International Research Journal of Ayurveda and Yoga
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga (IRJAY) is a monthly (12 issues per year ) online peer reviewed international Journal. It is an open access online journal. This journal provide platform for PG scholars teachers and researchers to publish their good & quality work in the field of Ayurveda, Yoga and Integrative medicine. IRJAY is developed for the researchers, scholars, scientists, post-docs and students who are seeking a platform for publishing their research work. This is the journal advised and developed by eminent and internationally renowned Ayurvedic professors, scientists and scholars. The journal aimed to publish high quality review articles, authentic research work,clinical trials and new innovative ideas. IRJAY confirms its adherence with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, including Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf) from ICMJE and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (joint statement by COPE, DOAJ, WAME, and OASPA; (http://doaj.org/bestpractice).
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
A review article on the role of Kusthadi Lepa in Ek-Kustha (Psoriasis)
All skin disease comes under the umbrella of Kustha Roga. Ek-Kustha is one among the Kshudra Kustha with the dominancy of Vata and Kapha Doshas. It is characterized by symptoms of Aswedanam, Mahavastu, and Matsyashakalopam. It resembles Psoriasis, which is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous plaques and silvery scales predominantly affecting the skin of the elbow, scalp, and knees. Currently, the modern medical science treats psoriasis with synthetic drugs, i.e., methotrexate, Psoralen ultraviolet light A, Vitamin D3 lotion, and steroid creams. Hence, there is a need for a treatment having safe and has good efficacy. Acharya Charak mentioned that the treatment of Ek-Kustha by external medications, i.e., Takradhara, Lepa, Udhavartan, Pradeha, etc., are effective in Ek-Kustha. Therefore, in this article, an attempt was made to aim the role of Kusthadi Lepam in Ek-Kustha (Psoriasis).
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A Review of Lekhana Basti in the Management of Sthoulya (Obesity)
Introduction: Sthoulya, or obesity, is a major metabolic disorder in Ayurveda, primarily resulting from the stagnation of Meda Dhatu (fat tissue) and the impairment of Agni (digestive and metabolic fire), compounded by the vitiation of Kapha and the subsequent obstruction-induced aggravation of Vata Dosha. This condition is categorized under Santarpana-uttha Vyadhi (diseases of over-nourishment), mandating Apatarpana (reduction) therapy. Ayurveda provides a variety of therapeutic techniques, with Panchakarma being a significant treatment modality. Lekhan Basti, a Panchakarma treatment that involves medicated enemas, has shown substantial potential in the management of obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic diseases, particularly those caused by excess Kapha and Medodhatu. Materials and Methods: According to Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Sharangdhara, Lekhan Basti has Triphala Kwatha, Gomutra, Madhu, Yavakshara, and Ushakadi Gana. Kapha Shamaka, Deepana, Tiksna, and Agni Deepana are among the components with known medicinal potential. The process involves the use of an alkaline formulation due to components such as Gomutra and Yavakshara, which promote quick absorption and improve gut flora. Results: Lekhan Basti has a wide range of therapeutic effects, including correcting metabolic imbalances and reducing excess Kapha and Medodhatu. It has been believed to include qualities such as Vata-Kapha Shamaka, Deepana, Pachana, Lekhana, Karshana, and Srotoshodhaka, which aid in fat loss, digestive fire, and detoxification. Discussion: Lekhan Basti is an excellent Samshodhana treatment for Sthoulya. It is a potential strategy to enhance general metabolic health since it balances Kapha and reduces excess Medodhatu. Its detoxifying qualities, together with its effect on gut flora, make it an essential treatment for metabolic diseases. Conclusion: Lekhana Basti is effective as a Samshodhana (cleaning) therapy for metabolic illnesses caused by high Kapha and Medodhatu, including Sthoulya (obesity), dyslipidemia, PCOS, and other lifestyle diseases.
The Ethical–Legal Dimensions and Doctor–Patient Dynamics in Kayachikitsa - A Comprehensive Review
Background: Ayurveda, one of the world’s oldest medical systems, places a strong emphasis on the moral and ethical responsibilities of the physician. Kayachikitsa, the internal medicine branch of Ayurveda, is particularly grounded in principles of compassion, truthfulness, confidentiality, and patient-centered care as articulated in classical texts, such as the Charaka Samhita. In contemporary practice, however, Ayurvedic physicians operate within a complex legal and regulatory framework that includes licensure requirements, consumer protection laws, malpractice liability, and emerging issues in integrative medicine. These shifts necessitate a deeper understanding of how ancient ethical ideals intersect with modern medico-legal realities. Aim: This review critically examines the ethical–legal dimensions of Ayurvedic practice with a focus on Kayachikitsa, while exploring the evolving dynamics of the doctor–patient relationship in the context of both classical traditions and modern healthcare systems. Materials and Methods: A narrative review methodology was adopted, drawing on primary Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya), secondary literature on bioethics and medical law, and present medico-legal frameworks, including NCISM regulations, the Consumer Protection Act, and AYUSH guidelines. Additional sources included peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and AYUSH Research Portal. A thematic analysis was undertaken to identify convergences and divergences between traditional ethical principles and modern bioethical/legal standards. Results and Discussion: The findings demonstrate significant overlap between classical Ayurvedic values and modern bioethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for dignity. However, tensions exist between the traditional paternalistic model of the physician and modern expectations of informed consent and patient autonomy. Legally, Ayurvedic practitioners are increasingly accountable for negligence, documentation, and adherence to statutory guidelines. The doctor–patient relationship, once rooted in reverence and trust, now requires balancing empathy with transparency, professionalism, and legal compliance. Conclusion: Kayachikitsa offers a timeless ethical framework that can enrich modern medical ethics, provided it is adapted to contemporary medico-legal demands. Strengthening this synthesis through education, policy reform, and trust-centered practice will help preserve Ayurveda’s classical ethos while ensuring accountability and patient safety in the modern era.
National Commission for Indian System of Medicine
The Anushastra in Shalya Tantra: Clinical Usage
Anushastra refers to a category of parasurgical procedures. These operations differ from major surgeries, particularly for patients who are sensitive to shastra karma. The objective is to investigate traditional parasurgical techniques used across various conditions, alongside surgical methods. The present theoretical study examines the application of parasurgical techniques found in contemporary literature, known as Anushastra. This article outlines the approaches for executing three key parasurgical procedures. The various types of Anushastra hold significant relevance in the classical texts of Ayurveda and continue to be employed in treatments for various health issues. Specific anorectal conditions are suitable for shastra interventions, involving the application of energy to treat different ailments. Two techniques are described: shastrakrita siravedha and prachana methods for ajashakrit, danta, shalaka (samples), and ghrita Raktamokshana. In addition, ghati and ashastrakrita techniques are also included – Anushastra is becoming more recognized in the management of chronic illnesses.
Ayurvedic Perspectives on the Management of Skin Diseases – A Review
Numerous factors can contribute to skin issues, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, and genetics. Kushtha, a sickness marked by skin derangement, is the umbrella term used by Ayurveda to describe skin problems. When considering the incidence of various diseases, skin disorders account for more than 20% of all medical visits worldwide each year. Depending on the severity of the symptoms and the prognosis, all Acharyas classify Kushtha as either Maha Kushtha or Kshudra Kushtha. The Ayurvedic medical system describes a wide range of etiological variables and illness management techniques. When Tridosha, Twak, Rakta, Mamsa, and Lasika are vitiated, Kushtha results. Therefore, Dosha and Dushya’s involvement is the foundation of Kushtha’s management. The basic idea of treatment is the same for all types of Kushtha, even though some treatment approaches are condition specific. Acharya has highlighted the need for Raktamokshana to eject Dushita Rakta, the primary Dushya in the pathology of Kushtha, and Shodhana (detoxification) therapy to remove the morbid Dosha from the body. Both internal and external drugs, such as Rasa Aushadhi, Churna, Kwath, Asav, Arishta, Guggulu, Ghrita, and Malhara, Tail, Lepa, are part of the Shamana (palliative) therapy. In Ayurveda, dietary control, Dincharya, Ritucharya, Rasayana treatment, and Sadvritta are all highly valued for maintaining good health and preventing illness. To create Ayurvedic-based guidelines for the treatment of skin conditions, it is necessary to examine this holistic perspective of detoxification, palliative care, and lifestyle change.
Ayurveda View of Marma Sharira – A Conceptual Study
Marma, an Ayurvedic concept, offers a distinctive and comprehensive view of human anatomy. Marma is regarded as the seats of Prana (life force) and is defined as the critical areas where Mamsa (muscle), Sira (blood vessels), Snayu (ligaments/tendons), Asthi (bones), and Sandhi (joints) connect. One hundred and seven Marmas are described in ancient books, especially the Sushruta Samhita, and are categorized according to their dimensions, structure, and the therapeutic impact of their injuries. These critical areas were crucial for prognosis, martial arts, warfare, and trauma assessment in addition to surgery. Damage to Marmas may result in deformity, discomfort, incapacity, or even death. Researchers have connected Marmas to contemporary musculoskeletal and neurovascular structures in recent decades, connecting Ayurveda with contemporary medical sciences. In addition, Marma Chikitsa’s therapeutic use is becoming more and more relevant in integrative medicine, especially in the areas of pain relief, rehabilitation, and overall wellness. This review examines Marma Sharira’s Ayurvedic roots, anatomical relationships, therapeutic value, and incorporation into contemporary anatomy and medicine
Yoga and the Gut-Brain Axis: A Systematic Review of its Impact on Mental Health and the Gut Microbiome
Background: The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a complex, bidirectional communication network that connects the emotional and cognitive centers of the central nervous system with peripheral intestinal functions. This intricate system, which includes the enteric nervous system, the vagus nerve, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is profoundly influenced by the gut microbiome. Dysregulation of the GBA and a resulting microbial imbalance, or dysbiosis, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both gastrointestinal disorders and mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression. Yoga, an ancient mind-body practice, is increasingly being explored as a non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention for stress-related illnesses. Objectives: The objective of this report is to conduct a narrative synthesis of the available evidence to explore the impact of yoga on mental health and the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on the mediating role of the GBA. A secondary objective is to contextualize these modern scientific findings within the framework of classical Ayurvedic principles, which have long posited a fundamental connection between the mind and digestive health. Methods: This review is a structured narrative synthesis based on a curated set of research materials, not a de novo systematic review. The methodology for reporting aligns with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement to ensure transparency and reproducibility. The analysis draws from a diverse body of literature, including systematic reviews, pilot studies, and classical Ayurvedic texts. Key data points and thematic elements related to GBA physiology, yoga’s effects on mental health, its influence on the gut microbiome, and the ancient Ayurvedic mind-body link were extracted and synthesized to form a cohesive narrative. Results: The synthesized evidence indicates that yoga practice modulates the GBA by influencing several key pathways. Physiologically, it promotes a shift from the sympathetic “fight-or-flight” response to the parasympathetic “rest-and-digest” state, mediated by the vagus nerve. This process is associated with a significant reduction in stress hormones, such as cortisol. Preliminary human studies suggest that yoga and meditation can directly alter the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to an enrichment of beneficial bacterial genera, such as Megamonas and Faecalibacterium, which have been linked to improved mental and physical health. The classical Ayurvedic concepts of Agni (digestive fire) and Manas (mind) provide a compelling conceptual parallel, with ancient texts describing how mental distress can directly disrupt digestion. Conclusion: The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that yoga can serve as a beneficial adjunctive therapy for mental health conditions by positively influencing the gut microbiome and GBA. The striking congruence between modern neuroscientific findings and the ancient Ayurvedic understanding of the mind-body connection underscores the potential for a holistic, integrated paradigm for understanding and promoting wellness.
Ayurvedic Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis: An Integrative Review with Classical and Contemporary References
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It manifests as hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. Conventional management relies heavily on fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte correction. However, Ayurveda offers a complementary framework that addresses the underlying metabolic dysfunction, focusing on doshic imbalances, impaired digestion (Agnimandya), and toxin accumulation (Āma). This review explores the Ayurvedic correlation of DKA with Madhumeha, outlines classical treatment protocols, and highlights opportunities for integration with modern medical strategies. The article draws from over 25 classical and peer-reviewed modern sources to ensure an evidence informed and plagiarism-free presentation.
A Narrative Review on the Anti-inflammatory Potential of Mamsyadi Yoga: Bridging Ayurveda and Modern Pharmacology
Background: There is a scarcity of Agada Yogas in the market which requires scientific exploration. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study are to understand Shotha and inflammation and to study the probable efficacy of Mamsyadi Yoga in Shotha condition. Materials and Methods: The pharmacodynamic properties of plants were taken from Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India and anti-inflammatory studies were taken from the past 10 years through Google Scholar and PubMed. Discussion: The Mamsyadi Yoga is composed of 10 ingredients and each ingredients possess anti-inflammatory properties individually. As per Ayurveda also, the formulation was found to be dominant in Tikta Rasa, Laghu Guna, Ushna Veerya, and Katu Vipaka. Inflammation is the most common biological response when the body is exposed to microorganisms or toxic compound, or unwanted responses and is ultimately involved in the pathology of diseases initially. Conclusion: Mamsyadi Yoga can be a useful Agada used in treating anti-inflammatory activities and implicating the principles of Agada in modern-day Visha.
The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Amavata: An Ayurvedic and Modern Perspective
Amavata is a disorder characterized by the simultaneous vitiation of Ama (undigested toxic metabolic by-products) and Vata, which closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in modern medicine. The disease manifests with pain, stiffness, swelling of joints, impaired mobility, and systemic features of inflammation. Contemporary research has increasingly highlighted the pivotal role of gut microbiota (GM) in immune modulation and the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions, such as RA. This convergence opens a promising interface between classical Ayurvedic concepts and modern biomedical insights. From an Ayurvedic standpoint, deranged Agni (digestive fire) leads to the formation of Ama, which circulates through Srothas and accumulates in joints, triggering inflammation under the influence of vitiated Vata. Modern studies suggest that dysbiosis of GM contributes to increased intestinal permeability, altered immune tolerance, and systemic inflammation, which parallels the Ayurvedic description of Ama entering systemic circulation. Moreover, specific bacterial strains have been linked with RA pathogenesis, further strengthening the connection between gut health and joint disorders. Thus, the interplay between GM and Amavata illustrates a profound convergence of traditional Ayurvedic wisdom and modern biomedical science. Understanding this relationship offers novel integrative strategies for prevention and management, emphasizing the centrality of gut health in systemic well-being.
Yoga Interventions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - A Scoping Review
Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a debilitating multisystem disorder characterized by persistent fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive impairment, and pain, while also imposing significant socioeconomic burdens. Present treatments are limited, leading to the exploration of complementary therapies, such as yoga, which may affect autonomic function, inflammation, and mental health. This study aimed to map the existing literature on yoga interventions for CFS/ME and identify study designs, interventions, outcomes, and evidence gaps. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from their inception to April 2025 for studies on adults with CFS/ME using yoga. The inclusion criteria encompassed any design that evaluated the effects of yoga on fatigue and its related outcomes. Data were extracted on design, participants, interventions, outcomes, and findings, with the results synthesized narratively and charted. Results: Six primary studies, primarily from a Japanese group, were included. The interventions focused on adapted isometric yoga (sitting/recumbent, 2–3 months, biweekly sessions plus home practice). In some cases, fatigue was consistently reduced with improvements in vigor, pain, depression, autonomic function, and biomarkers (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α). Adverse events were minor and transient. To date, no qualitative or large-scale studies have been conducted. Conclusions: Adapted isometric yoga shows promise in reducing fatigue in CFS/ME; however, evidence is limited by small samples, single-group designs, and short follow-ups. Larger multicenter randomized controlled studies with standardized protocols and biomarkers are needed to confirm the efficacy and guide its clinical use.
Clinical Efficacy of Yoga Practices in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Insights from a Single-arm Pilot Trial
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women, characterized by hormonal, metabolic, and psychological disturbances. Conventional therapies predominantly provide symptomatic relief but often fail to address the multifactorial nature of the condition. This single-arm, 12-week pilot trial investigated the impact of a structured yoga program on clinical, hormonal, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS. The study was conducted at the Yoga and Shatkarma Department, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, and included 49 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. Participants underwent a yoga intervention comprising specific asanas (Baddha Konasana, Bhujangasana, and Naukasana), pranayama techniques (Anulom Vilom, Bhramari, and Kapalbhati), and relaxation practices. Primary outcomes included menstrual cycle regularity, hormonal profiles (testosterone, luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]), and metabolic indicators (body mass index [BMI], waist-to-hip ratio, insulin sensitivity). Secondary outcomes assessed psychological well-being, including stress and anxiety. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired t-tests and receiver operating characteristic curve evaluation. Following the intervention, participants demonstrated improvements in menstrual regularity, acne, and hirsutism. Significant reductions in testosterone levels and normalization of the LH/FSH ratio were observed. Metabolic outcomes showed improved insulin sensitivity, reduced BMI, and better weight control. Psychological measures indicated reductions in stress and anxiety scores. These results suggest that yoga may provide multidimensional benefits in PCOS management, targeting endocrine, metabolic, and psychological domains. While the findings highlight yoga as a safe, cost-effective, and holistic intervention, further randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are warranted to establish causal effects and long-term efficacy.
Yoga-based Interventions for Hypertension: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews Guided Scoping Review of Clinical Evidence
Background: Hypertension is now a global public health issue and a primary contributor to morbidity and mortality. As complementary non-pharmacological interventions such as yoga are increasingly used to help control blood pressure, evidence is sparse and scattered. Objectives: The objective is to identify systematically, map existing clinical research on yoga-based interventions for hypertension, and identify evidence gaps through a scoping review. Methods: The present review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. A comprehensive search was carried out across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant studies published between January 2015 and January 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case studies, and case series that reported yoga interventions for hypertension with blood pressure outcomes. 10 eligible studies were included and analyzed. Results: Eight RCTs, a case study, and a case series met the inclusion criteria. The different types of intervention studied were pranayama, asanas, Yoga Nidra, and integrative approaches combining yoga with naturopathy. Majority of studies reported statistically significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Out of these interventions, sheetali pranayama and bhramari pranayama were most utilized. Notably, no significant adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Yoga may serve as an effective and safe adjuvant therapy for individuals with hypertension. However, the heterogeneity and poor standardization of methodologies and the lack of long-term follow-up suggest that further standardization and high-quality trials are required.
Krodha Through the Ages: A Systematic Review of Anger Evidence from Ancient Civilizations to Contemporary Society
Anger (Krodha), a complex emotional response, has been scrutinized across centuries through religious, philosophical, and psychological lenses. This article traces the evolution of anger as conceptualized in ancient civilizations, particularly within Indian philosophical traditions, and maps its transformation through historical, cultural, and scientific paradigms into contemporary understandings. It draws on classical texts such as the Rig Veda, Manyu Sukta, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Taittiriya Upanishad, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Bhagavad Gita, and Patanjali Yoga Sutras, while integrating perspectives from Cultural Contexts and Contemporary Society.
Role of Trataka and Jala Neti in Digital Eye Syndrome
The technology contributes negative cons along with positive benefits. As per available data, major cons are on Chakshuindriya (eyes), according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. DES affects 90% of people who spend 3 or more hours on a computer screen. It can be managed through Trataka and Jala Neti. During Trataka practices, it stimulates the lacrimal gland, which helps to produce a normal amount of tears to lubricate the eyes, and also tones up the optic nerve for better vision and saves from sensitivity toward light. Jala Neti means cleansing of Cavities (oral and nasal), which gives a soothing effect on the eyes. That means it protects from the burning sensation and redness of the eyes, symptoms of DES. Hence, these two yogic practices give a positive impact and are useful for a more desirable effect. The purpose of this study is to explain the comparative efficacy of Tratak and Jala Neti for the management of DES. The literary material is collected from related literature, research papers, digital-e-sources, and manuscripts. On the basis of the available documents, the critical analysis is done, and a suitable conclusion will be drawn. This study suggests that Tratak and Jala Neti improve the ability to make visual adjustments, and remove all symptoms such as dryness, burning sensation, sensitivity to light, itching, and swelling.
A Literary Insight into Stanyajanana dashemani
Breast milk, regarded as the nectar of infant health, is referred to as “stanya” in Ayurveda. The growth and development of an infant are mainly dependent on stanya. The quantity and quality of breast milk reflect the mother’s overall health status. According to Acarya Caraka, stanya is considered an upadhatu of rasa, formed from the prasada bhaga of rasa dhatu. The production and secretion of stanya are closely influenced by the mother’s physical and mental well-being. According to Ayurveda, improper diet and lifestyle, along with mental disturbances, such as anger, grief, and fear in the mother, can impair lactation. Ayurveda has recognized the vital role of stanya in child’s growth and development. Classical texts elaborate not only on the formation and physiological aspects of stanya, but also on its abnormalities and their management. Acharya Caraka highlights two major concerns related to the purification and production of stanya and prescribes two sets of ten drugs, namely, stanyajanana dashemani and Stanyajanana dashemani to address these issues. Caraka classifies ten key herbs under stanyajananamahakashaya, collectively known as stanyajanana dashemani, to promote lactation. These herbs include virana, sali, shashtika, ikshuvalika, kusa, kasa, gundra, itkata, and katruna. Most of these herbs possess madhura rasa and qualities, such as snigdha, sita, guru, manda, and sandra. Due to their nourishing and cooling attributes, these drugs are also beneficial in conditions arising from rasakshaya and mutrajanya vikaras. This paper aims to highlight the significance of stanyajanana dashemani in promoting the production of breast milk.
Effects of Yoga in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms that diminish the quality of life (QoL). While pharmacological interventions target dopamine deficiencies, they often fail to address non-motor symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Yoga, a mind– body practice that includes posture, breathing techniques, and meditation, has gained recognition as a promising complementary therapy. This systematic review synthesized randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the impact of yoga on motor and non-motor symptoms, QoL, and safety in PD patients. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science for RCTs published between January 2020 and April 2025. The inclusion criteria were adult participants with idiopathic PD, yoga as the primary intervention, and comparisons with active or passive control groups. The outcomes assessed included motor function, non-motor symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression), QoL, and adverse events. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and evidence certainty was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: Seven RCTs, involving 475 participants with mild-to-moderate PD, analyzed hatha or mindfulness yoga interventions over 6–12 weeks. The findings showed that yoga significantly improved motor symptoms with moderate to-large effect sizes. Studies have reported improvements in balance, although the gait effects were inconsistent. For non-motor outcomes, anxiety, and depression showed moderate reductions, while QoL improvements lasted for 6 months. Evidence indicates improvements in biomarkers such as interleukin-6. Yoga was safe with no serious adverse events. Evidence certainty was moderate for motor and non-motor outcomes. Conclusion: Yoga is a safe and feasible adjunct for PD, offering benefits for motor function, mood, and QoL. Larger, standardized RCTs with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm and optimize protocols.
Ayurvedic Management of Mandal Kustha (Guttate Psoriasis) – A Case Report
Guttate psoriasis, affecting 0.5–2% of children, presents with sudden-onset, drop-shaped, scaly lesions often following streptococcal infection. It may resolve spontaneously or progress to chronic Guttate psoriasis. Early treatment may help prevent chronic progression and recurrence. Guttate psoriasis is a dermatological condition characterized by small, drop-like lesions (0.5–1.5 cm in diameter) primarily affecting the upper trunk and limbs, commonly seen in young adults. In Ayurveda, this condition correlates with Mandal Kushta, a type of Maha Kushta
Management of COVID-19 through Ayurveda Perspective – A Case Report
COVID-19 has become a global Pandemic since 2020 and multiple treatments such as antivirals, steroids, immunomodulators, with vaccines have been developed and marketed, but the treatment modality has not been fully confirmatory toward all the systemic and symptomatic relief in patients. Furthermore, there are limitations for all the designed and developed treatment protocols and post-treatment complications as respiratory distress, low immunity, allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, etc. To avoid such complications and improve the quality of life in COVID-19 patients Ayurvedic treatment principles can be taken into consideration. This is an effort to share experience in a case of COVID-19 management through Ayurveda. A pre-diagnosed COVID-19 case with complaints of chronic dry cough, anorexia, and anosmia who has undergone steroidal and antiviral treatment, but there is no improvement, so the patient approached Ayurveda. In Ayurveda, COVID-19 can be correlated with Pranavaha Srotas Vikara as it mainly affects the respiratory system. On the basis of history and examination, the samprapti of the disease was found to be caused by Garavisha (agantuka nidan), leading to Ama, srotorodha(pranavaha and rasavaha), in turn resulting in vata-kapha vriddhi, so treatment was planned accordingly. Case was managed with oral medicines such as Indukanta Kasaya, Shwasa-Kasa chintamanirasa, Shwasamrita syrup, Abhrakabhasma + Shitopaladichoorna + Yastimadhuchurna with Madhu, Agastya rasayanam for Muhurmuhu. After 5 days dry cough reduced, appetite improved and subjective recovery was observed. Same continued for 15 days and all the symptoms were completely reduced, smell and taste recovered after 1 month.
Ayurvedic Management of Karnashoola W.S.R. to Otalgia – A Single Case Study
Karnashoola is a traditional Ayurvedic term that corresponds to the modern medical diagnosis of otalgia, characterized by ear pain that can result from various doshic imbalances, particularly involving Vata and Kapha. It is a common issue in clinical settings and can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life due to ongoing pain, discomfort, discharge, and reduced hearing ability. While contemporary medicine typically uses antibiotics, pain relievers, and surgical methods for complex cases, Ayurveda offers a holistic, non-invasive, and personalized approach to treatment. This case study details the effective Ayurvedic management of a 28-year-old male diagnosed with Vata Kaphaja Karnashoola, utilizing the internal administration of Panchatiktaghrita Guggulu and the local application of Vachalasunadi Taila in a karna pichu format. The treatment adhered to principles aimed at balancing doshas, cleansing the channels, and alleviating pain. Significant symptom relief was noted within a few days, culminating in complete recovery by the 15th day. This study highlights the efficacy of traditional Ayurvedic methods for treating ear pain without side effects or recurrence. It adds to the growing body of evidence that supports an integrative approach to managing ENT disorders through Ayurveda and emphasizes the need for further extensive clinical validation
Standardization of Khadradi Yoga Churna, Mentioned in Sahasra Yogam with Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis
Standardization of the herbal preparation is the process of standardizing the quality, consistency, and efficacy of products, aiming to evaluate their therapeutic properties. Analyzing the composition of herbal formulations is crucial for evaluating the quality, purity, safety, and effectiveness of drugs, as determined by the levels of their active ingredients. The current study aimed to establish a comprehensive pharmaceutical and analytical profile of the Ayurvedic poly-herbal Khadiradi Yoga churna, as described in Sahasra Yogam which contain 05 herbal ingredients. Raw material identification done and preparation of medicine was done according to authentic text. Organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis, Chromatographic tests, Heavy metal test, Microbial test were conducted according to Ayurveda Pharmacopeia of India (API) guidelines. Under quality and pharmacological significance, organoleptic evaluation showed traditional sensory attributes (color, odor, and taste). And under physicochemical key parameters; pH, moisture content, and total ash counts, extractive values tests were conducted and results align with API standards. glycosides, saponins, and phenolic compounds were identified as dominant compounds of the final product. TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting confirmed the presence of the main 06 ingredients, validating traditional composition. Absence of pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, comply with international standards and reflecting adherence to GMP. A critical safety concern was identified in heavy metal tests, regarding mercury contamination (Hg) 3.4 mg/kg) which is exceeding API acceptance limits (≤1mg/kg). Based on final results, while the Khadiradi yoga churna demonstrates and fulfil excellent phytochemical and microbial quality parameters, Hg contamination overshadows its therapeutic potential. Further market analysis for ingredients, environmental contamination analyses or analysis of manufacturing procedures should be conducted to identify root cause for high mercury contamination.
Holistic Approach in the Management of Kitibha Kushtha: A Case Study
Skin conditions can significantly impact both physical and emotional well-being, leading to a decreased quality of life. Factors such as altered lifestyles, lack of physical activity, poor hygiene, and mental stress commonly contribute to skin diseases. In Ayurveda, all skin disorders fall under the category of Kushtha, which is further divided into MahaKushtha and Kshudra Kushtha. Psoriasis, a chronic non-infectious inflammatory skin condition, characterized by well-defined red plaques covered with silvery scales. This condition is comparable to Kitibha in Ayurveda, as they share similar signs and symptoms. It is a subtype of Kshudra Kushtha primarily characterized by vitiated Vata and Kapha Dosha, exhibiting Shyava varnata, Kinvat Khara Sparsha, Parushata, and Kandu. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of Shodhana Chikitsa in the management of Kitibha Kushtha. This case study highlights a 52-year-old male patient who visited the Kriya Sharir outpatient department at NIA Jaipur, presenting with skin lesions accompanied by intense itching on his upper and lower limbs, abdomen, and back. He was treated with Shodhana Chikitsa (body purification) using Virechana Karma. The patient experienced considerable relief from symptoms. The psoriasis area and severity index score also indicated notable improvements. Kitibha Kushtha can be effectively treated through the administration of shodhana therapy (virechan karma).
Role of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama in Lung Function Improvement
Background: Alternate nostril breathing, also known as Nadi Shodhana Pranayama, is a traditional yogic breathing method that improves respiratory functioning and balances energy. Although Pranayama has been shown to offer potential therapeutic advantages in several studies, there is little study on how it affects healthy people. The effects of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on pulmonary functions in healthy volunteers are amplified in this case series. Objectives: Using metrics such as oxygen saturation (SpO2) level in healthy individuals, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC to evaluate the impact of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on pulmonary functions. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 healthy volunteers were instructed to practice Nadi Shodhana Pranayama 30 times daily over 45 days. Spirometry was used to measure pulmonary function both before and after the operation. Subjective sensations with breathing and general sensations were also recorded. Results: Following the intervention, all individuals’ pulmonary function improved. Significant increases in FVC, FEV1, and SpO2 levels suggested greater air flow, increased oxygen absorption, improved lung capacity, and a more effective respiratory system. Conclusion: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama appears to significantly improve pulmonary function in healthy volunteers, according to the findings. It has the potential to improve health and well-being if it is incorporated into a daily routine. Although the results are encouraging, it is recommended that large-scale studies and randomized controlled trials be conducted to investigate its potential long-term benefits in a variety of populations.
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s/ Forced Vital Capacity
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Related to Diabetes with Reference to Ayurveda and Yoga: An Institutional Survey
Background: Diabetes mellitus has become a common disease among Indian population, with the rate of incidence of pre-diabetes increasing gradually. Their conversion to diabetes is rapid among Indians. This scenario is mainly due to unawareness of the condition. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) related to diabetes in conjunction with the use of Ayurveda and Yoga for the same among visitors of Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: An institutional-based, cross-sectional survey study was conducted with a sample size of 350 from October 2022 to January 2023. The data collected were analyzed statistically with a confidence interval of 95% and 5% error. Multivariate analysis with three separate ordinal logistic regressions was performed for KAP, keeping the background characteristics of the individual as independent variables. Results: About 67.14%, 42.29%, and 74.57% had excellent knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice, respectively. Increase in age, female respondents, and mental stress had a significant association with knowledge. Rural residents and diabetic patients carried a positive attitude towards diabetes. Higher age was the only determinant of practice. Conclusion: This study infers a satisfactory prevalence of knowledge and practice related to diabetes. However, there is a lack of a positive attitude. Proper education to refute the myths and strategies to provide appropriate guidance to make use of Ayurveda and Yoga for diabetes must be promoted.
Development of Research-based Yoga Module for Bronchial Asthma
Asthma is a common, paroxysmal, and reversible respiratory disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. It is necessary to find a healthy and feasible method/technique to manage the disorder in every age group and levels of asthma. Yoga is a holistic therapy as it is a combination of ᾱsanas, pranᾱyᾱma, mudra, and dhyᾱna. It works on excellence of every aspect of life, being physical, mental, social or spiritual. It helps in creating balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, as research shows. A research review has been planned using a PICO search strategy to explore the effect of Yogᾱ on asthma and to develop a research-based yoga module to help patient get rid of the disorder and manage their symptoms. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for the search strategy from the year 2010 to 2022, population aged between 10 and 60 years, and yoga as the primary intervention having randomized controlled trial as the research methodology. The four-step analysis process was applied to the filtration of the researched articles. 09 articles were found eligible for review. These studies showed a positive link between yoga and asthma. The major findings imply that yoga has a significant positive impact on pulmonary functions and the quality of life of asthma patients.
Asthma, Pranᾱyᾱma, Pulmonary Function, Respiratory Disease, Yoga
Copyright (c) 2025 Aditi Sarda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literary Review on Apana Vayu W.S.R. to Micturition
The primary goal of Ayurveda is to understand the fundamental principles of the Indian system of medicine and apply them for effective disease management. Ayurveda offers various concepts that explain and maintain individual health. Among these, the concepts of Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala are regarded as the foundational pillars of Ayurveda. The core theory underlying these principles is the Tri-Dosha Siddhanta, which states that Vata, Pitta, and Kapha are responsible for maintaining the body’s physiological functions. Vata Dosha governs all movement-related activities within the body and is further categorized into five subtypes, one of which is Apana Vayu. Apana Vayu is formed during the final stage of digestion, known as Katu Paka. Along with Samana Vayu, it aids in the breakdown of digested food and the formation of Kitta (excreted waste). Apana Vayu plays a crucial role in the excretory process by regulating the elimination of urine and feces. Notably, the action of voiding urine and feces is primarily governed by Apana Vayu, except in infants. This article aims to elaborate on the literature related to Apana Vayu in the context of the urinary mechanism. Micturition is a physiological process through which urine is expelled from the urinary bladder, controlled by a reflex mechanism that facilitates voluntary control over urination. To explore this correlation, studied classical Ayurvedic texts alongside modern physiological concepts to provide a detailed analysis of Apana Vayu’s role in micturition. This article is a humble attempt to highlight the relationship between Apana Vayu and micturition, exploring whether a direct resemblance exists between the two concepts.
Apana vayu, Ayurveda, Micturition, Saman Vayu, Tri-Dosha
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Inter-Relationship between Prakriti, Diet, and Lifestyle: A Review
Ayurveda, the ancient science of life, emphasizes personalized health through the concept of Prakriti (individual constitution). This constitutional type forms the basis for prescribing suitable diet and Lifestyle regimens to maintain health and prevent disease. It is considered an important concept of Ayurveda that explains individuality. Prakriti is a fundamental concept accepted by all Acharyas, falling into the category of Sarvtantra Siddhanta. The concept of Prakriti is scattered all over the texts, covering all aspects of health maintenance as well as disease manifestation. This review explores the interconnectedness of Prakriti, diet (Ahara), and Lifestyle (Vihara), referencing classical Ayurvedic texts. The understanding of this inter-relationship aids in disease susceptibility assessment, treatment planning, and promotion of holistic well-being. A deeper understanding of Prakriti allows practitioners to approach health in a truly individualized manner, integrating physical, psychological, environmental, and behavioral dimensions.
Ayurveda, Diet, Lifestyle, Prakriti, Regimen
Brahma Muhurta and Circadian Rhythms: A Gateway to Optimal Health
Introduction: Ayurveda is a holistic science that improves the quality of life and provides curative measures for various disorders, thereby maintaining the health of millions of people. By following the rules of Dinacharya and Ritucharya, one can enhance their longevity. Dinacharya begins with Brahma Muhurta Jagarana. Brahma Muhurta is a specific time that recharges the biological clock in humans and maintains its rhythm and pattern throughout the day. Circadian rhythm is a biological process with an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of approximately 24 h. External factors, such as light and temperature, affect the circadian rhythm in humans. Objectives: To study Brahma Muhurta and circadian rhythm as a gateway to optimal health. Methodology: This research was conducted through a comprehensive review of research articles and classical Ayurveda texts, focusing on Brahma Muhurta and its correlation with the circadian rhythm. Results: A person’s lifestyle also affects this clock, resulting in undesirable traits and diseases. Brahma Muhurta is ideal for meditation and yogic practices, and one’s memory becomes sharp, leading them toward the ultimate goal of yoga, i.e., Moksha. Conclusion: Brahma Muhurta is essential for spiritual evolution, and a person who wakes up early in the morning slows down their aging process. This regimen supports the preservation of health and longevity in individuals free from illness.
Brahma Muhurta, Dinacharya, Meditation, Ritucharya, Spiritual evolution
Kapalabhati: A Scientific Analysis of its Physical, Mental, and Biochemical Effects
Kapalabhati, a revered ancient yogic breathing practice, serves as a powerful tool for enhancing physical, mental, and hormonal equilibrium. Through rapid, rhythmic inhalations and exhalations, this technique optimizes oxygen delivery across the body, promoting detoxification, energy homeostasis, and improved blood circulation. Scientifically, it has been shown to activate mitochondrial function, enhance protein synthesis, and regulate neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, thus fostering mental clarity and emotional stability. Moreover, Kapalabhati stimulates the endocrine system, harmonizing the secretion of key hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and insulin. This leads to improved metabolic efficiency and better regulation of blood pressure. By mitigating oxidative stress, it activates antioxidant enzymes and supports cellular repair and regeneration. Empirical evidence substantiates that this offers a comprehensive approach to physical, psychological, and emotional well-being, establishing it as a scientifically validated and effective method for holistic health optimization.
Hormonal balance and mental health, Kapalabhati, Oxidative stress reduction, Respiratory function enhancement