Appraisal of Farm Diversification and Livelihood System of Bihar (India)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2023.59315Keywords:
Farm diversification, Simpson index of diversification, Ordinal regression, Dairy farmers, ConstraintsAbstract
The paper examines state-level trends in Bihar for determining patterns in farm diversification for the period 1990-91 to 2018-19, using the Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) and ordinal linear regression analysis to analyse the determinants. The study, conducted in the year 2022, reported that the cropping system at the state level is transforming from food grains to different high-value crops and allied farming sectors. The transformation was not uniform across the regions. The SID values have demonstrated how the agricultural economy has been more diverse over time, with some variations in the production of food and non-food crops. The result of multiple regressions has revealed earning members, social work participation, and government donations to be the major determinants of farm diversification, and various constraints were identified using the Garrett ranking method. Hence, the study suggests that policy support for the development of dairy farmers should be more focused on increased cropping intensity, insurance protection, investments in agricultural research and education, and technology development.
Downloads
References
Barrett, C., Reardon, T., & Patrick, W. (2001). Non-farm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315–31.
Dagar, A., & Upadhyay, R. (2022). Factors affecting livelihood security of the tribal women in crop-based livelihood activities. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(2), 163-166.
Das, L., Nain, M. S., Singh, R., & Burman, R. R. (2014). Constraints in marketing of fruits as perceived by the fruit growers and NERAMAC in Assam. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development, 9(2), 114-117.
Ellis, F. (2000). The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302.
Ersado, L. (2006). World Bank Policy Research. Working Paper, 3964. Ezung, T. Z. (2021). Livelihood diversification in Nagaland. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 6(2), 28-32.
Gautam, P. K., & Jha, S. K. (2023). Analysis of livelihood security of households: a case study from rural areas of Bundelkhand. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 59(1), 146-149.
Gireesh, S., Kumbhare, N. V., Nain, M. S., Kumar, P., & Gurung, B. (2019). Yield gap and constraints in production of major pulses in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 53(1), 104-107.
Gupta, B. K., Mishra, B. P., Singh, V., Patel, D., & Singh, M. P. (2020). Constraints faced by vegetable growers in adoption of IPM in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 56(4), 92-97.
Hiremath, B. N. (2007). The changing faces of rural livelihood in India. National Civil Society conference what it takes to eradicate poverty. Institute of Rural Management, Anand.
Khan, A. R., Dubey, M. K., Bisen, P. K., & Saxena, K. K. (2007). Constraints faced by farmers of Narsing Kheda village of Sihore district. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 7(1).
Khatun, D., & Roy, B. C. (2012). Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: determinants and constraints. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 25(1), 115-124.
Mentamo, M., & Geda, N. R. (2016). Livelihood diversification under severe food insecurity scenario among smallholder farmers in Kadida Gamela District, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Nursing and Social Sciences Related to Health and Illness, 18(4), e258– e264.
Minot, N., Epprecht, T. M., & Trung, Q. L. (2006). Income Diversification and Poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam. IFPRI Research Report, 145, 1-111. Washington, D.C.
Mishra, M., Ravi, S. C., Verma, A. K., Gupta, A. K., Dubey, S. K., & Jaiswal, R. (2023). Assessing composite livelihood security and its determinants among rural households. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 59(2), 41–45.
Mottaleb, K. A., & Ali, A. (2018). Rural livelihood diversification strategies and household welfare in Bhutan. The European Journal of Development Research, 30(4), 718–748.
Niehof, A. (2004). The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems. Food Policy, 29, 321-338.
Parmanand, T., Singh, M. K., Ram, D., & Chaudhary, K. P. (2012). Assessment of livelihood security among farmers of Vidarbha region. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 14(3).
Reardon, T., Taylor, J., Stamoulis, K., Lanjouw, P., & Balisacan. A. (2001). Effects of nonfarm employment on rural income inequality in developing countries: An investment perspective. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 89.
Sen, B., Venkatesh, P., Jha, G. K., Singh, D. R., & Suresh, A. (2017). Agricultural diversification and its impact on farm income: A case study of Bihar. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 30, 77-88.
Smith, D. R., Gordon, A., Meadows, K., & Zwick, K. (2001). Livelihood diversification in Uganda: patterns and determinants of change across two rural districts. Food Policy, 26(4), 421– 435.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
