Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
The Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (JFMT) is a peer-reviewed, hybrid, bi-annual journal with a broad international perspective. The journal is dedicated to all branches of Forensic Medicine, Legal Medicine, Toxicology and allied sciences for the administration of justice. Specifically, the Journal encourages research articles that explore principles of forensic practice in contact with judicial system, practice of toxicology; and articles related to medical litigation, medical law and medico-legal issues arising out of day-to-day practice. The journal is an official publication of Medicolegal Society (regd.). The journal was initiated in year 1984 and passing through 40th year of its publication in 2023.
Homicidal Death By Crude Bomb Explosion: A Case Report With Forensic Patho-Mechanical Insights
Background: Crude bombs are homemade explosive devices created from inexpensive and easily accessible materials like glass fragments, jute fibers, stones, iron nails, etc. They serve as a substitute for costly explosives. Crude bomb explosions have complicated medicolegal ramifications that necessitate a thorough comprehension of the patho-mechanics of the injuries sustained. The patho-mechanics of damage caused by homicidal crude bomb blasts is an uncommon and emerging entity, the knowledge of which is essential to answer the medicolegal query in these cases. Case Presentation: In a small village in eastern India, a crude bomb was thrown at a middle-aged man during an argu ment, resulting in an explosion that caused bodily injuries. The patho-mechanics of the injuries held to reach to the conclusion regarding event reconstruction, the victim’s proximity to the explosive material at the moment of detonation, alongside comprehensive evidence collection, which is presented in this paper. Conclusion: This study shows that forensic teams must be extremely precise when examining injuries and gathering evidence. If they aren’t, a crime like murder or terrorism could easily be mistaken for an accident. Careful evidence col lection is key for police and security agencies to find the guilty parties and stop similar events.
Blast injuries; Forensic Pathology; Crude Bombs; Homicide; Case Report
Unravelling Venom: Histopathological Changes After Snake Envenomation
This case study presents a detailed clinical account of a patient suffering from Snakebite envenoming (SBE), outlining the clinical symptoms, diagnostic approaches, focusing on histopathological changes seen in such cases. Histopathological changes following snake envenomation are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of venom toxicity and developing effective therapeutic interventions. These changes vary depending on the snake species, the venom composition, and the envenomation site. Locally, venom induces tissue necrosis, myonecrosis, and haemorrhage often accompanied by inflammation, vascular damage, and edema. In skeletal muscles, histological observations frequently reveal degeneration, loss of myofibers, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Venom’s proteolytic enzymes—particularly metallopro teinases—contribute significantly to the degradation of tissue and basement membranes, further exacerbating damage. Systemically, snake venom can target multiple organs, with histopathological changes observed in the liver, kidney, heart, and lungs. Hepatic injury often manifests as hepatocyte degeneration, sinusoidal congestion, and vacuolization. Renal histopathology shows acute tubular necrosis, glomerular damage, and interstitial inflammation—often a result of ven om-induced hemolysis, myoglobinuria, or direct nephrotoxic effects. Cardiotoxicity is evidenced by myocardial fiber damage, interstitial oedema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, in pulmonary tissues, venom can lead to alveolar hemorrhage, congestion, and inflammation. These changes are further amplified by coagulopathies, dissem inated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and immune responses triggered by venom components. Understanding the histopathological changes not only highlights the mechanisms of venom toxicity but also aids in the development of antivenoms and adjunct therapies aimed at mitigating local and systemic damage.
Envenomation; Hemorrhage; Pathology; Cause of death
Spontaneous Non-Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage In Pre-Existing Hypertensive Patient - An Autopsy-Based Case Report
In north- eastern states high intake of salt and social acceptance for the use of tobacco lead to hypertension, atheroscle rosis and development of renal stones which ultimately increases chances for the intra-cerebral hemorrhage. Intracranial hemorrhage or stroke is one the leading cause of premature deaths in northeastern states. A 54year old male deceased, was brought with history of scuffle. On clinical examination, MRI showed intraparenchymal bleed of size approximately 18 x 49 x 65 mm in right hemisphere and extending up to midbrain and pons. History of scuffle was ruled out on metic ulous post-mortem examination by confirming findings of MRI with findings of intra-ventricular hematoma and liq uefactive necrosis was present at midbrain and pons region. This study explored non-traumatic brain hemorrhage as a cause of death in sudden and unexpected deaths without any prior evidence of any significant illnesses which could easily have been misinterpreted as trauma to head. It has been evident that hypertension in north-eastern population is higher due to lifestyle and food-habits. To the best of our knowledge, an Autopsy based study on Non-traumatic Intracranial Haemorrhage has not yet been published from North – Eastern region of India.
Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage; Hypertension; Renal stone; Non-traumatic
Utilizing PMCT Angiography In Augmenting The Role Of Virtual Autopsy In A Case Of Sudden Cardiac Death
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) refers to the unexpected death of an individual occurring within one hour of symptom onset or within 24 hours of last being seen in good health if the death is unwitnessed. Since virtual autopsy is finding its way globally, the applications of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) in cases of sudden cardiac death, which forensic pathologists frequently encounter, should be fostered and further developed. This case report discusses the sudden death of a 60-year-old male who had an acute on chronic infarct in the left ventricle and multiple foci of calcifications in the coronary arteries and the aorta. Though coronary and aortic calcifications were clearly visualised by PMCT, the critical patency of the lumen at the site of occlusion and the myocardial pathology could not be adequately visualised. PMCT angiography (PMCTA) was performed subsequently, which provided excellent visualisation of the luminal patency of coronary vessels, thereby augmenting the efficiency and diagnostic yield of virtual autopsy. Additionally, in resource-lim ited settings like India, where cost-effectiveness is a major factor, barium-based contrast agents have been tried in this case as an alternative to Iohexol (iodine-based agents), and the challenges faced in such scenarios are also comprehen sively discussed with a forward-looking perspective on future improvements.
Virtual autopsy; PMCTA; Postmortem angiography; Sudden cardiac death; Forensic radiology
Vecuronium bromide: preferred suicidal drug among medical professionals – a case report
We report a case of suicidal death due to self-administration of intravenous vecuronium bromide by a nursing student. Toxicological analysis confirmed the presence of vecuronium bromide. Postmortem findings, toxicological analysis, and crime scene investigation indicated a suicidal manner of death, with the cause attributed to respiratory paralysis resulting from vecuronium injection. Skeletal muscle relaxants act either peripherally at the neuromuscular junction or centrally on the cerebrospinal axis to reduce muscle tone. Neuromuscular blocking agents are commonly used in general anesthesia during surgery to induce muscle relaxation. Centrally acting muscle relaxants are primarily used for treating painful muscle spasms and spastic neurological disorders.
Vecuronium bromide; Muscle relaxant; Suicide; Nursing student
Hen Bite- Induced Sepsis: An Unforeseen Lethal Outcome- A Rare Case Report
Introduction: Avian bites, though uncommon, can lead to severe or even life-threatening consequences. Birds can trans mit harmful microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida, through their beaks and talons, potentially leading to sepsis. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection that can cause organ failure and death if untreated. Other serious infections, such as cellulitis, abscess, and septicaemia, can also arise, characterized by systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and cardiovascular instability. Case Details: We present a rare case of sepsis following a hen bite in a 60-year-old female. The patient developed severe septic shock after being bitten on the right forearm, experiencing significant swelling and episodes of fever. Cellulitis was observed in the affected area, and further assessment confirmed sepsis, acute kidney injury, tachycardia, and tachypnoea. Discussion: Delayed presentation and inadequate initial treatment contributed to the fatal outcome, emphasizing the need for public awareness and education on proper wound care and hygiene following such incidents. Conclusion: Hen bite-induced sepsis, while rare, can be lethal. This case underscores the importance of prompt recogni tion and aggressive management of avian bites, particularly in vulnerable individuals. Despite advances in medical care, sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Avian- Bite; Cellulitis; Hen-Bite; Sepsis
A Case Series On Fatal Self-Inflicted Cut Throat Injuries Reported At An Autopsy Centre Of An Apex Hospital Of West-Bengal, India
Of the various methods adopted for committing suicide, suicide by inflicting cut throat injuries are painful, hence rare. Fatal cut throat injuries are mostly homicidal. In cases of fatal cut throat injuries, findings noted over neck and body does not conclusively determine the manner of death. Features classically present in suicidal cut-throat injuries may be present in homicides and vice-versa. Thus, they may be misleading or confusing. In such cases the findings of the Postmortem examination alone are insufficient to opine whether the death is suicidal or homicidal. Hence, along with the postmortem report of the victim, reports of police inquest, on the circumstances, mental state and relevant history of the victim are important considerations. Corroborating the wound with the recovered weapon, report of the Forensic Science Laboratory on the place of occurrence and on the materials preserved during Autopsy should be incorporated to form a conclusive opinion on the cause and manner of death in cases of fatal cut-throat injuries. A series of three such rare cases, has been illustrated. Diverse aspects of medicolegal investigation that ultimately led to forming a conclusive opinion on the manner of death has been described. This series of cut-throat injuries demonstrates the importance of inclusion of all aspects of forensic investigation to conclude on the suicidal manner of death.
fatal; self-inflicted; cut-throat injuries
A Deadly Hotel Fire Incident: Case Series Of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning And Literature Overview
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant global public health concern, often resulting in severe health conse quences or fatalities. This report examines eight fatal cases of CO poisoning caused by a hotel fire, highlighting the com plexity of CO exposure in fire-related incidents. The fire, originated in a basement used for commercial purposes and fueled by flammable materials. It rapidly escalated, causing widespread panic and trapping guests due to a sudden power outage. Post-mortem examinations revealed that all victims exhibited characteristic signs of CO poisoning, including cherry-red discoloration of tissues, soot in the respiratory tract, and elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues showed congestion and black pigmentation, consistent with CO exposure. Chemical analysis con firmed significant CO levels in the victims’ blood. This incident underscores the critical need for stringent fire safety measures, including proper use of building spaces, functional emergency lighting, smoke detectors, and regular safety inspections. The findings demonstrate that CO poisoning, combined with smoke inhalation, is often more lethal than burns alone. The study reveals important features in cases of CO poisoning and also emphasizes the need for stricter adherence to fire safety regulations and improved safety protocols to prevent similar tragedies in the future.
Carbon monoxide (CO); CO poisoning; Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb); Fire incident
Setting Up a Toxicology Lab: An Overview and Key Considerations
Poisoning is a common method of suicide and homicide in India, and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Forensic science labs have high volume of cases, leading to longer reporting times. Similarly clinical toxicology labs are either few or inadequately equipped. Therefore, it is essential to know how to start a toxicology lab. Setting up a toxicology lab requires proper planning. This includes understanding the purpose, establishing the workflow, selecting the necessary equipment and reagents, designing the layout, recruiting personnel, estimating the budget of the project and maintaining sustain ability and quality control of the lab. A toxicology lab has both clinical as well as forensic use. A careful choice must be made at each step in planning and designing depending upon the workload of cases in the chosen area of setup which can be an independent lab or part of hospital or a university or college.
Poisoning laboratory; Analytical toxicology; Toxicology laboratory; Forensic Toxicology; Laboratory setup; Laboratory planning.
Applications And Limitations Of Radiological Modalities In Disaster Victim Identifications (Dvi): A Forensic Perspective
The aftermath of mass disasters presents a chaotic scene where the immediate identification of victims becomes a critical concern. Traditional methods of disaster victim identification (DVI) often confront numerous challenges, particularly when the remains are heavily fragmented, burned, or in a highly decomposed state. This review underscores the signif icant role of forensic radiology in the DVI process, offering a comprehensive examination of its applications, advance ments, limitations and future prospects. By integrating multiple studies and real-case applications, this review elucidates how forensic radiology has become instrumental in expediting accurate identifications, thereby aiding legal processes and providing closure to affected families.
Disaster victim identification (DVI); Radiological modalities; identity establishment; virtual autopsy; forensic
Medicolegal Examination Of Transgender Persons In Cases Of Sexual Assault: A Comprehensive Review
Transgender individuals face disproportionately high rates of sexual violence, yet their needs remain inadequately addressed within conventional forensic and medico-legal systems. This review explores the unique vulnerabilities of transgender survivors of sexual assault and critically examines the challenges they face during medicolegal examina tions. While global data reveal alarming levels of victimization, structural barriers – including stigma, misgendering, and binary-centric protocols – discourage reporting and impede access to justice and healthcare. In India, despite progressive legal reforms such as the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 and the NALSA judgment, forensic pro tocols and documentation formats continue to rely heavily on binary gender frameworks, leaving transgender survivors marginalized within legal and medical settings. The review synthesizes existing international and national guidelines, identifying key gaps and proposing best practices for inclusive, trauma-informed, and gender-affirming forensic care. It emphasizes the ethical obligations of healthcare professionals to uphold autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in their approach. The need for sensitization training, inclusive infrastructure, respectful documentation, and integrated mental health support is underscored. Furthermore, the paper outlines specific procedural adaptations that can improve forensic outcomes and reduce re-traumatization. This review identifies gaps in current forensic procedures and outlines practical measures needed for accurate, respectful, and legally acceptable examination of transgender survi vors. By adopting affirming and inclusive approaches, healthcare and legal professionals can help ensure that transgender survivors of sexual violence receive the dignity, care, and justice they are entitled to.
Transgender persons; Sexual assault; Forensic medicine; Medico-legal examination; Gender-affirming care
Use Of Graphic Medicine For Teaching Forensic Medicine To Undergraduate Medical Students: A Scoping Review
Background: Forensic medicine education is intellectually and emotionally demanding. Graphic medicine has gained attention in medical education, but its role in forensic medicine remains underexplored. Objective: To map the existing evidence on the use of graphic medicine in teaching forensic medicine to undergraduate medical students and to iden tify applications, outcomes, and knowledge gaps. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from 01 January 2010 to 31 March 2025. Studies describing or evaluating comics/graphic novels/graphic pathographies in undergraduate or postgraduate forensic medicine education were eligible. Study quality was assessed with the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). Results: We included 26 studies in this review: 6 from forensic medicine and 20 from related high-emotion, procedure-heavy specialties (e.g., emergency medicine, trauma surgery). Four main themes appeared: 1. Graphic medicine simplifies complex forensic signs and procedures. 2. It helps learners develop empathy and narrative competence. 3. It supports ethical reasoning. 4. It strengthens emotional resilience. Evidence directly from forensic medicine is limited to small pilot studies and descriptive reports (average MERSQI qual ity score = 11.9 out of 18). Students reported higher engagement and better self-perceived understanding, but no ran domized controlled trials or long-term outcome data exist in forensic medicine. Conclusion: Graphic medicine (comics, graphic novels, and illustrated narratives) appears promising as a supplementary teaching tool in forensic medicine, espe cially for increasing student engagement and helping learners process emotional content. However, the evidence specific to forensic medicine remains early-stage and methodologically limited. High-quality comparative studies are required before it can be routinely recommended for widespread use
Graphic medicine; Comics; Forensic medicine; Medical education; Empathy; Emotional resilience; Scoping review
The Role Of Forensic Experts In Aircraft Accident Investigations: A Multidisciplinary Review
Aviation disasters, while infrequent, result in high mortality and complex investigative challenges that demand a mul tidisciplinary forensic approach. Forensic experts play a pivotal role in identifying victims, analyzing injury patterns, collecting toxicological evidence, and contributing to crash reconstruction. The recent Air India Flight 171 crash in Ahmedabad, which resulted in 260 deaths, has brought renewed attention to the critical but often overlooked role of forensic science in aviation disaster response in India. Despite its importance, aviation forensics remains one of the least explored areas within forensic medicine, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review aims to consolidate the current practices, competencies, and technological advances in aviation forensic investigations, while emphasizing the need for national preparedness, standardization, and training.
Aircraft accident; Disaster victim identification; Aviation safety; DNA profiling
Challenges, Legal Aperture and Future Approaches in Handling Sexual Offence Cases in India: A Comprehensive Review
The cases of sexual offence remain a serious medico-legal and social problem in India. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, more than 31,000 rape incidents were recorded in 2022, a figure which has gone up from around 25,000 in 2012, showing an inexorable rise despite numerous reforms since the 2012 Delhi gang-rape case. An incident that happened in 2024, the Kolkata doctor’s sexual assault and murder have once again triggered public outrage due to systemic lapses related to forensic evidence collection, police investigation, and survivor care. The review identifies recur ring gaps, including forensic inadequacies, chain-of-custody breaches, medico-legal documentation failures, and judicial delays, which are made worse by societal apathy and a growing link between sexual violence and pornography addiction. Despite legislative efforts conviction rates remain under 30% due to laboratory backlogs and deficits within the proce dure. This review concludes with proposed reforms expanding forensic laboratories, carrying out standardized protocols for evidence handling, integrating models of forensic nursing and tele-forensic, and providing trauma-informed survivor Centered care. Strengthening these medico-legal and forensic mechanisms is very essential for increasing the conviction rate and restoring confidence among the general public and dignity among survivors.
Forensic capacity; Sexual offences; Tele-forensics; Forensic nursing; Survivor centered justice.
Epidemiological Characteristics And Trends Of Suicidal Deaths In Autopsied Cases: A Retrospective Study From A Tertiary Centre
Background: Suicide is a major public health challenge worldwide, with India contributing substantially to the global burden. Between 1990 and 2010, suicides increased globally by 32%, and in 2022 India reported over 170,000 cases, marking a 4.2% rise from the previous year. This study aimed to analyze the socio-demograph ic profile of suicidal deaths autopsied at a tertiary care centre, assess the distribution and methods of suicide with particular emphasis on hanging and poisoning, and identify contributory factors influencing these deaths. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, from January 2023 to December 2024. Out of 348 medico-legal autopsies, 61 confirmed suicide cases with complete records were included. Data were collected from post-mortem reports, police inquest papers, and hospital records. Demographic variables and methods of suicide were documented. Analysis was performed using SPSS v24.0, with Chi-square test applied to assess associations (p < 0.05 consideredSignificant). Results: Of 61 suicide cases, 72.1% were males and 32.8% females. The highest proportion was aged 25–34 years (31.1%) followed by 15–24 years. Most victims were from below poverty line families (72.1%) and had only primary or middle school education. Poisoning was the most common method (83.6%), followed by hanging (16.4%). Statistically significant associations were not observed with age, sex, and education and economic status. Conclusion: Young adult males from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds were most affected. Poi soning predominated, highlighting the need for targeted mental health interventions, awareness programs, and stricter pesticide regulation.
Epidemiology; Suicide; Hanging; Poisoning
A Study On Using Sexual Dimorphism From The Pyriform Aperture Of Dry Human Skull Among The Eastern Indian Adults
Sexual dimorphism is required in cases of natural disasters, recognition of fragmented bones and beyond forensic iden tification. Pyriform aperture (PA) is a pear-shaped structure in the human skull, bounded by the frontal process of maxillary bone on the lateral aspect, and the nasal bones in upper. Data from the present study shows that various measurements taken from pyriform aperture and nasal bones can be a useful forensic tool in sexual dimorphism.
Forensic science; anthropology; morphometry; human skull, clinical
Stature Estimation From Craniofacial Anthropometry: A Study Among The Bengali Speaking Population Of West Bengal
Stature estimation is one of the key techniques in forensic applications for personal identification in the context of miss ing person identification, disguised identification, and dead body identification when partial skeletal or body remains are available. The present study aims to explore the relationship between craniofacial measurement and stature. This study investigates these variances and formulates distinct equations for each sex. A sample of 44 males (age 28.5909±10.76) and 56 females (age 23.9286±8.34) from the Bengali-speaking population of West Bengal was selected using purpo sive sampling. Standard anthropometric techniques were employed to measure parameters such as Maximum Head Length (MHL), Maximum Head Breadth (MHB), Morphological Superior Facial Height (MSFH), Bigonial Breadth (BB), Auricular Length (AL), and Cephalic Index (CI). The parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were performed in SPSS version 23, including the Pearson correlation, independent t-test, ANOVA, and paired t-test. The result confirmed the marked sexual dimorphism, where all the anthropometric parameters are found significantly (p<0.05) higher among males than females. The craniofacial measurements of males show a significant (p<0.05) higher correlation with stature. The present study provides the anthropometric traits-specific regression equation for stature estimation. While comparing the actual stature with the predicted stature values, the study revealed that among all the studied traits, AL, BB, MHL, and MHB are the best predictors of human stature. Therefore, the present study can serve as a sex determinant for localized cultural and biological subgroups such as the Bengali-speaking people of West Bengal.
Craniofacial anthropometry; Stature reconstruction; Sexual dimorphism; Forensic identification.
Age Estimation By Radiological Study Of Epiphyseal Union Of The Wrist Joints In A North Indian Population (1–18 Years)
Introduction: Age estimation can be done from early physiological changes in the body, teeth development and radiological examination of ossification centres. Methodology: It is a Cross sectional, mortuary-based study carried out on the dead bodies of 70 subjects brought for Medicolegal Autopsy to Mortuary, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. This study included peoples age between 1-18 years with known supportive documents like AADHAR, other ID & also personal interaction with legally accepted represen tatives (LAR). Both Antero-Posterior (AP) and lateral views of X-rays of the left Elbow and Wrist joints were taken. Results & Discussion: All the X-rays were analysed focusing on the epiphyseal union in these two joints. Total 70 people participated in the study, out of which 41 are male and 29 are female. In males, the ossifi cation centres around Wrist joint completely fuse earliest at 15 years whereas in females, the ossification centres around Wrist joint completely fuse earliest at the age of 14 years. Complete fusion of distal end of Radius and Ulna has occurred 1 year earlier in females, as compared to males. Mean age for complete fusion of distal end of Radius in female subjects is 17.0±1.25 years and mean age for the same in male subjects is 16.89±1.27 years, while mean age for complete fusion of distal end of Ulna in female subjects is 16.57±1.40years and mean age for the same in male subjects is 16.75±1.28 years. It has also been observed that Carpal bones are not appearing in any particular order. Conclusion: Total sample size for the study is not large enough, to make proper inferences regarding the ossi fication of joints. Tanner-Whitehouse method and Greulich-Pyle method should be modified as applicable to Indian population to make more scientific assessment about ossification status of the joints
age Estimation; radiological study; identification
A Retrospective & Descriptive Study Of Fatal Electrocution Autopsies At A Tertiary Care Center (2022–2024)
Electrocution is a significant but under-monitored public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. This retrospective descriptive study analyzed 60 fatal electrocution autopsies performed at a tertiary care hospital between 2022 and 2024. Cases were selected through purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data included victim demographics, seasonal variations, voltage source, manner of death, and characteristic autopsy findings. Young adult males constituted 92% of victims, with most deaths occurring during summer and monsoon seasons. Low-voltage household electricity accounted for two-thirds of cases. Characteristic external findings included dermo-epidermal burns (75%), entry–exit wounds (48%), and crocodile-skin patterned arc lesions (13%). Nearly all deaths (98%) were accidental. The study highlights the preventable nature of electrocution fatalities and the urgent need for improved domestic electrical safety, infrastructural regulation, and seasonal public health interventions.
Electrocution; Forensic autopsy; Electrical injuries; Injury epidemiology
Paediatric Burn Fatalities: One Year Retrospective Study At Tertiary Care Center
Introduction: Fire has fascinated humankind since ancient times and remains one of the most remarkable discoveries in human history. While it has significantly contributed to human evolution and progress, its misuse or mishandling can lead to catastrophic outcomes. Burn related incidents are mostly accidentals in children mostly due to there little develop ment of mind and body. These incidents often result in prolonged morbidity, permanent disability, or even death, causing profound loss to individuals, their families, society, and the state. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology of a Tertiary care center. The study period spanned from 1st January 2024 to 31st December 2024. These cases were brought to the hospital mortuary for medico-legal postmortem examinations. Results: Total 4774 autopsies were conducted during this period. Out of these, 320 cases were have history of burn and 76 cases belong to paediatric population. The majority of the subjects in this study belonged to the toddler age group, fol lowed by those in early childhood. Male subjects outnumbered female subjects. Most of the cases were accidental burns. Preventive measures include educating caregivers, childproofing homes, promoting safe cooking practices, installing smoke alarms, advocating safety regulations, and providing first aid training. Strengthening paediatric burn care and researching risk factors are essential for effective interventions.
Burn; Mind; Autopsy; Paediatric; Accidental
Radiological Study Of Mineralization Of Third Molars For Estimation Of Age Using Demirjian Method
Accurate age estimation is necessary in forensic practice, particularly during late adolescence when legal distinctions between juvenile and adult status carry significant implications. Dental parameters are widely regarded as reliable indi cators of age, as tooth development is minimally affected by environmental and systemic factors. Among these, third molar mineralization remains especially valuable in individuals between 15 and 25 years of age due to its prolonged and variable developmental timeline. This radiological study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between third molar mineralization stages and chronological age using Demirjian’s method, and to assess possible variations related to sex. The study included 200 indi viduals (100 males and 100 females) aged 15–25 years, all of whom were born and residing in Mumbai. Chronological age was confirmed using official birth records. Orthopantomograms were obtained for each subject, and all four third molars were assessed according to Demirjian’s eight-stage mineralization system. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Early mineralization stages (A–C) were not observed in the study population. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females or between the right and left sides in either jaw. Maxillary third molars showed marginally earlier mineralization compared to mandibular molars. A strong positive correlation was observed between mineralization stages and chronological age, allowing the derivation of regression equations for age estimation. Stage H was consistently associated with attainment of adulthood. The study supports the relevance of Demirjian’s method for age estimation in late adolescence and early adulthood, where reliable documentary evidence is unavailable.
Age estimation; Third molar mineralization; Demirjian method; Orthopantomogram; Forensic odontology
Comparative Analysis Of Radiological And Dental Age With The Chronological Age In Sports Individuals
Introduction: Age is a primary identification character of an individual with great medicolegal importance. Age estimation in Forensic Medicine has always been challenging with the changing time and rapid evolution of scientific methods of estimation. It is crucial in certain fields like education, sports and other civil and crim inal purposes. For participation in sports at national and international level, age verification is mandatory for maintaining fair play, adhere to international standards, prevent fraud etc. But the question is, how accurate can the age of an individual be identified using radiological and dental examination? Aim: To compare the chronological age of a person with radiologically estimated age from examination of ossification centres of bones and dental age from physical examination. Materials & Methodology: The study was performed on 160 football players who visited to our department in November, 2024, for age verification before participating in a National Level football competition held in Chandigarh. The age range of the participants was from 12 to 16 years, competing in under 18 category. Each participant’s height, weight, physical & dental examination, and x rays for bone ossification centres of the shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint and hip joint were performed using weighing machine, stadiometer, x ray machine and analysed. Results: The mean height of the participants was 167.84 cm and mean weight was 57.76 kgs. The frequency percentage of agreement between chronological age and dental age was 63%, whereas that between chrono logical age and radiological age, was 3%. The mean age of participants was 15.1875 with SD of +/-0.870. On dental examination, the calculated mean age was 15.1875 with SD of +/- 0.0623. On radiological examination, the calculated mean age was 10.7501 with SD of +/- 0.0233 Conclusion: In our study, we have observed great difference between dental age, radiological bone age with chronological age. Possible reasons could be less sample size and effect of hormones on radiological bone age in sports individuals. Standard methods for age verification in sports persons should be followed to remove method bias.
Age Estimation; Sports Medicine; Radiological Age; Dental Age; Epiphyseal Fusion
Fatal Craniocerebral Injuries in Two-Wheeler Road Traffic Accidents: A One Year Postmortem Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India
Background: Road traffic accidents constitute a major and growing public health problem worldwide. While advances in medical science have significantly reduced mortality from communicable and non-communicable diseases, accidental injuries—particularly those related to motor vehicle use—have emerged as a leading cause of preventable death. Among road users, two-wheeler occupants are especially vulnerable, with head injuries accounting for the majority of fatal outcomes. Aim: To analyze the pattern and distribution of fatal craniocerebral injuries among victims of two-wheeler road traffic accidents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive autopsy-based study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Karnataka Medical College & Research Institute (KMC-RI), Hubballi, over a period of one year. A total of 57 fatal cases of two-wheeler accidents in which head injury was certified as the cause of death were included. Detailed information was obtained from police records, hospital case sheets, relatives, scene photographs, and thorough postmortem examinations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of victims belonged to the 21–30-year age group, with a marked male predominance. Most fatal ities involved riders rather than pillion riders, and helmet non-use was observed in the majority of cases. The most common post-injury survival period among hospitalized victims ranged from one day to one week. Contusions were the predominant scalp injury, fissured fractures were the most frequent skull vault fractures, and combined subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages constituted the most common intracranial findings. Countercoup injuries were observed more frequently than coup injuries.
Craniocerebral injuries; Two-wheeler accidents; Intracranial hemorrhage; Autopsy; Road traffic fatalities
Demographic Profile of Assault Victims in Bikaner Region of Rajasthan – One year institution based cross-sectional study
This study comprised of 262 assault cases presented to OPD of FMT department, admitted and brought dead cases in our institution from February 2023 to January 2024. Maximum number of cases recorded in 21-30 years age group (38.54%). Males were predominant (210) than females (52). Maximum number of cases recorded in time period of 4 PM to 12 AM i.e. 155 (59.16%). 72.15% of victims did not gave history of alcohol intake. Status of one case is not known. Perpetrator was known in 84.73% cases and not known in 15.26% cases. Maximum males (64.76%) and females (73.07%) were from urban area. While 35.58% victims were from rural areas. 87.14% males and 88.46% females were Hindu.
Establishing regional parameters of facial shape in Libya: a study of gender and geographical variation
Facial recognition plays an important role in surveillance systems, biology of medical applications, terrorist activities and identification of major disasters. The aim of this study is to provide gender-specific anthropometric facial measurements for three regions of Libya, contributing to the development of standard morphometric parameters for these populations. The results showed significant differences in all parameters studied between men and women. However, differences were observed between the parameters when analyzed by geographical origin. These results highlight the complexity of regional differences and the need for further research to validate gender-specific practices in specific populations.
Facial recognition; anthropometry; morphometric parameters; regional variation
Understanding Suicidal Death Patterns in Northeastern India: Demographic Predictors, State Level Influences, Emerging Self-Infliction Methods, and Policy Recommendations
ObjectiveThis study examines suicide patterns in the Northeastern states of India, often referred to as the Seven Sisters. The aim is to assess whether demographic factors such as gender, marital status, and income group can explain suicide trends, and to explore broader systemic influences. The findings are intended to support forensic medicine professionals, policymakers, and public health authorities in their work.MethodPanel data from the National Crime Records Bureau (2014–2022) were analyzed using a Linear Mixed Model (LMM). This method evaluates both the direct role of demographic variables and the hidden, state-specific influences that may affect suicide rates, such as culture, economy, policies, and social conditions.FindingsThe analysis reveals that demographic factors alone (male/female, married/unmarried, rich/ poor) are not strong predictors of suicide rates. Instead, large-scale, state-level conditions play a more decisive role. Each state shows unique patterns shaped by its own social and systemic environment.ConclusionThese findings emphasize the importance of considering state-specific factors in forensic investigations of suicide. Forensic pathologists and medico legal experts may benefit from this perspective when conducting psychological autopsies, interpreting case patterns, and providing expert opinions. The study also underlines the need for region-specific suicide prevention strategies that can inform both forensic practice and public health policy.
Suicide Patterns, Northeastern India, Demographic Variables, Medico-legal, Forensic Psychology, Psychological Autopsy, NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau), Linear Mixed Model (LMM), Public Health Policy.
Acute Lung Injury in Fatal Paraquat Poisoning: A Case Report
Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide associated with significant morbidity and mortality following ingestion, primarily due to its profound pulmonary toxicity. Acute lung injury (ALI) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis represent the hall mark pathological features, often leading to respiratory failure and death. We report a case of fatal paraquat poisoning in a young adult who presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and rapidly deteriorated despite supportive management. Laboratory investigations revealed multi-organ involvement, and imaging demonstrated diffuse pulmonary infiltrates consistent with ALI. Despite intensive care, the patient developed severe hypoxemia and succumbed within days of ingestion. This case underscores the challenges in managing paraquat poisoning, as no specific antidote exists and therapeutic strategies remain largely supportive. Early recognition, aggressive decontamination, and novel treatment modalities may improve outcomes; however, prognosis remains poor in cases with significant exposure. Clinicians must maintain high suspicion and counsel regarding the lethal potential of paraquat ingestion.
Paraquat; Poisoning; Toxicology; Acute Lung Injury
Unforeseen occupational injury from textile foil printing machine: A case report exploring injury mechanism and forensic analysis
Despite significant efforts to enhance workplace safety, occupational injuries constitute a substantial proportion of the overall injury burden globally. The textile industry is a prominent global industrial sector that utilises a variety of machinery to transform fibres into cloth. This article reports an unusual case in which an injury was caused by a textile hot foil printing machine, a device that is generally regarded as safe. A 40-year-old man suffered severe injury to his upper limb while attempting to introduce fabric into the foil printing machine during the machine’s initial operation time. The injuries are characterised by a combination of abrasion, laceration, crush injury, fracture, and avulsion. The patient was treated surgically, and there was a significant physical and economic burden. Establishing the occurrence and mechanism of injury is essential for raising safety awareness and reducing the likelihood of dangerous injuries among stakeholders. In conclusion, this case report highlights the potential hazards associated with textile hot foil printing machines, despite their apparent level of safety. Heightened awareness, protective measures, and comprehensive training are pivotal to prevent such occupational hazards any industrial settings.
Foil printing machine; Machine injury; Occupational accident; Health and safety; Hand injury
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Suicidal Death Due to Double-Barreled Shotgun Wound with Muzzle Imprint: An Interesting Case Report
This report presents an unusual case of firearm-related death in a 40-year-old male. Autopsy examination revealed bloodstained clothing and a split laceration measuring 15 × 2.5 cm x bone deep over the chin, consistent with a firearm entry wound. The wound had irregular margins, cherry-red discoloration of underlying tissues, and a comminuted mandibular fracture. Multiple teeth were broken, and fractures were noted in the nasal bone. The oral cavity also showed cherry-red discoloration. Blackening of the skin, non-removable on wiping and without singeing of surrounding hair, was noted along the upper edge of the lacerated wound. A semicircular muzzle imprint was present 1.9 cm to the right, with its lower margin adjoining the wound. The entry wound was located 152 cm above the heel. Scalp examination revealed ecchymosis, with multiple fractures of varying dimensions on the outer and inner tables of the skull. The dura was torn in several places. Numerous pellets were found dispersed in the cranial cavity, after striking the base of the skull, along with a plastic wad in the left parietal region of the brain. Both subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages were present all over the brain at places. Internal organs appeared pale on cut section. Based on the autopsy findings and circumstantial evidence, the cause of death was determined to be craniocerebral trauma due to a firearm injury. The pattern and characteristics of the injuries were consistent with a contact-range shot and supported the conclusion of a suicidal manner of death.
The Challenge of Diagnosis: Cardiac Tamponade Identified at Autopsy.
There has been a rise in the incidence of sudden death among individuals in middle age. Predominantly, cardiovascular diseases have seen to be the most leading cause behind such deaths. Despite being a relatively uncommon presentation, cardiac tamponade presents as one of the rare yet fatal complications. This condition manifests when the pericardial cavity becomes filled with either blood or blood clots, compromising the heart’s normal contractile function. Typically, patients experiencing cardiac tamponade are often reported to have succumbed to sudden death, with history of chest pain. The definitive diagnosis of cardiac tamponade usually occurs during post-mortem examinations during Autopsy. We consider the case of a 45-year-old man who was found unconscious at his residence and was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital. Subsequent autopsy findings unveiled the presence of both blood and blood clots within the pericardial cavity, in conjunction with a rupture in the left ventricle and occlusion of the right coronary artery. Histopathological examination further confirmed the root cause of this fatal event as an acute myocardial infarction.
Cardiac Tamponade; Myocardial infarction (MI); Sudden natural death