The Therapeutic Role of Ziziphus Extract on Liver Injury Induced by Electromagnetic Waves and Ionizing Radiation as Environmental Pollutants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/Keywords:
Electromagnetic Waves, Ethanol Ziziphus Extract, Heat Shock Protein70, Environmental PollutantsAbstract
This study shows to what extent treatment with Ziziphus mauri tiana Lam can ameliorate the hazards induced by exposing animals to EMW with a frequency of 950 MHz and 4 Gy single dose of gamma ionizing radiation in serum and liver tissue. Rats were segregated into six groups control, EMW, whole body γ- irradiation, EMW followed by γ- irradiation and EMW followed by Ziziphus extract then exposed to γ- irradiation groups. Irradiation with 4 Gy γ- rays significantly increased the levels of serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) activities; with substantial reductions in liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while lipid peroxides as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70), Nuclear Factor κB (NFkB) and tumor suppressor protein (P53) levels significantly increased in liver tissue after EMW or ionizing radiation exposure. However, these effects became marked in all parameters in Group 5 as compared either to Group 3 or 4. Interestingly, among the tested parameters, ziziphus extract showed significant recovery in the previous biochemical parameters. Ziziphus extract is effective antioxi dants and could be attenuate oxidative damages caused by electromag netic and ionizing radiation.
References
• Akan, Z.; Aksu, B.; Tulunay, A.; Bilsel, S. and Inhan-Garip, A. (2010): Extremely low – frequency electromagnetic fields affect the Immune response of monocyte_derived macrophages to pathogens. Bio
electromagnetics, 31: 603.
• Arti, A.; Byren, T.M. and Nair, M.G. (2000): Mod ulation of liposomal membrane fluidity by flavonoids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 373: 102.
• Baezzat, M.R.; Parsaeian, G. and Zare, M.A. (2011): Determination of traces of nitrate in water samples using spectrophotometric method after its preconcentration on microcrystalline naphthalene. Quim Nova., 34(4): 607.
• Bongiovanni, G.A.; Soria, E.A. and Eynard, A.R. (2007): Effects of the plant flavonoids silymarin and quercetin on arseniteinduced oxidative stress in CHO-K1 cells. Food Chem. Toxico., l45: 971.
• Bowie, A. and O’Neill, L.A. (2000): Oxidative stress and nuclear factor-κB activation: a reassessment of the evidence in the light of recent discoveries. Bio chem. Pharmacol., 59: 13.
• Cachaço, A.S.; Carvalho, T.; Santos, A.C.; Igreja, C.; Fragoso, R.; Osório, C.; Ferreira, M.; Serpa, J.; Correia, S. and Dias, S. (2010): TNF-α regulates the effects of irradiation in the mouse bone marrow microenvironment. PloS one, 5(2): p.e8980.
• Carson, F. (1992): Histotechnology: A self- Instruc tional Text, 1st ED, ASCP., 19.
• Dahiru, D. and Obidoa, O. (2008): Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam leaf extract against chronic ethanol- induced hepatotox icity in rat liver. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement Altern. Med. 5(1): 39.
• Dahiru, D.; Sini, J.M. and John- Africa, L. (2006): Antidiarrhoeal activity of Ziziphus mauritiana root extract in rodents. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(10): 941.
• Deepinder, F.; Makker, K. and Agarwal, A. (2007): Cell phones and male infertility: dissecting the rela tionship. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 15: 266.
• Desai, N.R.; Kesari, K.K. and Agarwal, A. (2009): Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 22(7): 114.
• Devasagayam, T.P.; Boloor, K.K. and Ramasarma, T. (2003): Methods for estimating lipid peroxidation: An analysis of merits and demerits. India J. Biochem. Biophy., 300: 308.
• Fahmy, H.A.; Abd El Azim, A.S. and Gharib, O.A. (2016): Protective Effects of ω-3 fatty acids and/ or Nano- selenium on Cisplatin and Ionizing radiation induced liver toxicity in rats. Ind. J. Pharmaceut. Edu. Res., 50(4): 649.
• Fischer, N.; Seo, E.J. and Efferth, T. (2018): Pre vention from radiation damage by natural products. Phytomedicine., 47: 192.
• Gharib, O.A. and Ibrahim, N.K. (2010): Oxidative damage in testes induced by 950 MHz simulating cel lular phone. Isotope & Rad. Res., 42(4): 941.
• Ghodbane, S.; Lahbib, A.; Sakly, M. and Ab delmelek, H. (2013): Bioeffects of static magnetic fields: oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, and cancer studies. Biomed. Res. Int., 2013: 60287.
• Gomes, A.; Fernandes, E.; Lima, J.L.; Mira, L. and Corvo, M.L. (2008): Molecular mechanisms of anti inflammatory activity mediated by flavonoids. Curr. Med. Chem., 15: 1586.
• Guo, S.; Wharton, W.; Moseley, P. and Shi, H. (2007): Heat shock protein 70 regulates cellular re dox status by modulating glutathione-related enzyme activities. Cell Stress Chaperones. Autumn., 12(3): 245.
• Hassan, S.B.; Gali-Muhtasib, H.; Göransson, H. and Larsson, R. (2010): Alpha terpineol: a potential anticancer agent which acts through suppressing NF kappaB signalling. Anticancer Res., 30(6): 1911.
• Herbani, M. and Bintari, Y.R. (2017): In silico studies on Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) leaves etha nol extract bioactive ligands compared to Acarbose towards α- glucosidase enzymes. JIMR., 1(2):1-9.
• Hikino, H.; Kiso, V. Hatano, T. Yoshida, T. and Okuda, T. (1985): Antihepatotoxic action of tannins. J. Ethnopharmacol., 14: 19.
• Huang, L.; Mivechi, N.F. and Moskophidis, D. (2001): Insights into regulation and function of the major stress-induced hsp70 molecular chaperone in vivo: analysis of mice with targeted gene disrup
tion of the hsp70.1 or hsp70.3 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21(24): 8575.
• Huang, X.J.; Choi, Y.K.; Im, H.S.; Yarimaga, O.; Yoon, E. and Kim, H.S. (2006): Aspartate amino transferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) detection techniques. Sensors, 6(7): 756.
• Ikram, M. and Tomlinson, H. (1976): Chemical constituents of Zizyphus spina christi. Planta Med., 29(3): 289.
• Kaviaran, S.; Ramamurty, N.; Gunasekaran, P.; Varalakshmi, E. and Anuradha, C.V. (2006): Fenugreek (Trigonella Forum graecum) seed extract prevents ethanol induced toxicity and apoptosis in change liver cells. Alc. Alcohol., 41(3): 267.
• Kawai, T. and Akira, S. (2007): Signaling to nf-kap pab by toll-like receptors. Trends Mol. Med., 13: 460.
• Kil, H.Y.; Seong, E.S.; Ghimire, B.K.; Chung, I.M.; Kwon, S.S.; Goh, E.J.; Heo, K.; Kim, M.J.; Lim, J.D.; Lee, D. and Yu, C.Y. (2009): Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude sorghum extract. Food Chem., 115: 1234.
• Klefstrom, J.; Arighi, E.; Littlewood, T.; Jäättelä, M.; Saksela, E.; Evan, G.I. and Alitalo, K. (1997): Induction of TNF-sensitive cellular phenotype by c Myc involves p53 and impaired NF-κB activation. EMBO J., 16(24): 7382.
• LaVerne, J.A. (2000): OH radicals and oxidizing products in the gamma radiolysis of water. Rad. Res., 153(2): 196.
• Li, J.S.; Pawliki, T.; Deng, J.; Jiang, S.B.; Mok, E. and Ma, C.M. (2000): Validation of a monte carlo dose calculation tool for radiotherapy treatment plan ning. Phys. Med. Biol., 45: 2968- 85.
• LivaK, K. and Schmittgen, T. (2001): Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quanti tative PCR and the 2 (-Delta Delta C (T)) method. Methods., 25: 402.
• Martindale, J.L. and Holbrook, N.J. (2002): Cel lular response to oxidative stress: signaling for sui cide and survival. J. Cell Physiol., 192: 1.
• Mishra, A.; Kumar, S. and Pandey, A.K. (2013): Scientific validation of the medicinal efficacy of Ti nosporacordifolia. The Scientific World Journal. ID 292934.
• Morton, J.F. and Dowling, C.F. (1987): Fruits of warm climates Morton JF (ed), Miami, Florida., 272.
• Najafi, M.; Motevaseli, E.; Shirazi, A.; Geraily, G.; Rezaeyan, A.; Norouzi, F.; Rezapoor, S. and Ab dollahi, H. (2018): Mechanisms of inflammatory re-
The Therapeutic Role of Ziziphus Extract on Liver Injury Induced by Electromagnetic Waves and Ionizing Radiation as Environmental Pollutants ( 219 )
sponses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clini cal implications. Int. J. Rad. Biol., 94(4): 335.
• Ozguner, F.; Oktem, F.; Ayata, A.; Koyu, A. and Ramazan, Y.H. (2005): Novel antioxidant agent caf feic acid phenethyl ester prevents long-term mobile phone exposure-induced renal impairment in rat. Mol. Cell Biochem., 277: 73
• Porras, D.; Nistal, E.; Martínez-Flórez, S.; Pisone ro-Vaquero, S.; Olcoz, J.L.; Jover, R.; González Gallego, J.; García-Mediavilla, M.V. and Sánchez Campos, S. (2016): Protective effect of quercetin on
high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice is mediated by modulating intestinal micro biota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 102: 188.
• Prabhu, H.R. (2002): In vivo inhibition of selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dis mutase in rats by diethylthiocarbamate. India J. Exp Bio., 40: 258.
• Pratt, W.B.; Morishima, Y.; Peng, H.M. and Osawa Y. (2010): Proposal for a role of the Hsp90/ Hsp70-based chaperone machinery in making triage decisions when proteins undergo oxidative and toxic damage. Exp. Biol. Med., 235: 278.
• Rezaeyan, A.; Fardid, R.; Haddadi, G.H.; Takh shid, M.A.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Najafi, M. and Sa lajegheh, A. (2016): Evaluating radioprotective ef fect of hesperidin on acute radiation damage in the
lung tissue of rats. J. Biomed. Physic. Engin., 6(3): 165.
• Sasaki, N.; Toda, T.; Kaneko, T.; Baba, N. and Matsuo, M. (2002): Flavonoids suppress the cyto toxicity of linoleic acid hydroperoxide toward PC12 cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 25: 1093.
• Shckorbatov, Y. (2014): The Main Approaches of Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Artificial Elec tromagnetic Fields on Cell. J. Electr. Electron Syst., 3: 2.
• Shih, R.H.; Wang, C.Y. and Yang, C.M. (2015): NF-kappaB signaling pathways in neurological in flammation: a mini review. Front Mol. Neurosci., 77.
• Spitz, D.R.; Azzam, E.I. and Gius, D. (2004): Meta bolic oxidation/reduction reactions and cellular re sponses to ionizing radiation: a unifying concept in stress response biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 23: 311.
• Tang, X.; Wei, R.; Deng, A. and Lei, T. (2017): Pro tective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke, an Edible Herbal Medicine, against Acute Alcohol Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Nutrients., 9: 1000.
• WHO /IUCN/ WWF. (1993): Guidelines on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
• Xiao, C.; Jia, L.i. and Zhuo, L. (2008): Nuclear factor-κB as a hormonal intracellular signaling mol ecule: focus on angiotensin II-induced cardiovascu lar and renal injury. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 17(1): 37.
• Yahyapour, R.; Shabeeb, D.; Cheki, M.; Musa, A.E.; Farhood, B.; Rezaeyan, A.; Amini, P.; Fal lah, H. and Najafi, M. (2018): Radiation protection and mitigation by natural antioxidants and flavonoids: Implication to radiotherapy and radiation disasters. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol., 4: 285.
• Younes, M.E.; Amer, M.S. and El-Messallami, A.D.E. (1996). Phytochemical examination of the leaves of the Egyptian Ziziphus spina christi ―Nabc. Bull. Natio. Re.s Cent., Cairo., 21(1): 35.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
