Enzymuria-Early Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Animals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.19.2.01Keywords:
Acute Kidney Injury, Diagnostic Markers, Enzymuria, Nephrotoxic Drugs, and Urinary EnzymesAbstract
Enzymuria is recently being used as valuable tool for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), and urinalysis in clinical cases. The origin of enzymes from different parts of the kidney has diagnostic importance. Enzymes of kidney origin, namely those from brush border of proximal tubuli were recognized for their clinical significance inanimals. Now a days, enzymes are more specifically used as tubular markers which determine the location and severity of kidney damage. These enzymes are glutathione S-transferase (GST), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), β-galactosidase (β-GAL), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase are used as early diagnostic markers of kidney injury. Normally, enzymes originates from serum (as glomerular filtrate), renal tubular cells, and the urogenital tract (epithelial cells, glandular secretion, and semen). The contribution of serum enzymes is negligible for most urinary enzymes because they are relatively larger (> 80 kDa), due to which those marker enzymes do not sieve through the glomerular membrane and appear in the urine. Urinary enzymes have also been used to determine the presence and location of renal tubular injury. Some bacterial or viral infections can damage kidney tubules, which result in the leakage of some enzymes from the tubular epithelium. Various nephrotoxic drugs used in clinical therapeutics, along with some contrast media may lead to acute kidney injury. Enzymes of kidney origin may be released due to damage to the brush border epithelium. Especially, NAG- a lysosomal enzyme in renal tubular epithelium released into urine in response to tubular damage. These enzymes could be increased or identified in urine of urinary tract infected animals.
Downloads
References
Adelman, R.D., Conzelman, G., Spangler, V. &Ishizaki, G. (1979a). Comparative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and netilmicin: Functional and Morphological Correlations with Urinary Enzymes. In: Diagnostic significance of enzymes and protein in urine, UC Dubach and U Schmidt (eds). Hans Huber, Bern, pp: 166-182.
Adelman, R.D., Spangler, W.L., &Beasom, F. (1979b). Furosemide enhancement of experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: Comparison of functional and morphological changes in activity of urinary enzymes. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 140(3), 342-352.
Ali Mohammadi-Karakani, SolmazAsgharzadeh-Haghighi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari&RohollahHosseini (2007). Determination of urinary enzymes as a marker of early renal damage in diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 21(6), 413-417.
Anh, D.J., Dimai, H.P., Hall, S.L. & Farley, J.R. (1998). Skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity is primarily released from human osteoblasts in an insoluble form, and the net release is inhibited by calcium and skeletal growth factors. Calcified Tissue International. 62, 332–340.
Anh, D.J., Eden, A. & Farley, J.R. (2001). Quantitation of soluble and skeletal alkaline phosphatase, and insoluble alkaline phosphatase anchor-hydrolase activities in human serum. Clinica Chimica Acta, 311, 137–148.
Ashalatha, V.L., Bitla, A.R., Suchitra, M.M., Rajasekhar, D., Siva Kumar, V., Lakshmi, A.Y., &Srinivasa Rao (2015). Urinary enzymes and microalbuminuria as biomarkers of renal dysfunction after contrast administration. Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research, 4, 256-265.
Athanasiou, L.V., Katsogiannou, E.G., Spanou, V.M., Dedousi, A. &Katsoulos, P.D. (2021). Potential acute renal injury in sheep with bluetongue serotype 4. Pathogens, 10, 159-167.
Bazzi, C., Petrini, C., Rizza, V., Arrigo, G., Napodano, P., Paparella, M. & D’Amico, G. (2002). Urinary N-acetyl-betaglucosaminidase excretion is a marker of tubular cell dysfunction and a predictor of outcome in primary glomerulonephritis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 17, 1890-1896.
BiljanaDavidovic-Plavsic, TatjanaVujic, SnezanaUletilovic, JelicaPredojevic-Samardzic, DraganaMalcic&ZivkoSanicanin (2010). Urinary activities of proximal tubule enzymes in neonates treated with gentamicin, Journal of Molecular Biology, 29(1), 44 - 47.
Bonventre, Joseph V. (2010). Acute kidney injury: In Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation,3rdedn.https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/enzymuria.
Brunker, J.D., Ponzio N.M. & Payton, M.E. (2009). Indices of urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities in clinically normal adult dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70, 297–301.
Clemo, F.A. (1998). Urinary enzyme evaluation of nephrotoxicity in the dog. Toxicologic Pathology 26, 29–32.AAP) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in healthy dogs. Veterinary Medical Association,38, 90-98.
Conzelman, G.M. & Gribble, D.H. (1980). Urinary enzyme assays as a quantitative evaluation of drug induced nephrotoxicity. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 23, 243-247.
Dubach, U.C., Le Hir, M. & Gandhi, R. (1989). Use of urinary enzymes as markers of nephrotoxicity. Toxicology Letters, 46(3), 193-196.
Elizabeth, H P Leunissen, Maxime G Blanchard, FareebaSheedfar, Marla Lavrijsen, Jenny van der Wijst, René J M Bindels, &Joost G J Hoenderop ( 2016). Urinary β-galactosidase stimulates Ca2+ transport by stabilizing TRPV5 at the plasma membrane. Glycobiology, 5(26), 472–481.
Emeigh Hart, S.G. (2005). Assessment of renal injury in vivo. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 52, 30-45.
Fujita, H., Narita, T., Morii, T., Shimotomai, T., Yoshioka, N. &Kakei, M. (2020). Increased urinary excretion of N-acetylglucosaminidase in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Renal Fail, 24, 69-75.
Geor, R.J. (2003). Acute renal failure. In: Current therapy in equine medicine 5, Robinson NE, editor, Philadelphia, Saunders, pp: 839-844.
Gossett, K.A., Tnrnwald, G.H., Kerney, M.T., Greco, D.S. &Cleghorn, B. (1987). Evaluation of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase-to-creatinine ratio from spot samples of urine supernatant, as an indicator of urinary enzyme excretion in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 455-457.
Greco, D.S., Turnwald, G.H., Adams, R., Gossett, K.A., Kearney, M., & Casey, H. (1985). Urinary γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 46, 2332-2335.
Heiene, R., Biewenga, W.J. &Koeman, J.P. (1991). Urinary alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase as indicators of acute renal damage in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 32, 521–524.
Ikenaga, H., Suzuki, H., Ishii, N., Itoh, H. & Saruta, T. (1993). Enzymuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients: Signs of tubular cell dysfunction. Clinical science (London), 84, 469-475.
Jung, K. &Grützmann, K. D. (1988). Quality control material for activity determinations of urinary enzymes. Clinical Biochemistry, 21(1), 53-57.
Kazumi, T., Hozumi, T., Ishida, Y., Ikeda, Y., Kishi, K., Hayakawa, M. & Yoshino, G. (1999). Increased urinary transferrin excretion predicts microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 22, 1176-1180.
KumariPallavi, Khare, R.L., Patra P.K. &DebapriyaRath (2020). Urinary enzymes as early diagnostic marker for diabetic nephropathy: A comparison with cystatin C. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 1(5), 2455-7587.
Lameire, N., Van Biesen, W. &Vanholder, R. (2005). Acute renal failure. The Lancet, 365, 417-430.
Magnusson, P., Sharp, C.A., & Farley, J.R. (2002). Different distributions of human bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms in serum and bone tissue extracts. ClinicaChimicaActa, 325, 59-70.
Matteucci, E. &Giampietro, O. (1994). To store urinary enzymes: How and how long? Kidney International, 46 (Suppl), S58-S59.
McAtee Brigitte, B. &Lidbury Jonathan, A. (2017). Liver enzyme interpretation and liver function tests. https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/hepatology/liver-enzyme-interpretation-and-function-tests/.
Moran, M. & Myers, B. D. (1985). Course of acute renal failure studied by a model of creatinine kinetics. Kidney International, 27, 928-937.
Mukhopadhyay, B., Chinchole, S., Lobo, V., Gang, S. &Rajapurkar, M. (2004). Enzymuria pattern in early port renal transplant period: Diagnostic usefulness in graft dysfunction. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 19, 4-19.
Nicole M. Smee, Lisa M. Pohlman, Christopher I Vahl, Michael W Sanderson & Gregory F. Grauer (2011). Effect of storage time and temperature on canine urine enzymes N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 14(1), 2016.
Nielsen, S.E., Reinhard, H., Zdunek, D., Hess, G., Gutiérrez, O.M., Wolf, M., Parving, H.H., Jacobsen, P.K. &Rossing, P. (2012). Tubular markers are associated with decline in kidney function in proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 97, 71-76.
Ostermann, M., Philips, B. &ForniLui, G. (2012). Clinical review: Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: where are we now? Critical Care, 16: 233. http://ccforum.com/content/16/5/233.
Price, R.G. (1982). Urinary enzymes, nephrotoxicity and renal disease. Toxicology, 23, 99-134.
Qian, J., Fang, J., Zhu, Q., Ma, S., Wang, W., Zheng, Y.,Hao, G., Deng, B., Zhao, X & Ding, F. (2015). Serum protein thiol levels in patients with hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 40, 623-629.
Raekallio, M.R., Hielm-Bjorkman, A.K.,Kejonen, J., Salonen, H.M. &Sankari, S.M. (2006). Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term orally administered carprofen in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 228, 876–880.
Reusch, C., Vochezer, R. &Weschta, E. (1991). Enzyme activities of urinary alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in healthy dogs. ZentralblVeterinarmed A,38, 90-98.
Rivers, B.J., Walter, P.A., O'Brien, T.D., King, V.L. &Polzin, D.J. (1996). Evaluation of urine gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-to-creatinine ratio as a diagnostic tool in an experimental model of aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in the dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 32, 323-336.
Rosemary L. Bayless, A Russell Moore, Diana M. Hassel, Brittney J. Byer, Gabriele A. Landolt& Yvette S. Nout-Lomas (2019). Equine urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase assay validation and correlation with other markers of kidney injury. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation,31(5), 688-695.
Saraswathi, R.V. &Shoba, F.G. (2015). Study of Renal enzymuria and albuminuria activity in the Petals of Pink NelumbonuciferaGaertn. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5 (12), 142-146.
Sato, R., et al. (2002). Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and its isoenzymes in cats with urinary disease. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 64(4), 367-371.
Savage, C.J. (2008). Urinary clinical pathologic findings and glomerular filtration rate in the horse. Veterinary clinics of North America Equine practice, 24, 387–404.
Shu, K.H., Wang, C.H., Wu, C.H. et al. (2016). Urinary π-glutathione S-transferase predicts advanced acute kidney injury following cardiovascular surgery. Scientific Reports, 6, 26335. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26335.
Thomsen, H.S. &Morcos, S.K. (2014). Contrast media and the kidney: European society of urogenital radiology (ESUR) guidelines. The British Journal of Radiology, 76(908), 513-518.
Uechi, M., Uechi, H, Nakayama, T., Wakao, Y., Ogasawara, T., Takase, K. & Takahashi, M. (1998). The circadian variation of urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and gamma glutamyltranspeptidasein clinically healthy cats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 60, 1033-1034.
Vaidya, V.S., Ramirez, V., Ichimura, T., Bobadilla, N.A. &Bonventre, J.V. (2006). Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: A sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 290, F 517-529.
Westhuyzen, J., Endre, Z.H., Reece, G., Reith, D.M., Saltissi, D. & Morgan, T.J. (2003). Measurement of tubular enzymuria facilitates early detection of acute renal impairment in the intensive care unit. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 8, 543-551.
Note 1; The article has been reviewed and edited , it requires some more information.
Give EC classification of all enzymes . Use correct spelling of the name of the enzymes.
Spacing in the text has been corrected , you are advised to check the same and grammer also.
Arrange the references as per APA format , if you don’t have see the guidelines of IJVSBT . The title of the journal should be full and correct .
use the same MS which I am sending you , for corrections ,any change be highlighted in yellow ,
This is final version , if it is not found as per IJVSBT guidelines it will not be accepted . Any confusion ,may be asked to me.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
