cropping systems in Ivory Coast: preliminary observations on the effects of cropping intensification. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 21, 723–732.

Danny, L., Coyne1, Hendrika H. Fourie and Maurice Moens, 2007: Current and Future ManagementStrategies in Resource-poor Farming; CAB International. Root-knot Nematodes (eds R.N. Perry, M. Moens and J.L. Starr) pp 444-465.

Davis, R. M. and R. N. Raid, 2002: Compendium of Umbelliferous Crop Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

De Waele, D. and A. Elsen, 2007: Challenges in tropical plant nematology. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 45; 457–485.

Desaeger, J., W. Donald, Dickson and S. J. Locascio, 2017: Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Control of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Tomato Production in Florida. J. Nematol, 49(2): 140–149.

Elbanna, K., E. H. Gamal and E. Abuzaed, 2011: Characterization of Egyptian fluorescent rhizosphere pseudomonad isolates with high nematicidal activity against the plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides, 1(102): 1-7.

Fallon, D. J, H. K. Kaya, R. Gaugler and B. S. Sipes, 2002: Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on Meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes and soybeans. J Nematol, 34:239–245.

Ferraz, S. and de Freitas, L.G., 2004: Use of antagonistic plants and natural products. In: Chen, Z.X., Chen, S.Y. and Dickson, D.W. (eds) Nematology Advances and Perspectives, 2. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 931–977.

Ferraz, S., and M. L. Mendes, 1992: The root knot nematode. Infor. Agropecu, 16: 43-45.

Garg, R. N., H.S. Gaur and G. C. Singh, 1995: Effect of tillage practices and water regimes on the soil physical properties and plant parasitic nematodes in rice. Annals of Plant Protection Science, 3: 121- 126.

Gergon, E. B., S. A. Miller, R. G. Davide, O. S. Opina and S. R. Obien, 2001: Evaluation of cultural practices (surface burning, deep ploughing, and organic amendments) for the management of rice root knot nematode in rice–onion cropping system and their effect on onion (Allium cepa L.) yield. International Journal of Pest Management, 47: 265–272.

Gill, H. K. and R. Mcsorley, 2011: Cover Crops for Managing Root-Knot Nematodes. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, ENY-063(July), 1–6.

Halbrendt, J. M., 1996: Allelopathy in the management of plant parasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 28:8–14.

Hartwig, N. L. and H. U. Ammon, 2002: Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci., 50: 688-699.

Hazell, P. and S. Wood, 2008: Drivers of change in global agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Biological Science, 363, 495– 515.

Hockland, S., R. N. Inserra, L. Millar and P. S. Lehman, 2006: International plant health – putting legislationinto practice. In: Perry, R.N. and Moens, M. (eds) Plant Nematology. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 327–345.

Ijoyah, M. O. and M. Koutatouka, 2009: Effect of soil solarization using plastic mulch in controlling root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation and yield of lettuce at Anse Boileau, Seychelles. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (24): 6787- 6790.

Jaffee, B., D. Pearson and L. Timm, 2001: Nematode trapping fungi in conventionally and organic managed corn-tomato rotations. Mycologia, 93: 25-29.

Jepson, S. B., 1987: Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). Wallinford, UK: CAB International.

Jones, J. G., Nathan M. Kleczewski, Johan Desaeger, Susan, L.F. Meyer and Gordon C. Johnson. 2017: Evaluation of nematicides for southern root-knot nematode Management in lima bean, Crop Protection J, 96:151-157.

Kankam, F., E. N. K. Sowley and N.E. Oppong, 2015: Effect of poultry manure on the growth, yield and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation of carrot (Daucus carota L.); Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2015; 48(5): 452–458.

Kankam, F., Elias Sowley and N.E. Oppong, 2014: Effect of poultry manure on the growth, yield and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation of carrot (Daucus carota L.),VL-48; DO - 10.1080/ 03235408.2014.893639; J. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,( accessed Jan 05 2019).

Kenneth, S., 2014: Root-knot Nematode in Commercial & Residential Crops Extension; Plant Pathology Extension; PPFS-GEN-10; Cooperative Extension Service University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment.

Khan, N., Safiuddin, R. Rizvi, R. A. Ali, I. Mahmood, A. Sumbul and Sartaj A. Tiyagi, 2015: Efficacy of organic matter and some bio-inoculants for the management of root-knot nematode infesting tomato; International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/ [accessed Dec 31 2018].

Kim, E., Seo, Y, Yong Su Kim, Yong Park and Young Ho Kim, 2017: Effects of Soil Textures on Infectivity of Root-Knot Nematodes on Carrot; Plant Pathol J, 33(1): 66–74.

Kim, Y. H., 2015: Predatory nematodes as biocontrol agents of phytonematodes. In: Askary TH, Martinelli PRP, editors. Biocontrol agents of phytonematodes. CABI; Oxfordshire, UK: 393– 420.

Kimpinski, J. and K. Sanderson, 2004: Effects of crop rotations on carrot yield and on the nematodes Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla. Phytoprotection, 85, 13–17.

Kinh, D. N., N.M. Huong and N.U. Ut, 1982: Root-knot disease of rice in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Int. Rice Res. Newslett., 7: 6-7.

Lewis, E. E., P. S. Grewal and S. Sardanelli, 2001: Interactions between the Steinernema feltiae– Xenorhabdus bovienii insect pathogen complex and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Biol Control, 21:55–62.

Lewis, E. E, P. S. Grewal and S. Sardanelli, 2001: Interactions between the Steinernema feltiae Xenorhabdus bovieniiInsect Pathogen Complex and the Root-Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Biological Control.21:55–62.

Manakau, R., 1980: Biological control of nematode pests by natural enemies. Annu Rev Phytopathol., 81: 415-440.

Marie, S. T., P. G.Johan, C. Q. Reynaldo, N. A. G. Cristóbal, M. Thierry and R. Sevastianos, 2014: Agriculture, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Commercial Biological Control Agents Targeted Against Plant Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes; Braz. arch. biol. technol. vol.57 no.6 Curitiba Nov./Dec. 2014:http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-8913201402540.

Milligan, S. B., J. Bodeau, J. Yaghoobi, I. Koloshian, P. Zabel and V. M. Williamson, 1998: The root knot nematode resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat family of plant genes. Plant Cell, 10: 1307-1319.

Mitkowski, N. A. and G. S. Abawi, 2003: Root-knot nematodes. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2003-0917-01.

Mitkowski, N. A. and G. S. Abawi, 2003a: Root-knot nematodes. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2003-0917-01 Revised 2011.

Moon, H. S., Z. Khan, S. G. Kim, S. H. Son and Y. H. Kim, 2010: Biological and structural mechanisms of disease development and resistance in chili pepper infected with the root-knot nematode. Plant Pathol. J., 26:149–153. doi: 10.5423/ PPJ.2010.26.2.149.

Moore, S. R. and K. S. Lawrence, 2013: The effect of soil texture and irrigation on Rotylenchulus reniformis and cotton. Nematol J, 45:99–105.

Muller, R. and P. S. Gooch, 1982: Organic amendments in nematode control. An examination of literature. Nematropica, 12: 319-326.

Nagachandrabos, S., 2018: Liquid bioformulations for the management of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne hapla that infects carrot; Crop Protection J., 114:155-161.

Nicol, J. M., S. J. Turner, D. L. Coyne, L. den Nijs, S. Hockland and Z. Tahna Maafi, 2011: Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture. CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, P.K. 39 Emek, 06511 Ankara, Turkey e-mail: j.nicol@cgiar.orgSpringer Science+Business Media B.V. pp 21-43.

Noling, J. W., 2009: Nematode management in tomatoes, peppers and eggplant. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, ENY-032 (December), 1–15.

Noling, J. W., 2012: Nematode management in carrots, University of Florida, IFAS Extension, ENY-021,1– 13.

Nordalyn, B. Pedroche, Luciana, M. Villaneuva and Dirk De Waele, 2013: Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with semi-temperate vegetables in the highlands of Benguet Province, Philippines; Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46(3): 278–294.

Nurul, H. A. R., M. Mohammad and M. Nashriyah, 2016: Occurrence and control of root knot nematode in crops: A Review, AJCS, 10(12):1649-1654; ISSN: 1835-2707 doi: 10.21475/ajcs. 2016.10.12. P7444.

Nyczepir, A. P. and S. H., Thomas, 2010: Current and future management strategies in intensive crop production systems. In: Perry, R.N., Moens, M., Starr, J.L. (eds) Root-knot nematodes. CABI, Wallingford, pp 412–443.

Ononuju C. C., Ekeoma P., C. C., Orikara and E. A., Ikwunagu, 2015: Evaluation of the effect of some pesticides for the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp) on Telfairia occidentalis; Journal of Experimental Biology, 5(11): 1-5 ISSN: 2248.

Pandey, A., P. Trivedi, B. Kumar and L. M. S. Palni, 2006: Characterization of a phosphate solubilizing and antagonistic strain of Pseudomonas putida (B0) isolated from a sub-alpine location in the Indian Central Himalaya. Current Microbiology, 53: 102- 107.

Park, J., Y. Seo and Y. H., Kim, 2014: Biological Control of Meloidogyne hapla Using an Antagonistic Bacterium: Plant Pathol., 30(3):288-298.

Parsons, J., W. Matthews and M. Iorizzo, 2015: Meloidogyne incognita nematode resistance QTL in carrot, Mol Breeding; 35: 114. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11032-015-0309-2.

Pedroche, N. B., L. M. Villanueva and D. De Waele, 2009: Management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in carrot Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci., 74(2):605-15.

Perez, E. and E. Lewis, 2002: Use of entomopathogenic nematodes to suppress Meloidogyne incognita on greenhouse tomatoes. J. Nematol., 34:171–174.

Prakob, W., J. Nguen-Hom, P. Jaimasit, S. Silapapongpri, J. Thanunchai and P. Chaisuk, 2009: Biological control of lettuce root knot disease by use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Paecilomyces lilacinus. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 5: 179-191.

Raddy, H. M., A. F., Fouad, S. A. Montasser, M. F. Abdel Lateef and A. M., El. – Samadisy, 2013: Efficacy of Six Nematicides andSix Commercial Bioproducts Against Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9(7): 4410-4417, 2013.

Roberts, P. A., 1987: The influence of planting date of carrot on Meloiodgyne incognita reproduction and injury to roots. Nematologica. ; 33:335–342.

Roland, N. Perry, Maurice Moens and James L. Starr, 2009: Root-knot Nematodes (CABI) First Edition.

Rupe, J. C., R. T. Robbins and E. E. Gbur, 1997: Effect of crop rotation on soil population densities of Fusarium solani and Heterodera glycines and on the development of sudden death syndrome of soybean. Crop Protection, 16:575–580.

Saka, V. W., 1982: International Meloidogyne project report in Malawi. Pp. 31–36 in Proceedings of the Third Research Planning Conference on Root-knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Regions IV and V. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Graphics.

Seenivasan, N., 2017: Status of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne hapla Infection on Carrot at Kodaikanal Hills of Tamil Nadu, India and Its Yield Loss Estimation; Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci; 6(9): 3629-3635.

Segeren van den Oever, H., Sanchit and M. L. Bekker, 1985: Observations on Meloidogyne oryzae Mass, SandersDede 1978 in irrigated rice in Surinam. SurinaamseLandbouw,32: 51-59.

Seo, Y., Y. S. Kim, Y. Park and Y. H. Kim, 2015: Comparisons of Pathological Responses in Carrot to Root-knot Nematodes; Plant Pathol. J., 31(4): 441-445.

Seo, Y., J. Park, Y. S. Kim, Y. Park and Y. H. Kim, 2014: Screening and histopathological characterization of Korean carrot lines for resistance to the root knot nematode Meloido­gyne incognita. Plant Pathol. J., 31(1):75-81.

Shepherd, J. A., 1982: Report to the third regional conference on root-knot nematode research held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Regions IV and V, 16–20 November 1981, Ibadan, Nigeria:21–27.

Sikora, R. A. and E. Fernández, 2005: Nematodes parasites of vegetables. In: Liuc, M., Sikora, R.A., 1081 Bridge, J. (Eds.), Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CAB 1082 International, Wallingford (GBR). pp. 319-392.

Siroka, R. A. and E. Fernandez, 1990: Nematode parasites of veg-etables. In: Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropi-cal agriculture, eds. by M.R. Luc, A. Siroka and J. Bridge, pp. 319-392. CAB Bioscience, Egham, UK.

Sivakumar, M. and S. Vadivelu, 1996: Effect of Meloidogyne hapla chitwood infestation on the carotenoid content of carrot (Daucus carota). Indian Journal of Nematology, 26(2): 237-238.

Sowmya D. S., M. S. Rao, R. Manoj Kumar, J. Gavaskar and K. Priti, 2012: Bio-Management of Meloidogyne Incognita and Erwinia carotovora in carrot (Daucus Carota L.) Using Pseudomonas Putida and Paecilomyces lilacinus. J. Nematol. Medit., 40: 189-194.

Tanda, A. S. and A. S. Atwal, 1988: Effect of Sesame Intercropping Against the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Okra1); Nematologica, 34(4):484-492.

Tandingan, I. C., J. C. Prot and R. G. Davide,1996: Influence of water management on tolerance of rice cultivars for Meloidogyne graminicola. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 19:189–192.

Wang, K.H., McSorley, R., Gallaher, R. N. 2004: Effect of Winter Cover Crops on Nematode Population Levels in North Florida; J Nematol, 36(4): 517– 523.

Wang, M. and I. L. Goldman, 1996: Resistance to root knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) in carrot is controlled by two recessive genes. Journal of Heredity, 87:119–123.

Westerdahl, B. B, 2007: Trap cropping for management of root knot nematode by home gardeners. University of California Cooperative Extension Tehama Country. Retrieved from http:// cetehama.ucanr.edu/?impact=718&a=7816.

Widmer, T. L. and G. S. Abawi, 2000: Mechanism of suppression of Meloidogyne hapla and its damage by a green manure of sudangrass. Plant Disease, 84:562–568.

Widmer, T. L., N. A. Mitkowski and G. S. Abawi, 2002: Soil Organic Matter and Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Journal of Nematology, 34(4):289–295.

Young, L. D., 1998: Breeding for nematode resistance and tolerance. Pp. 187–207 in K. R. Barker, G. A. Pederson, and Windham, G. L., eds. Plant and nematode interactions.

Published

2019-05-21

How to Cite

Different Management Options Of Root- Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.): A Threatening Pest To Carrot (Daucus Carota L.) Production . (2019). Journal of Plant Disease Sciences, 14(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.48165/