International Research Journal of Ayurveda and Yoga
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga (IRJAY) is a monthly (12 issues per year ) online peer reviewed international Journal. It is an open access online journal. This journal provide platform for PG scholars teachers and researchers to publish their good & quality work in the field of Ayurveda, Yoga and Integrative medicine. IRJAY is developed for the researchers, scholars, scientists, post-docs and students who are seeking a platform for publishing their research work. This is the journal advised and developed by eminent and internationally renowned Ayurvedic professors, scientists and scholars. The journal aimed to publish high quality review articles, authentic research work,clinical trials and new innovative ideas. IRJAY confirms its adherence with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, including Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf) from ICMJE and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (joint statement by COPE, DOAJ, WAME, and OASPA; (http://doaj.org/bestpractice).
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
Ayurvedic Insights into Mental Health: A Pathway to Holistic Healing
Introduction: Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine focusing on the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and spiritual health. The term “Ayu” represents life as a union of Sharir (body), Indriya (senses), Satva (mind), and Atma (spirit). Ayurveda specifically addresses mental health, emphasizing the prevention and management of psychological issues. Aim: This study aims to explore Ayurveda’s holistic approach toward mental health. Materials and Methods: Acomprehensive review of scientific literature and classical Ayurvedic texts was conducted to gather information on the topic. Discussion: Psychiatric and neurological disorders are often linked to memory loss, cognitive deficits, and impaired mental function. Due to the complex nature of these conditions, modern psychoactive medications have achieved limited success. However, traditional Ayurvedic wisdom offers a holistic approach that can lead to effective, personalized interventions for lasting mental well-being. Ayurvedic treatment can be categorized into two types: Dravyabhuta, which includes Medya Dravya (such as Brahmi, Shankhpushpi, and Vacha), and Adravyabhuta, which encompasses practices such as Sadvritta, Satvavjaya Chikitsa, and Yoga. Each of these approaches has its own significance and can be tailored to the individual’s needs based on the specific context. Conclusion: As the demand for holistic mental health solutions grows, further research into the synergistic effects of Ayurvedic practices will be essential in validating and expanding these therapeutic approaches.
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A Review on Ayurvedic Approaches in the Management of Skin Diseases
The largest organ and covering the whole surface of the body is the skin. It shields the body from a variety of outside threats by functioning as a chemical barrier. According to Ayurveda, the main causes of skin disorders include prolonged food consumption during indigestion, the usage of Viruddha Ahara and restrictive dietary habits, such as consuming too much sour, salty, curd, fish, etc. Skin, Rakta (blood), Mamsa (muscles), and Ambu (lymphatic tissue) tissues are all impacted by these contributing variables, which also vitiate the Tridosha (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). These seven elements are harmful components of skin conditions. The idea of dermatology is thoroughly covered in Ayurveda. The Kushtha Roga chapter describes skin ailments. The properties of Raktashodana, Raktaprasadhak, Rakta Shamana, Vishagna, Krimighna, Kandughna, and Rasayana are present in the medications used to treat skin conditions. Pharmacologically, these medications are classified as antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and cosmetic medicines that are used to treat skin infections as well as to enhance skin appearance. It is found that Ayurvedic writings mention a significant number of herbal and compound medications for skin care and the treatment of skin conditions. The majority of dosage forms, such as Churna, Kwatha, Vati, Rasashaushadhies, Ghrita, Rasayana, Bhasma, and others, are taken internally to treat skin conditions. The current analysis evaluates how internal Ayurvedic medications can treat skin conditions.
Krimi Roga Chikitsa in Ayurveda – A Review
The Ayurvedic system of medicine, one of the oldest in existence, holds a vast repository of knowledge on health and disease management. In Ayurveda, all ancient scholars (Acharyas) have mentioned the term “Krimi,” and most have elaborated on its classification, causes, symptoms, and treatment. Ayurvedic physicians possessed a deep understanding of Krimi and Krimiroga, which broadly refers to worms and microorganisms in modern scientific terms. The concept of Krimi dates back to the Vedic period. Krimis are primarily categorized into two types – Bahya (external) and Abhyantara (internal). The internal Krimis are further divided into Raktaja, Kaphaja (or Shleshmaja), and Purishaja types. Acharya Charaka proposed a threefold approach to the treatment of Krimiroga, namely Apakarshana (removal of the parasites), Prakritivighata (restoration of the balance of body constituents), and Nidanparivarjana (avoidance of causative factors). Among the therapeutic procedures, Samshodhana (purification therapy) is regarded as the fundamental treatment modality for Krimiroga in Ayurveda.
Analytical Evaluation of Trina Dhanya in the Management of Prameha: A Comprehensive Literary Review and Scientific Synthesis
Objectives: This research evaluates the clinical relevance and therapeutic mechanisms of Trina Dhanya (millets) in managing Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus) by synthesizing classical Ayurvedic principles with contemporary nutritional science. Methods: A comprehensive literary review was conducted using the Brihattrayi (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya) and various Nighantus. Scientific validation was performed through a meta-analysis of current nutritional data, focusing on glycemic index (GI), fiber content, and bioactive phytochemicals. Results: Ayurvedic texts categorize millets as Kudhanya or Kshudradhanya, attributing to them Lekhana (scraping) and Kledashoshaka (moisture-absorbing) properties that directly counteract the Kapha-Meda dominant pathogenesis of Prameha. Modern analysis confirms that millets possess a mean GI of 52.7 ± 10.3, significantly lower than refined rice (71.7) and wheat (74.2). Clinical data demonstrate that regular millet consumption reduces fasting blood sugar by approximately 12% and post-prandial blood sugar by 15%. Conclusion: Trina Dhanya represents an evidence-based functional food group that facilitates metabolic homeostasis. Its integration into modern diabetic diets offers a sustainable strategy for the prevention and management of metabolic
An Ayurvedic and Historical Review of Sthaulya (Obesity): Concept, Nidana, Samprapti and Management
Background: Sthaulya (obesity) is a well-recognized condition in the Ayurvedic corpus, discussed across Vedic, Saṃhita, and later compendia. Classical authors treat it as a Santarpanajanya and Medovṛddhi disorder with multifactorial causation and important social-clinical consequences. Aims and Objectives: To synthesize classical and historical descriptions of Sthaulya – its terminology, Nidana (causes), Lakṣaṇa (clinical features), Samprapti (pathogenesis), complications, and classical management by reviewing primary Ayurvedic sources and traditional commentaries. Materials and Methods: Narrative review and thematic synthesis of classical descriptions and commentarial interpretations as compiled in the historical and Ayurvedic review manuscripts. Primary texts surveyed include Charaka Saṃhita, Susruta Saṃhita, Aṣṭaṅga Hridaya/Saṃgraha, Madhava Nidana, and later compendia. Discussion: The term Sthaulya and its synonyms (e.g., Medoroga, Sthula, and Medovṛddhi) appear in Vedic, Puranic, and classical Ayurvedic literature. Classical authors emphasize dietary (Aharatmak), behavioral (Viharaatmak), and mental (Manasika) Nidanas, notably Atisampurṇa, Guru, Madhura Ahara, Avyayama, Diwasvapa, and Harṣanitya/ Achinta, and locate pathology in Meda Dhatu and Medovaha Srotas with Kapha predominance. Samprapti integrates Srotodushti, Agni-Vikara, and Dhatuparinama concepts; clinical features include Udaraparsva-vr̥dhi, Daurbalya, Kricchavyavaya, Srama, and Daurgandhya. Classical management emphasizes Nidana-pariṣkara, Saḍ-upakrama (Langhana, Rukṣa, and Sodhana measures), external therapies (e.g., Udvartana), and internal regimens (Virechana, Vamana in indicated cases), supported by Pathya-Apathya and lifestyle (Dinacarya/ṛitucarya) measures. Conclusion: Classical Ayurveda provides a systematic, multifactorial model of Sthaulya encompassing cause, pathogenesis, and multi-modal treatment. Re-examination of these concepts, particularly Nidana emphasis, Agni–Meda interplay, and preventive lifestyle prescriptions, has relevance for integrative public-health strategies addressing modern obesity.
A Single Case Report of Pathyadi Shadanga Kwatha and Kumkum Nasya in the Management of Ardhavabhedaka with Special Reference to Migraine
The lifestyle of the people of the modern era has changed due to rapid urbanization. Due to lifestyle changes, stress is causing an increased incidence of acute and chronic disorders such as Ardhavabhedaka. Ardhavabhedaka (Migraine) is a condition associated with moderate-to-severe headaches with a throbbing type of pain that lasts from hours to days. It begins on one side of the head and spreads to both temporal and occipital regions and is frequently accompanied by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, tiredness, and sometimes giddiness. Ardhavabhedaka can be correlated with migraine, due to its cardinal features of a half-sided headache. According to Acharya Charaka, Ardhavabhedaka has Vata-Kapha dosha. The management of these doshas can be done through Kumkum Nasya Karma. A 34-year-old male patient visited with chief complaints of unilateral or bilateral headache on and off three times or more than thrice in a month for 2 years. Headache was followed by nausea and sometimes vomiting too. Headaches occur sometimes on the right side and sometimes on the left side alternatively. The patient was given Snehana with Tila taila and Swedana with Dashmool kwatha, followed by Nasya procedure. There was a reduction in symptoms and frequency of headache, and the patient remained entirely asymptomatic on observation during follow-ups.
Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical, and Phytochemical Evaluation of Pullaas (Rhododendron arboreum Sm): A Holistic Approach to its Medicinal Potential
Introduction: Rhododendron arboreum Sm., locally known as Pullaas (Burans), is conspicuous for its traditional use across the globe. The present study offers a comprehensive investigation into R. arboreum Sm., commonly known as Pullaas, integrating pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and physicochemical approaches to ensure accurate botanical identification and support its standardization in traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Classical Ayurveda texts, including commentaries and Nighantus, are the primary data source. The published articles related to phytopharmacognosy and physicochemical parameters available in PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., have also been referred for this review. Organoleptic and microscopic evaluations were conducted on the flower, leaf, and bark, revealing key diagnostic markers at Rajiv Gandhi Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Paprola. Furthermore, the study incorporated physicochemical parameter analysis, qualitative phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography profiling, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the chemical constituents of the plant; at CSIR - IHBT, Palampur. Discussion and Conclusion: Organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic assessments were conducted on the flower, leaf, and bark, revealing key diagnostic markers such as paracytic stomata. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key secondary metabolites. The physicochemical parameters demonstrated acceptable limits for all parameters. The integrative analysis provides a scientific foundation for the pharmacognostical validation, quality control, and potential therapeutic use of R. arboreum Sm., contributing to the global acceptance of Ayurvedic plant-based medicine. Thus, the present paper serves as a foundation for selecting R. arboreum Sm. from the Himalayan region, where its rich traditional use shows promising results for the development of evidence-based herbal formulations.
Role of Arvindasava on Malnutrition in Children: An Ayurveda Insight
Malnutrition in children is a significant global health issue, leading to impaired physical and mental development, weakened immune system. Progressively reducing appetite, encouraging catabolism, increasing demand for nutrients, and repeated cases of morbidity exacerbate malnutrition. A healthy diet or good nutrition is the main factor in children’s growth and development. Addressing malnutrition requires a comprehensive approach that includes dietary interventions, nutrient absorption, and underlying health conditions. In this context, Arvindasava, a traditional Ayurvedic formulation, has gained recognition for its potential in improving the nutritional status of children. Agni is considered the life of living being. To digest food properly, the quality of Agni is crucial. The role of the Agni is superior to that of the food quality because if food is not properly digested, it cannot be used by the body, regardless of how much nutritional content in it. This stunts children’s regular growth and development. Impairment of Agni hampers the digestion and absorption of food which leads to malnutrition in children. The present study reveals that the formulation’s active ingredients such as Arvinda, Amalaki, Haritaki, Musta, and Ushira work synergistically to address multiple facets of malnutrition by improving Pachana (digestion and absorption), Deepana (stimulating appetite) and providing vital nutrients, beneficial as Bruhaniya (Anabolic), balancing the Doshas which helps in Ayusya (life prolonging), preventing Balakshaya (boosting immunity), in malnourished children. Arvindasava plays a crucial role in tackling both the causes and effects of malnutrition in children.
Ayurvedic Dietary and Lifestyle Interventions for Prevention of Hridroga and Cardiovascular Disorders: A Review
Introduction: According to World Health Organization statistics, an estimated 17.9 million people died from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in 2016. Looking at the menace of CVDs, the concept of prevention of disease has turned eyes toward Ayurveda. Ayurveda has a defined opinion regarding the diseases of the heart and cardiovascular system, with their prevention and management methods. Objectives: The present write-up aims to provide insight into the concept of prevention of hridroga (CVDs) through dietary and lifestyle modifications according to Ayurveda. Methodology: Ayurvedic classics, textbooks of clinical medicine, scientific journals, and publications were reviewed to carry out the present work. Discussion: The etiological factors of hridroga revolve around dietary intake and the way of living in one’s life. Hridaya being the moola of rasavaha-Srotas, the vitiated rasa creates a Badha (interruption) in the Hridaya, hence hridroga manifests. The mentioned Ayurvedic features, such as hridklama, hridshodha, hriddrava, nirmathyate, toda, stabdha, sweda moorcha, are the same as those of CVDs. Hence, an integrative approach is needed to manage and prevent people from hridroga in today’s age of sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary practices. Maintaining a proper state of agni and dhatuparinaman is essential for maintaining the health of the heart in toto. Ayurvedic concepts of hridroga are quite similar to those of modern medicine, and they play a pivotal role in its management and prevention at the clinical level. Conclusion: Hence, dietary and lifestyle modifications prove to be of great help in preventing hridroga and maintaining the longevity and health of an individual.
Yoga Nidra as Complementary Therapy for Quality of Life: A Narrative Review
Background: Yoga Nidra, a guided meditative practice rooted in the yogic tradition, is an essential component of yoga that enhances both psychological and physical well-being. This article offers an extensive review of the scientific literature on Yoga Nidra. Materials and Methods: We searched for citations using the keywords “Yoga Nidra and Quality of Life” across various online databases, such as PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, covering the years 2012–2025. The search yielded 3080 references. We focused on experimental studies, case studies, and case series published in English that explored the impact of Yoga Nidra on psychological and physical well-being. Results: Yoga Nidra effectively reduced anxiety, depression, and stress across various populations, including women with menstrual disorders, cancer patients, and healthcare professionals, thereby enhancing their psychological well being. This review synthesizes the findings, discusses their mechanisms, and highlights their clinical implications. Conclusion: The evidence supports Yoga Nidra as a holistic, non-invasive practice that improves sleep, cardiac function, and mental health by enhancing parasympathetic activity. Effective treatment across diverse populations reduces anxiety, depression, and stress. Its accessibility and therapeutic potential support its integration into health care. Further research is necessary to establish standardized protocols and to investigate their long-term effects.
Trataka Karma and Eye Health: Ancient Practice, Modern Relevance
Trataka Karma is one of the Shatkarma practices mentioned in Yogic literature, and it holds an important place in both ocular and mental health traditions of ancient India. Ayurveda considers the Netra (eye) a highly delicate sense organ, governed primarily by Alochaka Pitta and nourished by all seven Dhatus. Imbalance of Doshas, especially due to overuse, misuse, or excessive strain, leads to visual disturbances such as Timira, which begins with blurred or unclear vision. Yoga provides complementary practices to purify and strengthen both the eyes and the mind. Among these, Trataka Karma, steady gazing without blinking until tears naturally flow, is described in texts such as the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and Gheranda Samhita as beneficial for cleansing the eyes, improving concentration, and calming mental restlessness. This review compiles references from classical Ayurvedic and Yogic sources, including the Rigveda, Upanishads, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and Gheranda Samhita, along with modern scientific insights. The conceptual basis of Trataka Karma is explored through the lens of Netra Sharira, Dosha dynamics, and Yogic purification techniques. Modern correlations, such as accommodation exercise, tear-film stability, relaxation response, and attention enhancement, help validate the classical claims. With digital eye strain, myopia, and mental stress rising globally, Trataka Karma emerges as a safe, inexpensive, and practical preventive tool. Its enduring relevance demonstrates the wisdom of integrating ancient holistic knowledge with contemporary wellness needs.
Conceptual Insights on Shodhanartha Snehapana and its Effect on Lipid Homeostasis – Review Article
Introduction: Snehapana, the oral administration of medicated ghee or oil, is a preparatory procedure before Shodhana Karma (purification), which facilitate the elimination of toxin from the body. The influence of Agni, Koshta plays a major role in Shodhanartha Snehapana, but still the concerns remain regarding possible lipid fluctuations during therapy. Methods: This conceptual review analyzes classical Ayurvedic texts and available scientific studies to elucidate the role of Agni and Koshtha in determining the suitability, dose, and duration of Shodhanartha Snehapana. Parameters, such as Ruchi, Jarana shakti, and Abhyavaharana shakti, were reviewed for assessing Agni. The probable mode of action of Snehapana elucidates the lipid metabolism and the significance of Shodhana \Karma in maintaining the lipid balance. Results and Discussion: The Duration of Snehapana varies from individual by the action of Agni and Koshta, that is. 3 days for Mridu, 5 days for Madhyama, and 7 days for Krura Koshtha. By understanding, Snehapana mobilizes doshas from peripheral tissues to the gastrointestinal tract for elimination. Evidence suggests that while plasma lipid levels may transiently rise during therapy, they return to normal after proper Shodhana. The effect of Snehapana on lipid metabolism is regulatory rather than pathological. Individualized assessment of Agni, Koshtha, and metabolic status is crucial before administration. Purva Karma, such as Rukshana Karma in obesity and hyperlipidemia, prevents undesirable lipid fluctuations. Properly conducted Samyak Snehapana, followed by Shodhana, supports metabolic balance and avoids long-term dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Shodhananga Snehapana, if properly administrated with due consideration of Agni, Koshtha, and Prakriti it does not disturb the lipid balance. Instead, it aids in restoring elevated lipid levels to normal after proper suitable Shodhana Karma. Further clinical studies are needed to validate these conceptual findings with biochemical evidence.
Therapeutic Approach to Oligospermia – A Case Report
Oligospermia, defined as a sperm concentration below 15 million/mL, is one of the most prevalent causes of male infertility, contributing significantly to reproductive failure worldwide. Modern management often includes hormonal therapy, antioxidants, or assisted reproductive techniques, which may offer temporary relief but fail to address the underlying pathophysiological imbalance. Ayurveda, through its Vajikarana (aphrodisiac) and Rasayana (rejuvenation) therapies, offers a holistic and root-cause-based approach aimed at restoring Shukra Dhatu (reproductive tissue) and overall vitality. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of an Ayurvedic treatment protocol involving Panchakarma (bio-purification), Rasayana, and Vajikarana therapies in improving semen parameters and general health in a clinically diagnosed case of oligospermia. A 35-year-old male presented with infertility for 3 years and was diagnosed with oligospermia based on semen analysis (sperm count: 8 million/mL; motility: 25%). The patient underwent a structured Ayurvedic treatment plan consisting of Purvakarma (pre-purification) with Deepana Pachana and Snehapana, followed by Virechana Karma using Trivrit Leha and Nasya with Anu Taila. Post-Shodhana, Shamana therapy was administered with Ashwagandha Churna, Kapikacchu Churna, Gokshuradi Guggulu, Shatavari Ghrita, and Chyavanprasha Avaleha for 90 days. Lifestyle and dietary modifications were also advised, including the consumption of milk, ghee, black gram, and stress-reducing yoga practices. After 90 days of treatment, the patient showed significant improvement in semen parameters: sperm count increased from 8 million/mL to 28 million/ mL, motility improved from 25% to 55%, and normal morphology rose from 60% to 80%. Clinically, there was a notable enhancement in libido, stamina, and mental well-being. The patient reported improved energy levels, better sleep, and reduced anxiety. No adverse effects were observed during or after therapy. The Ayurvedic management protocol incorporating Panchakarma, Rasayana, and Vajikarana therapies demonstrated remarkable efficacy in improving both quantitative and qualitative aspects of semen as well as overall vitality. The results suggest that Ayurvedic treatment can serve as a safe, natural, and holistic alternative for managing oligospermia by correcting Dosha imbalance, enhancing Agni, and nourishing Shukra Dhatu. Further clinical trials with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these findings and establish standardized therapeutic protocols.
Role of Ayurveda Treatment to Manage Hypothyroidism: An Experience
Hypothyroidism constitutes a hypometabolic clinical condition characterized by the insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormones over an extended duration. Approximately one in ten adults in India is affected by hypothyroidism. The prevalence among women is sixfold greater than that in men. Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism range from life-threatening to no signs or symptoms. The most common symptoms in adults are fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, change in voice, and dry skin, but clinical presentation can differ with age and sex, among other factors. The foundational principles of Ayurvedic pathogenesis suggest that the primary contributing factor is the diminished functionality of Agni, commonly termed Agnimandya. Here is the case of a 32-year-old female patient having a 5-month history of hypothyroidism who sought treatment at our hospital. She was prescribed an Ayurvedic regimen consisting of Virechan karma was done with Erand tailam, Pathyadi kwath, and Avipattikar churna. After Virechan karma follow-up with Ashwagandha churna 3 g twice a day, Chitrakadi Vati 1 tablet twice a day after a meal, and Triphala Churna 5 g at bedtime. The findings suggested the possibility of Ayurvedic treatments for endocrine problems and showed a good effect on the management of hypothyroidism.
Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess the perception and feedback of undergraduate medical students of Ayurveda science on teaching methods in Rachana Sharir
The present study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire to assess the perception and feedback of undergraduate Ayurveda students regarding teaching methods in Rachana Sharir (Human Anatomy). Questionnaires are essential tools for collecting reliable educational data; however, their accuracy depends on robust design, ethical administration, and psychometric validation. A four-stage process was employed: Item generation through literature review and expert consultation, item grouping into thematic sections, response format selection, and ethical integration. The preliminary questionnaire included six sections covering demographic details, curriculum feedback, perception and feedback on teaching methods, technological resource utilization, and overall learning experience. Content validation was performed by six subject experts in Rachana Sharir and medical education using a 4-point relevance scale. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was computed for both item level (I-CVI) and scale level (S-CVI). All items achieved I-CVI = 1.00, with S-CVI/Ave and S-CVI/UA also equal to 1.00, indicating excellent content validity. A pilot test among 1st-year BAMS students confirmed the questionnaire’s clarity, linguistic appropriateness, and contextual relevance. The final validated instrument effectively captures student perceptions across traditional and modern anatomy teaching modalities, including lectures, dissections, multimedia tools, and simulation-based learning. This validated questionnaire serves as a standardized tool for evaluating and improving anatomy pedagogy in Ayurveda institutions. It provides a reliable framework for comparative educational research and curriculum enhancement, fostering an integrative approach that bridges classical Ayurvedic knowledge with contemporary anatomical science, ultimately promoting student-centered and competency-based learning in Rachana Sharir.
Virudh Ahara in Ayurveda: Insights into Its Role in Preventive Health Care
Background: Virudh Ahara (incompatible food combinations) represents a fundamental concept in Ayurveda, describing foods that disrupt physiological homeostasis. With rising lifestyle diseases, understanding Virudh Ahara has become increasingly relevant for preventive health care. Materials of Review: Classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and contemporary research from PubMed, Google Scholar, and AYUSH databases. Methods of Review: Systematic literature review using keywords “Virudh Ahara,” “incompatible foods,” “lifestyle diseases” for studies published 2000–2024. Type of Review: Narrative review combining classical knowledge with contemporary evidence. Results of Review: Analysis revealed Virudh Ahara contributes to lifestyle diseases through Agni dysfunction, Ama formation, and Dosha imbalance. Modern dietary habits align with classical incompatibility categories. Conclusion: Virudh Ahara provides a critical framework for understanding diet-related pathogenesis and serves as a valuable tool for preventive healthcare strategies.
Yoga Intervention for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and menstrual irregularities, which contribute to both metabolic and psychological challenges. Yoga therapy, as a holistic mind–body intervention, may provide benefits, although the evidence requires updating. This study aimed to assess the impact of yoga therapy on metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS through a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar from January 2020 to May 2025 for RCTs on yoga for PCOS. Two reviewers screened the data, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias (RoB). Random-effects meta-analysis pooled outcomes and grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation was used to evaluate certainty. Results: Eight RCTs involving 632 participants were included (median n = 52; moderate RoB). Yoga reduced metabolic homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (mean difference [MD] −0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.05–−0.11; I2 = 0%; moderate certainty), fasting insulin (MD −15.2 pmol/L, 95% CI −25.4–−5.0; I2 = 15%), testosterone (MD −10.44 ng/dL, 95% CI −14.12–−6.76; I2=19%), and depression (MD −4.69, 95% CI −5.63–−3.76; I2 = 75%; low certainty). Menstrual regularity improved (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.10–1.92; I2 = 20%; moderate certainty). The effects on BMI and glucose levels were modest and uncertain. The subgroups showed greater benefits at ≥12 weeks/≥150 min/week. No adverse events. Conclusion: Yoga has demonstrated modest improvements in outcomes for individuals with PCOS, with moderate certainty regarding its metabolic and endocrine benefits. As a safe adjunctive therapy, it merits consideration for integration into patient care in the future. To confirm these findings over the long term, large multicenter RCTs with standardized protocols are required.
Exploring the Sub-pillars of Life: Trayopastambha with Special Reference To Nidra
There has been an unpredictable variation in Trayopstambha: Ahara, Nidra, and Brahmacharya/Abrahmacharya in the modern world as a result of increased urbanization and civilizational advancement, leading to many ailments. Understanding this altered style of life requires an understanding of the Trayopsatambha concept, which aids in leading a healthy existence. The fundamental tool that all people possess to safeguard their destined lives is the Trayopsatambha. Through its close relationship with the three Stambhas of life, it preserves the Swasthya and protects the Ayu. Among all the Upastambhas, Nidra holds a particularly significant role, as it not only supports overall health but also influences the other two – Ahara and Brahmacharya. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of Nidra, including its definition, physiology, classification, and significance, is essential. Such insight can greatly enhance our appreciation of its vital role in maintaining balance and well-being in daily life.
Physiological Aspect of Agni W.S.R. to its Role in Metabolism
Introduction: Agni in Ayurveda is a deeply significant concept, often referred to as digestive fire, or biological fire, and it plays a central role in the body’s overall health, wellness, and balance. It is a key component of our body’s digestion and metabolism. Agni is responsible for the digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food, which is necessary for life maintenance. Materials and Methods: The study methods include exploration of Agni-related literary review from classical Ayurvedic texts, research articles, and journals such as Google Scholar and Research Gate. Result: The coordinated function of Jatharagni, Bhutagni, and Dhatvagni ensures the proper transformation of food into energy and tissue elements. This study identifies Agni as the central regulatory force of digestion, metabolism, and overall physiological balance. Balanced Agni maintains systemic equilibrium and overall health, whereas its impairment leads to Ama formation and metabolic imbalance, corresponding to disrupted metabolic functions described in modern physiology. Discussion: Agni plays a crucial role in transforming food components of various origins into a homologous nature, to turn digested food into energy. According to the functions and site of action, Agni has been divided into 13 types, i.e., one Jatharagni, five Bhutagni, and seven Dhatvagni. Jatharagni is the most important one, which digests four types of food and transforms them into Rasa and Mala. The discernment of Agni ultimately determines which materials enter our cells and tissues and which should be eliminated as waste. Hence, understanding of Agni is one of the important concepts for the understanding of its modern interpretations on metabolism. Conclusion: Agni is in charge of absorbing nutrient-dense substances; it is essential for converting food into energy and controls internal metabolic processes. The result is the body being nourished, which improves its complexion, nutritional strength, and overall well-being.
An Introduction to Kriya Yoga: A Philosophico-Literary Review
This literature review presents an overview of Kriya Yoga and its significance in traditional and modern contexts. The content for this review has been extracted from the Puranas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Tantric texts, Vedanta literature, and classical Kriya Yoga writings, as well as a total of 14 books and one relevant PubMed-indexed article identified using various keywords. Kriya Yoga is an ancient psycho-spiritual discipline aimed at accelerating human growth by synchronizing the body, mind, and consciousness. Deeply rooted in the yogic tradition, its philosophical foundations are found across the classical scriptures, and Maharshi Patanjali and Mahavatar Babaji later systematized it, and more recently propagated worldwide by Paramahansa Yogananda. The practice integrates specific pranayama techniques, meditation, and ethical living, designed to purify the nervous system, regulate life energy (Prana), and awaken higher states of consciousness. Current interdisciplinary studies suggest that Kriya Yoga influences psychophysiological parameters such as autonomic balance, neuroplasticity, and emotional regulation. These effects are further associated with measurable changes in brain regions. From a philosophical perspective, Kriya Yoga resonates with the non-dual vision of awareness, wherein the practitioner transcends egoic identification and realizes unity with the Self. Thus, Kriya Yoga represents not merely a set of techniques but a holistic path that combines spirituality, psychology, and subtle physiology, bridging ancient wisdom. The evidence indicates that Kriya Yoga, when practiced regularly with concentration, dedication, and patience, enhances both physical and mental well being. Moreover, it inspires practitioners to transcend the ego and move toward a state of expanded consciousness.
A Review of the Role of Aahara for Children’s Health and Well-being
Optimal nutrition during childhood is critical for growth, cognitive development, immunity, and overall well being. The first 1000 days – from conception to 2 years – represent a sensitive period where nutrient adequacy profoundly influences long-term health outcomes. Despite global efforts, malnutrition remains a major public health challenge, with millions of children affected by stunting, wasting, and underweight conditions. In India, childhood undernutrition continues to be a significant concern, underscoring the need for effective interventions. Ayurvedic principles emphasize an age-appropriate and balanced diet (Aahara) as central to child health. Classical texts, including the Kashyapa Samhita, recommend exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months, followed by the gradual introduction of complementary and solid foods tailored to the child’s constitution, digestive strength, and environmental factors. Proper nourishment supports body tissues (Dhatus), vital energy (Ojas), and Dosha balance, while preventing deficiencies and disease. This review integrates Ayurvedic dietary principles with contemporary nutritional guidelines, highlighting the role of parents, families, schools, and communities in promoting healthy eating behaviors. Ensuring balanced nutrition during childhood lays the foundation for lifelong physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being.
Jeevaniya Mahakashaya: Ayurvedic and Pharmacological Insights – A Review
Introduction: Jeevaniya Mahakashaya is one of the 10 classical groupings of herbs described by Acharya Charaka in the Charaka Samhita. This formulation includes ten medicinal plants – Jeevaka, Rishabhaka, Meda, Mahameda, Kakoli, Ksheerakakoli, Mudgaparni, Mashaparni, Jeevanti, and Madhuka, known for their rejuvenative, life promoting, and tissue-nourishing properties. Traditionally, these herbs have been integral to Rasayana Chikitsa (rejuvenation therapy) in Ayurveda, with indications in chronic illness, convalescence, and degenerative disorders. Their therapeutic effects are attributed to the enhancement of Ojas (vital essence), promotion of longevity, and improvement of physical and mental vitality. Aims and Objective: This review aims to bridge classical Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific insights by analyzing the pharmacological actions and therapeutic potential of the Jeevaniya Mahakashaya group. It seeks to evaluate their individual and synergistic effects to promote holistic health, especially in the areas of immunity, geriatrics, and tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of Ayurvedic classical texts and contemporary scientific literature was undertaken. The focus was on identifying the mechanisms of action, including nourishment of Rasa and Mamsa Dhatus, enhancement of Shukra Dhatu, immune modulation, reduction of oxidative stress, and promotion of tissue regeneration. Key pharmacological activities such as adaptogenic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties were evaluated through modern pharmacological studies. Discussion: Jeevaniya Mahakashaya consists of a group of ten herbs that have been acknowledged in Ayurveda for their profound life-promoting, rejuvenative, and nourishing properties. Conclusion: The therapeutic principles of Balya (strengthening), Brihana (nourishing), and Rasayana (rejuvenating) associated with Jeevaniya Mahakashaya find strong support in contemporary research. These herbs demonstrate promising potential for integration into holistic and integrative healthcare approaches.
Surgical Excision of Subungual Glomus Tumor with Ayurvedic Correlation to Shatroga: A Case Report
Glomus tumors are rare, benign neoplasms arising from the glomus body, most commonly affecting the subungual region of the fingers. Although its etiology remains largely unknown, several hypotheses have been made to explain the etiopathogenesis and cause of pain. They present with a characteristic triad of severe pain, pinpoint tenderness, and cold sensitivity. Due to their small size and nonspecific symptoms, these tumors are often misdiagnosed. When assessing a patient with severe pain localized to the fingertip, clinicians must maintain a broad differential diagnosis that encompasses other painful neoplasms, including leiomyoma, eccrine spiradenoma, hemangioma, neuroma, osteochondroma, and mucous cyst. On the basis of these features, Acharya sushruta and Ashtanga hridaya have maintained SHATROGA. The features of a glomus tumor resemble the features of Shatroga. This case report highlights a patient with a subungual glomus tumor, emphasizing the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, surgical management, and prognosis.
A Case Study on the Efficacy of Navaprasrutik Basti in the Management of Janu Sandhigata Vata (Knee Osteoarthritis)
The elderly is prone to the condition known as Sandhigata Vata (osteo arthritis). Some of the risk/cause factors include lifestyle choices, excessive weight, trauma, and a diet lacking in calcium. Vata is vitiated by Rooksha Aahar (dry diet) and Ativyaam (excessive exercise). It mostly affects the body’s weight-bearing joints, particularly the knee, hip, and lumbar spine. The most prevalent type of articular problems, Sandhigata Vata (osteo arthritis), severely restricts a sufferer’s ability to walk, dress, bathe, and do other daily tasks. The condition frequently manifests as Shula (pain), Shotha (swelling), Vata Poornadriti Sparsha (crackling sound), and trouble flexing and extending the Sandhi (joints). Calcium supplements, and ultimately joint replacement, are all alternatives for therapy. Here in this case study, a 41-year-old patient with Janu Sandhigata Vata (osteo arthritis) came with complaints of Right Knee joint pain, crackling sound in joints for 1.5 months. Due to long standing and straining, the patient had these symptoms. This indoor patient received 10 days of Anuvasana with Murchhita Tila Taila (medicated oil) and Navaprasrutik Basti (enema) and 10 days of Abhyanga (massage) at Nabhi (umbilicus), Parshva (flanks), Prushtha (back), and Ubhayapada Pradesh. The patient reacted favorably to these Ayurvedic therapies and had significant symptoms of alleviation.
Unraveling Darunaka (Dandruff): A Survey-Based Insight into its Psychosocial Impact
Background: Dandruff, being a common condition with a global prevalence of 50% and a prevalence of 60.1% in South Asia, is not only an issue of physical symptoms. It influences the quality of life (QoL) of an individual suffering from it. Hence, to analyze the effect of this condition on the dermatological QoL of the affected person, this survey study has been conducted. This study incorporates the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) developed by the Department of Dermatology at Cardiff University, UK. Objectives: To assess the QoL of patients with dandruff and to perform a subclass analysis of the DLQI questionnaire. Methods: This quantitative, observational study was carried out in the Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga at the National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, from July 2024 until January 2025. Data were collected through a Google form using the validated English version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results: A total of 301 patients participated in the study. It was observed that 3% of the participants had an extremely large effect, 15% had a very large effect, 29% had a moderate effect, 26% had a small effect, and 27% had no effect of dandruff on their QoL. The mean DLQI of the participants was seen to be 6.42, with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 30. Among the six subclasses, it was seen that dandruff affected symptoms and feelings the most, followed by daily activities, then treatment, then personal relationships, then work and school, and finally leisure. Conclusion: Dandruff (Darunaka) significantly affects the QoL, particularly in domains related to symptoms, emotional well-being, and daily activities. This survey-based study using the DLQI highlights the need for holistic management approaches that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of the condition. Ayurvedic insights offer valuable frameworks for personalized care, and further research is recommended to explore integrative treatment strategies.
Enlisting Manuscripts and Ancient Texts Related to Ayurveda Available in Nepal
Introduction: Manuscripts are handwritten documents that preserve the rich heritage of the country. Nepal has a rich collection of manuscripts in both public and private collections. They are mainly stored in the National Archive, Kaiser Library, and Asa Library and have been digitized with the help of the German government. The manuscripts related to Ayurveda have hardly been explored, with only a few manuscripts edited and published. This research work enlists the manuscripts stored in Nepal and makes an attempt to group them into various branches of Ayurveda. Methods: The details of the manuscripts available in Nepal in the National Archive, Government of Nepal, various libraries and in personal possessions were recorded according to the manuscript detail form of the National Mission for Manuscripts, Government of India. Result and Conclusion: They were then analyzed based on language, script, materials, and subject or branches of Ayurveda. During the study, a total of 2324 manuscripts were studied and they were written in seven different languages, eleven different scripts, in eight different materials and were related to eighteen different branches of subjects of Ayurveda. These manuscripts need to be explored to enhance our understanding of Ayurveda.
Integration of Ayurvedic Knowledge in School Education: A Study from Varanasi
Background: This study investigates the integration of Ayurvedic knowledge in school education by analyzing the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks (Classes 6–12) and assessing awareness among senior secondary students in Varanasi city. Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the representation of Ayurveda in NCERT textbooks and to measure students’ awareness and understanding of Ayurvedic concepts across different demographic variables such as gender and school type. Methodology: Employing a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 847 students across government and private schools. The NCERT textbooks were systematically reviewed for content related to health, hygiene, diet, yoga, and traditional medicine. Results: The findings revealed that while most students possessed a moderate level of awareness regarding Ayurveda, only a limited proportion demonstrated high knowledge. Female students and those from private schools exhibited significantly higher awareness levels. Chi-square analysis confirmed statistically significant associations between awareness, gender, and school type. Conclusion: The study highlights a notable gap between curricular representation and actual student awareness, underscoring the need for structured, experiential, and equitable integration of Ayurvedic concepts in school education. Recommendations: Curriculum enhancement, experiential learning initiatives, teacher capacity building, and alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 are recommended. The findings provide meaningful insights for policymakers, educators, and curriculum developers to promote the effective inclusion of Indian Knowledge Systems in contemporary education.
A review article on the role of Kusthadi Lepa in Ek-Kustha (Psoriasis)
All skin disease comes under the umbrella of Kustha Roga. Ek-Kustha is one among the Kshudra Kustha with the dominancy of Vata and Kapha Doshas. It is characterized by symptoms of Aswedanam, Mahavastu, and Matsyashakalopam. It resembles Psoriasis, which is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous plaques and silvery scales predominantly affecting the skin of the elbow, scalp, and knees. Currently, the modern medical science treats psoriasis with synthetic drugs, i.e., methotrexate, Psoralen ultraviolet light A, Vitamin D3 lotion, and steroid creams. Hence, there is a need for a treatment having safe and has good efficacy. Acharya Charak mentioned that the treatment of Ek-Kustha by external medications, i.e., Takradhara, Lepa, Udhavartan, Pradeha, etc., are effective in Ek-Kustha. Therefore, in this article, an attempt was made to aim the role of Kusthadi Lepam in Ek-Kustha (Psoriasis).
A Review of Lekhana Basti in the Management of Sthoulya (Obesity)
Introduction: Sthoulya, or obesity, is a major metabolic disorder in Ayurveda, primarily resulting from the stagnation of Meda Dhatu (fat tissue) and the impairment of Agni (digestive and metabolic fire), compounded by the vitiation of Kapha and the subsequent obstruction-induced aggravation of Vata Dosha. This condition is categorized under Santarpana-uttha Vyadhi (diseases of over-nourishment), mandating Apatarpana (reduction) therapy. Ayurveda provides a variety of therapeutic techniques, with Panchakarma being a significant treatment modality. Lekhan Basti, a Panchakarma treatment that involves medicated enemas, has shown substantial potential in the management of obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic diseases, particularly those caused by excess Kapha and Medodhatu. Materials and Methods: According to Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Sharangdhara, Lekhan Basti has Triphala Kwatha, Gomutra, Madhu, Yavakshara, and Ushakadi Gana. Kapha Shamaka, Deepana, Tiksna, and Agni Deepana are among the components with known medicinal potential. The process involves the use of an alkaline formulation due to components such as Gomutra and Yavakshara, which promote quick absorption and improve gut flora. Results: Lekhan Basti has a wide range of therapeutic effects, including correcting metabolic imbalances and reducing excess Kapha and Medodhatu. It has been believed to include qualities such as Vata-Kapha Shamaka, Deepana, Pachana, Lekhana, Karshana, and Srotoshodhaka, which aid in fat loss, digestive fire, and detoxification. Discussion: Lekhan Basti is an excellent Samshodhana treatment for Sthoulya. It is a potential strategy to enhance general metabolic health since it balances Kapha and reduces excess Medodhatu. Its detoxifying qualities, together with its effect on gut flora, make it an essential treatment for metabolic diseases. Conclusion: Lekhana Basti is effective as a Samshodhana (cleaning) therapy for metabolic illnesses caused by high Kapha and Medodhatu, including Sthoulya (obesity), dyslipidemia, PCOS, and other lifestyle diseases.
The Ethical–Legal Dimensions and Doctor–Patient Dynamics in Kayachikitsa - A Comprehensive Review
Background: Ayurveda, one of the world’s oldest medical systems, places a strong emphasis on the moral and ethical responsibilities of the physician. Kayachikitsa, the internal medicine branch of Ayurveda, is particularly grounded in principles of compassion, truthfulness, confidentiality, and patient-centered care as articulated in classical texts, such as the Charaka Samhita. In contemporary practice, however, Ayurvedic physicians operate within a complex legal and regulatory framework that includes licensure requirements, consumer protection laws, malpractice liability, and emerging issues in integrative medicine. These shifts necessitate a deeper understanding of how ancient ethical ideals intersect with modern medico-legal realities. Aim: This review critically examines the ethical–legal dimensions of Ayurvedic practice with a focus on Kayachikitsa, while exploring the evolving dynamics of the doctor–patient relationship in the context of both classical traditions and modern healthcare systems. Materials and Methods: A narrative review methodology was adopted, drawing on primary Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya), secondary literature on bioethics and medical law, and present medico-legal frameworks, including NCISM regulations, the Consumer Protection Act, and AYUSH guidelines. Additional sources included peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and AYUSH Research Portal. A thematic analysis was undertaken to identify convergences and divergences between traditional ethical principles and modern bioethical/legal standards. Results and Discussion: The findings demonstrate significant overlap between classical Ayurvedic values and modern bioethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for dignity. However, tensions exist between the traditional paternalistic model of the physician and modern expectations of informed consent and patient autonomy. Legally, Ayurvedic practitioners are increasingly accountable for negligence, documentation, and adherence to statutory guidelines. The doctor–patient relationship, once rooted in reverence and trust, now requires balancing empathy with transparency, professionalism, and legal compliance. Conclusion: Kayachikitsa offers a timeless ethical framework that can enrich modern medical ethics, provided it is adapted to contemporary medico-legal demands. Strengthening this synthesis through education, policy reform, and trust-centered practice will help preserve Ayurveda’s classical ethos while ensuring accountability and patient safety in the modern era.
National Commission for Indian System of Medicine