The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction
type: channel
description: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction (IJAR) is the official journal of the Indian Society for the Study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR). The journal publishes high-quality original research, review articles, short communications, and clinical case reports in the field of animal reproduction. The scope of IJAR covers a broad range of topics including: Veterinary gynaecology and obstetrics Andrology and semen biology Spermatogenesis and semen preservation Artificial insemination techniques Embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) Endocrinology and reproductive physiology Reproductive biotechnology Clinical reproductive disorders and case documentation Publication Frequency IJAR is published quarterly, with issues released in: March, June, September, and December.
publisher: The Indian Society for Study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR)
language: en
publication name: The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction
issn: 0970-2997
items: Growth and Reproductive Biology of Shilluk, Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), in the Third River / central Iraq
items: Management of Monstrous Fetal Dystocia in a Crossbred Cow
items: Management of Rupture of Prepubic Tendon in a Non-descript Doe Complicated by Evisceration of Gravid Uterus
items: Retrieval of Retained Artificial Insemination Sheath with Semen Straw in a Non-Descript Cow
items: Surgical Management of Vaginal Hyperplasia in a Labrador Bitch
items: Serum Biochemical Constituents in Repeat Breeder vis-a-vis Normal Cyclic Crossbred Cows
items: Age Determination of Aborted Fetus in A Barbari Goat
items: Dystocia Due to Fetal Hydrothorax in a Non-Descript Doe
items: Management of Hydramnion in a Holstein Friesian Cow Affected with Prepubic Tendon Rupture
items: Effect of Intrauterine Administration of Proteolytic Enzymes on Fertility in Postpartum Crossbred Cows Affected with Subclinical Endometritis
items: Impact of Corpus Luteum Morphology and Progesterone Levels on Pregnancy Outcomes in Embryo Transferred Cows
items: Regional Variations in Awareness and Adoption of Dairy Management Interventions among Farmers of Pathankot and Kathua Districts
items: Prevalence of Canine Pyometra in Mhow region of Madhya Pradesh
items: Effect of Supplementation of Synthetic Serum Substitutes Versus Fetal Bovine Serum in Maturation Media on In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes from Sahiwal Cows
items: Effect of Slow Releasing Versus Conventional FSH Superovulatory Protocol on Superovulatory Response and Embryo Production in Sahiwal Cows
items: Characterization of Estrous Cycle in Rats Through Morphological and Cytological Changes in Tubular Genitalia
items: Multimodal Approaches for Canine Estrus Detection Through Vaginal Electrical Resistance, Vaginal Cytology, Vaginoscopy and Progesterone Profile
items: Incidence of Reproductive Disorders in Cows in South Odisha: A One-Year Field Study
items: Effect of Supplementing Moringa Forage Meal and Boron on Sperm Production and Quality in Breeding Jersey Bulls
items: Applications of Ultrasonography in Buffalo Reproduction
items: The Usage of Progesterone Hormone and Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Detection in Local Iraqi Ewes
items: Awareness Among Dairy Farmers Regarding Breeding and Health Practices in Una and Hoshiarpur
items: Dystocia Due to Poll Presentation in Crossbred Primipara Black Bengal Doe
items: Effect of Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) Versus Polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro Maturation of Oocytes Retrieved by Ovum Pick-up (OPU) in Sahiwal Cows
items: Management of Coexisting Luteal and Follicular Ovarian Cysts in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow
items: Prediction of Parturition in Canine Using Serial Ultrasound Foetal Monitoring and Serum Progesterone Levels
items: Dystocia Due to Fetal Ascites in a Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
items: Dystocia due to Fetal Hydrocephalus in a Non-Descript Nulliparous Doe
items: Association of Libido with Serum Hormone Profile and Semen Quality in Breeding Buffalo Bulls
items: Ultrasonographic and Dopplerfluxometria Assessment of Renal Function in Pyometra-Affected Bitches

Growth and Reproductive Biology of Shilluk, Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), in the Third River / central Iraq
type: item
description: This study was conducted on several environmental parameters, and some reproduction physiological processes of the Shilluk fish Leuciscus vorax were conducted alongside the Third River throughout central Iraq between the months of January and December of 2022. The results indicated that the temperatures of the water ranged from 10.1°C in January to 34.7°C throughout July. Every month, the acidity value varied between 6.4 and 8.3. The total dissolved solids (T.D.S.) average each month varied between 4.04 ppt and 7.41 ppt. The oxygen content in the solution varied between 9.22 and 6.9 mg/L. Throughout the course of the research, data from 106 L. vorax specimens were gathered. The hormonal Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) as well as the formation of gonads was examined in order to estimate the fertilization time. The results show that this kind of organism undergoes one reproductive cycle annually, with spawning events taking place between the months of January and February. The overall length (TL) of the individuals varied from 10.83 to 53.1 cm. Comparative reproductive estimates varied between 63388 to 79695 eggs per kilogram of weight of the person, and eggs lengths at maximal maturation varied from 1.5 to 1.64 mm.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Water quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Gonadosomatic index
  topic: keywords
subject: Relative fecundity
  topic: keywords
creator: Kadhim Jawad Lafat Al-Zaidy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 143
ending page: 151
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.22

Management of Monstrous Fetal Dystocia in a Crossbred Cow
type: item
description: Abnormal joint fixation, or fetal ankylosis, can make it difficult to deliver the calf normally and may require more com plex obstetrical operations, such as fetotomy or cesarean surgery. The current case report details the incidence of dystocia in a crossbred cow brought on by forelimb ankylosis and schistosomus reflexus that was effectively treated by performing fetotomy.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Arthrogryposis
  topic: keywords
subject: Bovine
  topic: keywords
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Fetotomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Mudamanasu Praveen Kumar
creator: Sakunala Uma Maheswari
creator: Yadagiri Aruna
creator: Kangonu Anthony Raju
creator: Mendu Mounika
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 101
ending page: 103
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.20

Management of Rupture of Prepubic Tendon in a Non-descript Doe Complicated by Evisceration of Gravid Uterus
type: item
description: A three-year-old goat was presented with the history of swelling in the right-side ventral abdomen and foul-smelling serous discharge from the swollen area. On examination, swollen part had two fistulas. Through one fistula, mild fowl smelling discharge was observed and through another fistula, protrusion of gravid uterine horn was found. On vaginal examination cervix was found to be closed. Based on the clinical findings, the case was diagnosed as longstanding case of hysterocele complicated with evisceration of gravid uterus. On exploratory laparotomy, it was found that the abdominal muscles were not torn and the gravid uterus was eviscerated through the ruptured prepubic tendon. The hysterectomy was performed to save the life of the dam and the doe recovered uneventfully on proper postoperative care.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Goat
  topic: keywords
subject: Hysterocele
  topic: keywords
subject: Evisceration of uterus
  topic: keywords
subject: Hysterectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Prepubic tendon
  topic: keywords
creator: Manokaran Sakthivelu
creator: Thangamani Annadurai
creator: Reshma Abdul Rahim
creator: Sarath Thulasiraman
creator: Rajkumar Rama samy
creator: Elango Ayyasamy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 97
ending page: 100
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.19

Retrieval of Retained Artificial Insemination Sheath with Semen Straw in a Non-Descript Cow
type: item
description: A pluriparous cow was presented with a retained AI sheath with semen straw in the genital tract due to faulty insem ination. Clinical examination showed vulvar oedema, hyperaemic vaginal mucosa and a swollen cervix, while rectal palpation and ultrasonography confirmed the sheath in the recto-vaginal pouch. Under epidural anaesthesia, the rectal mucosa containing the sheath was exteriorized through the anus, and the sheath was removed via a small rectal incision. The animal recovered uneventfully.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Cow
  topic: keywords
subject: Retained AI sheath
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Straw
  topic: keywords
subject: Cervix
  topic: keywords
creator: Subramanian Prakash
creator: Vijayakumar Tarun
creator: Soundarapandian Satheshkumar
creator: Ponnusamy Jayaganthan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 94
ending page: 96
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.18

Surgical Management of Vaginal Hyperplasia in a Labrador Bitch
type: item
description: A 2.5-year-old female Labrador was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, with a history of a large (8 x 4 cm) tongue shaped mass protruding from the vulva for the past two weeks. Clinical evaluation revealed a prominent, red, pedunculated, semisoft mass emerging from the vulvar lips, which was non-painful on palpation. Based on clinical find ings and confirmed through histopathological examination, the condition was diagnosed as vaginal hyperplasia. The prolapsed tissue was surgically excised with successful outcome.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Bitch
  topic: keywords
subject: Surgical Excision
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaginal Hyperplasia
  topic: keywords
creator: Chetna Gangwar
creator: Omprakash Jajriya
creator: Sobhit
creator: Renuka Mishra
creator: Brijesh Kumar Yadav
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 90
ending page: 93
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.17

Serum Biochemical Constituents in Repeat Breeder vis-a-vis Normal Cyclic Crossbred Cows
type: item
description: The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare serum biochemical constituents in normal cyclic and repeat breeder crossbred cows. A total of 18 animals were selected and categorized into two groups: group I (normal cyclic, n=9) and group II (repeat breeder, n=9). Blood samples were collected, and serum was analysed for total protein, glucose, cal cium, and phosphorus concentrations. The findings revealed that repeat breeder cows exhibited significantly lower levels of serum total protein, glucose, and phosphorus compared to normal cyclic cows. However, no significant difference in serum calcium levels was observed between the two groups. These results suggest that alterations in specific biochemical parameters may contribute to the repeat breeding condition and highlighted the importance of monitoring metabolic status in reproductive management of dairy cattle.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Crossbred Cows
  topic: keywords
subject: Repeat Breeder
  topic: keywords
subject: Total Protein
  topic: keywords
subject: Glucose
  topic: keywords
creator: Anavil Bhardwaz
creator: Pallavi Khajuria
creator: Amit Khatti
creator: Gitesh Saini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 87
ending page: 89
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.16

Age Determination of Aborted Fetus in A Barbari Goat
type: item
description: The present communication describes the assisted per vaginal delivery of an aborted fetus in a newly purchased Barbari goat with an uncertain pregnancy status. The delivery was facilitated through manual cervical dilation, adequate lubri cation, and gentle traction. Gestational age was estimated based on crown–rump length (CRL) measurement. The dam recovered uneventfully following treatment.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Abortion
  topic: keywords
subject: Fetus
  topic: keywords
subject: Gestational age
  topic: keywords
subject: Goat
  topic: keywords
creator: Avaneesh Kumar Singh
creator: Mahesh Kumar
creator: Vikas Sachan
creator: Balachandra Balamurugan
creator: Sanjay Kumar Ravi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 84
ending page: 86
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.15

Dystocia Due to Fetal Hydrothorax in a Non-Descript Doe
type: item
description: Dystocia is a relatively common condition in goats; however, cases resulting from fetal abnormalities are infrequently reported. The current report places a record on dystocia due to fetal hydrothorax and its successful management in a non-descript doe.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Doe
  topic: keywords
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrothorax
  topic: keywords
subject: Thoracocentesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Subramanian Prakash
creator: Srinivas Oviya
creator: Soundarapandian Satheshkumar
creator: Ponnusamy Jayaganthan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 81
ending page: 83
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.14

Management of Hydramnion in a Holstein Friesian Cow Affected with Prepubic Tendon Rupture
type: item
description: A full-term pregnant HF crossbred cow was presented with the history of enlarged abdomen with distended udder for the past five days. Based on the clinical, rectal and ultrasonographic examination, the case was diagnosed as Hydramnion complicated with pre-pubic tendon rupture. By inducing parturition, a dead male cyclops foetus was delivered per vagi num. Animal made an uneventful recovery following treatment.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Hydramnion
  topic: keywords
subject: Prepubic tendon rupture
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyclops
  topic: keywords
subject: Cow
  topic: keywords
creator: Prakash Subramanian
creator: Shally Panwar
creator: Ponnusamy Jayaganthan
creator: Soundarapandian Satheshkumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 77
ending page: 80
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.13

Effect of Intrauterine Administration of Proteolytic Enzymes on Fertility in Postpartum Crossbred Cows Affected with Subclinical Endometritis
type: item
description: The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of intrauterine administration of proteo lytic enzymes with conventional antibiotic therapy and an untreated control, focusing on their effects on cervical mucus characteristics, evidence of PMN cell percentages, recovery and subsequent fertility in crossbred cows afflicted with subclinical endometritis. Group I received intrauterine proteolytic enzyme infusion containing trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain; Group II received systemic antibiotic ceftiofur sodium intramuscularly for three days; and Group III served as the control group. 87.50% of animals in both Group I and II showed clear thin mucus while Group III animals showed no improvement. The mean spinnbarkeit values after treatment increased significantly in Group I and II. The mean pH values of cervical mucus in Group I and II was 7.12 ± 0.10, whereas Group III retained an alkaline pH (8.00 ± 0.10). The mean percentage of PMN cells recorded significant reductions Group I and II, while Group III remained unchanged after treatment. The first service conception rate among clinically recovered animals was 57.14% in Group I, 42.85% in Group II and 0% in Group III. Though conception rates were comparable between Group I and II, the enzyme group showed slightly higher fertility restoration. The results of the present study suggest that intrauterine administration of proteolytic enzymes improves cervical mucus quality, reduces uterine inflammation, and enhances fertility outcomes in cows with subclinical endometritis.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Crossbred cows
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertility
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteolytic enzymes
  topic: keywords
subject: Subclinical endometritis
  topic: keywords
creator: Radha Lakshmi Kotta
creator: Teja Allu
creator: Anusha Konjeti
creator: Vani Gaddam
creator: Chandana Bojja
creator: Uppumaguluri Venkata Sai Narayana Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 70
ending page: 76
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.12

Impact of Corpus Luteum Morphology and Progesterone Levels on Pregnancy Outcomes in Embryo Transferred Cows
type: item
description: The corpus luteum size, shape, and echotexture were assessed by transrectal ultrasonography on day seven after synchro nized estrus in twenty recipient cows. The compact corpus luteum was observed in 13 (65%) cows, while the vacuolated corpus luteum was observed in 7 (35%) cows. The pregnancy rate with compact and vacuolated corpus luteum was 7.69 and 57.14 %, respectively, and was found statistically significant at (p<0.05) between the compact and vacuolated corpus luteum. The mean serum progesterone level (ng/ml) on the 7th day after estrus in pregnant and non-pregnant embryo transferred recipient cows was 10.66±1.07 and 8.9±0.46, respectively. There was no positive correlation found between corpus luteum diameter and progesterone in pregnant and non-pregnant groups. In conclusion, the type of corpus luteum significantly influences pregnancy rates in embryo-transferred recipient cows.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Corpus luteum
  topic: keywords
subject: Embryo transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy rate
  topic: keywords
subject: Progesterone
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhujbal Akshada Dushyant
creator: Maheshkumar Vitthalarao Ingawale
creator: Manoj Subhash Patil
creator: Shyam Ganesh Deshmukh
creator: Chaitanya Hemednrakumar Pawshe
creator: Ranjit Suresh Ingole
creator: Sudhakar Pralhad Awandkar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 67
ending page: 69
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.11

Regional Variations in Awareness and Adoption of Dairy Management Interventions among Farmers of Pathankot and Kathua Districts
type: item
description: This study aimed to find the awareness and adoption of scientific dairy management interventions among farmers in Pathankot (Punjab) and Kathua (Jammu & Kashmir. A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select 80 respondents (40 per district), covering five management domains: calf care, feeding, housing, reproduction and health care. Responses were recorded on a binary scale (Yes = 1, No = 0) and data were analysed using Student’s t-test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. The results revealed marked regional disparities. The overall mean adoption score was sig nificantly higher in Pathankot (0.67 ± 0.06a) compared to Kathua (0.56 ± 0.06b), indicating greater scientific orientation among Punjab farmers. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in key indicators such as feeding of concentrates and mineral mixtures (0.62 ± 0.07a vs 0.40 ± 0.07b), silage preparation (0.55 ± 0.07a vs 0.27 ± 0.07b), awareness of age at first insemination (0.95 ± 0.03a vs 0.77 ± 0.06b), AI preference (0.87 ± 0.05a vs 0.70 ± 0.07b), semen quality (0.77 ± 0.06a vs 0.62 ± 0.07b), and reproductive record keeping (0.47 ± 0.07a vs 0.25 ± 0.06b). Pathankot also showed higher adoption of prophylactic disease measures (0.32 ± 0.07a vs 0.15 ± 0.05b), reflecting its stronger veterinary network and exten sion exposure. The study underscores the need for targeted capacity-building, farmer-centric training and policy-driven infrastructure support in emerging dairy regions. Strengthening integrated dairy management will ensure sustainable productivity and equitable dairy development across northern India.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Dairy farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Breeding management
  topic: keywords
subject: Feeding practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Health care
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Pathankot
  topic: keywords
subject: Kathua
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravdeep Singh
creator: Rakesh Kumar Sharma
creator: Jaswinder Singh
creator: Rajesh Kasrija
creator: Bharti Deshmukh
creator: Mrigank Hon parkhe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 60
ending page: 66
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.10

Prevalence of Canine Pyometra in Mhow region of Madhya Pradesh
type: item
description: Pyometra, a serious and potentially fatal uterine infection in intact female dogs, is a common reproductive disorder characterized by the accumulation of purulent material within the uterus. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of canine from June to November 2024. A total of 1,857 canine cases were presented during the study period, of which 27 cases (1.45%) were diagnosed as pyometra based on clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings. Among 174 recorded gynaecological cases, pyometra accounted for 15.51 per cent cases. The disease was more prevalent in the month of July and August, with the highest incidence observed in Labrador Retrievers (37.03%) and nulliparous females (55.55%). Both open (77.77%) and closed (22.22%) cervix forms of pyometra were identified, with severity classified via ultraso nography. Monthly and breed-wise variation, along with parity status, revealed patterns that may assist in early diagnosis and targeted intervention. The findings highlight the importance of routine reproductive health monitoring in at-risk breeds and non-breeding females. Enhanced diagnostic facilities, including ultrasonography, were crucial for timely detection and management, thereby reducing associated morbidity and mortality.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Canine pyometra
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
creator: Durgesh Singh
creator: Shashank Vishvakarma
creator: Sobhran Singh Mahour
creator: Madhu Shivhare
creator: Nitin Kumar Bajaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 54
ending page: 59
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.9

Effect of Supplementation of Synthetic Serum Substitutes Versus Fetal Bovine Serum in Maturation Media on In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes from Sahiwal Cows
type: item
description: The outcome of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is dependent on the successful oocyte maturation. The composition of mat uration media plays an important role in higher proportion of oocyte reaching metaphase II stage. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a common supplement, though, its use is associated with inconsistency and ethical issues. Hence, this investigation compared two defined alternatives media (KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR) and NuSera) to FBS for in vitro maturation (IVM) of Sahiwal cattle oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected via ovum pick-up and cultured in media containing 10% KSR, 10% NuSera, 5% FBS, or no supplement. The media supplemented with 10% NuSera revealed the 85.92% full cumulus cell expansion which was equivalent to the media supplemented with 5% FBS revealed 90.41% cumulus cell expansion. While, 10% KSR revealed only 21.74% full cumulus cell expansion. The findings of the present study indicates that 10% NuSera could be a viable synthetic substitute for FBS in the IVM of bovine oocytes.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)
  topic: keywords
subject: In Vitro Maturation (IVM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR)
  topic: keywords
subject: NuSera Serum Replacement (NuSera)
  topic: keywords
subject: Sahiwal
  topic: keywords
creator: Gurbeer Singh Sandhu
creator: Narinder Singh
creator: Khushpreet Singh
creator: Gurjot Kaur Mavi
creator: Vijay Singh Malik
creator: Navdeep Singh
creator: Neetu Saini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 48
ending page: 53
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.8

Effect of Slow Releasing Versus Conventional FSH Superovulatory Protocol on Superovulatory Response and Embryo Production in Sahiwal Cows
type: item
description: The conventional superovulation protocols require multiple FSH injections at 12 hours intervals for 4 to 5 days due to short half-life of FSH which results in multiple visits and frequent handling of animals. Thus, the protocols involving multiple FSH dose regimen to induce superovulation adds stress to the animal, increases cost and risk to the handler particularly when the donor cows are not habitual to be handled and have tetchy nature. To overcome these limitations, the present study compared the efficacy of single dose FSH dissolved in aluminium hydroxide gel (Antrin R10 AL) with conventional FSH (Antrin R10) administered in multiple doses in inducing superovulatory response and embryo pro duction in Sahiwal cows. Pluriparous, non-pregnant Sahiwal cows weighing between 400-500 kg having BCS between ≥ 2.5 to 3.5 were administered with estradiol benzoate (@ 2 mg) and progesterone (@ 50 mg/animal) intramuscularly on random day of estrous cycle (Day 0) and CIDR an intravaginal progesterone device were placed on the same day. These cows were randomly allocated into two groups. The group 1 (Antrin R10 group, n=6) were administered with 30 A.U of pFSH divided into 8 equal doses (3.75 A.U. each), intramuscularly starting from day 4 at 12 hourly intervals for 4 days while group 2 (Antrin R10 AL, n=6) were administered 40 A.U subcutaneously once on day 4 of the protocol. The mean number of CL’s were 7.5 ± 2.25 and 7.2 ± 1.82 in group 1 and 2, respectively and did not differ significantly. However, the mean number of embryos recovered (5.8 ± 2.87 vs 1.8 ± 0.48) and the mean number of transferable embryos (4.0 ± 2.14 vs 0.7 ± 0.42, P = 0.158) were numerically higher in the group 1 than in group 2. It was concluded that the slow releasing FSH resulted in lower superovulatory response and embryo production than that of conventional FSH in Sahiwal cows.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Antrin
  topic: keywords
subject: Embryo
  topic: keywords
subject: FSH
  topic: keywords
subject: Superovulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sahiwal
  topic: keywords
creator: K Lalchhanhima
creator: Mrigank Honparkhe
creator: Narinder Singh
creator: Ajeet Kumar
creator: Vijay Singh Malik
creator: Prahlad Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 42
ending page: 47
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.7

Characterization of Estrous Cycle in Rats Through Morphological and Cytological Changes in Tubular Genitalia
type: item
description: In the present study the phases of estrous cycle of the albino Wistar rats were characterized so as to carry out reproduc tive procedure like superovulation. The phases of estrous cycle of rats in the present study were characterized by two methods e.g. visual examination by recording morphological changes in vulva and vagina and vaginal cytology meth ods. The various morphological changes noticed in vulva and vagina during the proestrus phase were: initiation of the vaginal opening, moist and reddish pink vaginal tissues and appearance of longitudinal folds on the vulvar lip. During estrus phase vaginal opening was nearly similar to proestrus phase but the vaginal tissues appeared lighter pink and less moist. The longitudinal folds during estrus appeared more pronounced than proestrus. The swelling on the dorsal lip got reduced while vaginal tissues appeared pale and dry during metestrus. There was no vaginal opening noticed during diestrus while the vaginal tissues appeared moist. The cytological changes noticed were as follows: the predominance of small nucleated cells (80%) was noticed during the proestrus phase while the estrus phase was characterized by the predominance of anucleated cornified epithelial cells (80%). There were large number of PMN cells (65%) with few anucleated cornified cells (20%) during metetrus phase. The diestrus phase was characterized by predominance of Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells (80%). Thus, phasing of estrous cycle of rat can be efficiently performed with visual examination supported by vaginal cytology for its confirmation.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Cornified epithelial cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Estrous cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymorphonuclear cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Rats
  topic: keywords
subject: Small nucleated cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Visual examination
  topic: keywords
creator: Shubham Kumar
creator: Manish Kumar Shukla
creator: Ashutosh Tripathi
creator: Atul Kumar Verma
creator: Neelesh Kapoor
creator: Pradeep Kumar
creator: Aditya Kumar
creator: Jaipal Gautam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 27
ending page: 31
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.5

Multimodal Approaches for Canine Estrus Detection Through Vaginal Electrical Resistance, Vaginal Cytology, Vaginoscopy and Progesterone Profile
type: item
description: This study aimed to combine two or more techniques to achieve more precise and dependable results for estrous detection. For this, 54 healthy female dogs were evaluated for estrous detection through different diagnostic methods, including vaginal electrical resistance (VER), exfoliative vaginal cytology (EVC), vaginoscopy and serum progesterone profiling. Vaginal cytology during proestrus revealed a significant proportion of large intermediate cells (61.94±4.98%), followed by small intermediate cells (26.58±3.53%) and a low proportion of keratinized cells (6.38±4.82%). During estrus, kera tinized cells dominated (70.67±2.64%), alongside large intermediate cells (25.25±2.84%). VER values peaked during estrus (614.72±63.91Ω), while specific means recorded as 233.87±28.95 Ω in proestrus. Vaginoscopy revealed pink, con gested vaginal mucosa with vulvar edema during proestrus, transitioning to wrinkled, shrunken and pale mucosa with progressing crenulations during estrus, driven by hormonal changes. Serum progesterone levels increased steadily from 0.63 ± 0.15ng/mL in proestrus to 7.29±0.83 ng/mL during estrus. Hence, the combined application of these diagnostic methods provides a comprehensive framework for predicting the estrus stage and improving reproductive management in canines.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Vaginal electrical resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Exfoliative vaginal cytology
  topic: keywords
subject: vaginoscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Progesterone
  topic: keywords
creator: Vasu Sharma
creator: Amit Sharma
creator: Tyson
creator: Ankit Ahuja
creator: Akshay Sharma
creator: Pravesh Kumar
creator: Pankaj Sood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 22
ending page: 26
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.4

Incidence of Reproductive Disorders in Cows in South Odisha: A One-Year Field Study
type: item
description: A retrospective study was conducted on 1,136 cows (487 crossbred and 649 non-descript) presented at 71 Veterinary Ambulatory Clinics in Kasinagar and Gosani blocks of Gajapati district, Odisha, India from August 2023 to August 2024 to evaluate the incidence of reproductive disorders. Overall, 73.63% cases were anestrus and 26.37% repeat breeding. Crossbred Jersey cows showed higher postpartum anestrus (56.35%), while non-descript cows had more repeat breed ing (61.58%). Repeat breeding was most frequent in cows with BCS <2 (49.2%). Infertility peaked in summer (37.54%) compared to rainy (24.82%) and winter (22.46%) seasons. Parity-wise, repeat breeding was highest in pluriparous cows at second calving (43.26%). The findings underscore the influence of breed, nutrition, season, and parity on infertility under field conditions.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Anestrus
  topic: keywords
subject: Repeat breeding
  topic: keywords
subject: Crossbred Jersey cows
  topic: keywords
creator: F Sebastin Raju
creator: Saranya Paidi
creator: B V S Bhavya Charitha
creator: Nuka Likitha
creator: T P Balagopalan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 18
ending page: 21
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.3

Effect of Supplementing Moringa Forage Meal and Boron on Sperm Production and Quality in Breeding Jersey Bulls
type: item
description: The testicular microenvironment influences semen production capacity and consequently the reproductive potential of the male. In the present study, Moringa oleifera (moringa) and boron were supplemented in Jersey bulls to assess total sperm output and quality. In a completely randomised design, 28 healthy Jersey bulls were selected and supplemented with moringa and boron (sodium borate) for sixty days. These animals were divided into four groups (n=7 each), group-1 (control), group-2 (70g moringa forage meal/day), group-3 (40ppm boron as sodium borate) and group-4 (40ppm boron plus 70g moringa forage meal/day). Before the start and at the end of the feeding experiment, semen samples were eval uated for sperm functional attributes and semen production capacity of the bulls. A significant (p<0.05) improvement in straightness (STR), membrane integrity, acrosome intactness and mucus penetration ability were observed in moringa fed group as compared to the onset of treatment. A significant (p<0.05) improvement in total sperm concentration and thus the total straw production was observed in moringa fed animals. Although boron improved sperm output and qual ity, no additional or synergistic effect with moringa was observed. The study provides evidence that moringa feeding improves total sperm concentration and the quality of the sperm functional attributes in Jersey bulls.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Moringa oleifera
  topic: keywords
subject: boron
  topic: keywords
subject: sperm production
  topic: keywords
subject: Jersey bulls
  topic: keywords
creator: Balakrishnan Binsila
creator: Sellappan Selvaraju
creator: Shivakumar Gowda
creator: Balaganur Krishnappa
creator: Debpriyo Kumar Dey
creator: Thomas Athira
creator: Din Taran Pal
creator: Artabandhu Sahoo
creator: Raghavendra Bhatta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 11
ending page: 17
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.2

Applications of Ultrasonography in Buffalo Reproduction
type: item
description: Ultrasonography has emerged as a transformative tool in buffalo reproduction, offering non-invasive, real-time insights into the anatomical and physiological aspects of the reproductive tract. In addition to its routine application for preg nancy diagnosis, ultrasonography is crucial for monitoring fetal development, diagnosing fetal anomalies, and identify ing conceptus loss. This helps in timely interventions by diagnosing non-pregnant animals or those having pregnancy issues, which can significantly improve reproductive outcomes. The ability of ultrasonography to enhance our under standing of follicular dynamics in buffaloes has significantly improved fertility management practices. By closely moni toring follicle development and ovulation timing, veterinary professionals can optimize breeding schedules and improve the success rates of artificial insemination. The combination of high-resolution B-mode imaging and Doppler modal ities aids in predicting fertility outcomes in various obstetrical conditions such as uterine torsion. Clinicians can make informed decisions regarding treatment options and prognosis by assessing blood flow to the reproductive organs and evaluating the uterine health. This review emphasises the routine application of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and the identification of reproductive disorders, while also exploring its advanced use in obstetrics, assisted reproductive technology, and male reproduction. As this technology continues to evolve, it promises to play an increasingly vital role in advancing buffalo reproduction.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Infertility
  topic: keywords
subject: Uterine torsion
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravjibhai Karshanbhai Chaudhari
creator: Tarunkumar Virabhai Sutaria
creator: Chandrakant Fuljibhai Chaudhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.04.1

The Usage of Progesterone Hormone and Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Detection in Local Iraqi Ewes
type: item
description: The study was designed to evaluate and compare the reliability of several diagnostic methods for early pregnancy detec tion. Fifteen multiparous, non-pregnant local Iraqi ewes aged 2–4 years, along with four breeding rams, were used in this experiment. All animals were housed at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fallujah, from October 2024 to March 2025. Estrus synchronization in the experimental ewes was performed using Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) intravaginal sponges combined with 500 IU of eCG, followed by natural mating with the four rams. Mating occurred at the onset of estrus and this time point was considered day 0. Whole blood samples were collected from the 15 ewes on day 0, and additional samples were obtained on days 14, 21, and 30 post-insemination (PI) for serum pro gesterone (P4) analysis. Early pregnancy was assessed using transrectal ultrasonography (TRU) with a 7.5 MHz probe. Serum samples were also used to measure P4 concentrations. Based on the findings, the detection Accuracy (Acc) of ULR was low in early pregnancy (days 14-21 PI) and improved along with pregnancy progression (30 PI). Progesterone levels were significantly raised in pregnant ewes compared to non-pregnant and control throughout the period. In days 14-21 PI, the P4 test method was significantly more effective than ULR in predicting pregnancy. By day 30 PI, the reli ability of all methods improved, the P4 assay demonstrated approximately similar efficiency to ULR. In conclusion, the P4 assay is a more reliable method for detecting pregnancy during the early stages (days 14–21 PI). From day 30 onward, ultrasonography becomes a superior approach due to its higher reliability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to determine both pregnancy status and embryo/fetal number.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Ewes
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasound
  topic: keywords
subject: Progesterone
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Emad Abood
creator: Qusay Muhammad Aboud
creator: Maysam Abdulrahman Ghazi
creator: Mustafa Salah Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
starting page: 133
ending page: 142
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.21

Awareness Among Dairy Farmers Regarding Breeding and Health Practices in Una and Hoshiarpur
type: item
description: This study was conducted to assess and compare the awareness and adoption of reproductive and healthcare manage ment practices among dairy farmers in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab and Una district of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 80 respondents (40 from each district) were selected using a purposive random sampling method. Data were collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics and t-tests to determine the significance of observed differences.The results revealed significant regional disparities in both awareness and adoption of recommended dairy practices. Farmers from Hoshiarpur consistently reported higher mean scores across most indi cators. In reproductive and breeding management, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in farmers’ knowledge regarding the importance of age at first insemination (Hoshiarpur: M = 0.90 ± 0.04; Una: M = 0.70 ± 0.07), preference for artificial insemination over natural service (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.62 ± 0.07), awareness of heat detection (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.60 ± 0.07), semen quality (0.75 ± 0.06 vs. 0.52 ± 0.07) and use of veterinary help during parturition (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.57 ± 0.07). In terms of healthcare practices, significant differences were found in seasonal vaccination awareness (0.95 ± 0.03 vs. 0.80 ± 0.06) and application of prophylactic measures against contagious diseases (0.32 ± 0.07 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05).The overall mean adoption score was significantly higher in Hoshiarpur (0.68 ± 0.05) than Una (0.53 ± 0.06), indicating more effective extension and veterinary service delivery in Punjab. These findings emphasize the need for focused awareness programs, improved service infrastructure and targeted interventions in Una district to enhance reproductive efficiency and health management in dairy farming.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Dairy farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare management
  topic: keywords
subject: Himachal Pradesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
subject: Reproductive management
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravdeep Singh
creator: Rakesh Kumar Sharma
creator: Jaswinder Singh
creator: Rajesh Kasrija
creator: Bharti Deshmukh
creator: Mrigank Hon parkhe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-26
publication date: 2025-09-26
starting page: 58
ending page: 63
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.8

Dystocia Due to Poll Presentation in Crossbred Primipara Black Bengal Doe
type: item
description: The presented case of dystocia in crossbred primipara Black Bengal doe with fetus poll presentation (anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso sacral position, flexed fore limbs) was rectified by manual manipulation using small eye hook as obstetrical tool. On per-vaginal examination, cervix was found to be dilated and top of the head (poll region) of fetus was felt which waslater confirmed by diagnostic imaging (X-ray). A dead foetus was delivered by traction through eye hook along with the fetal membrane. The doe was administered with antibiotics, pain killer, Vitamin B complex, calcium and other fluid therapy, ecbolics and the doe recovered eventually.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Eye hook
  topic: keywords
subject: Poll presentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Primipara doe
  topic: keywords
creator: Kalpita Subhalagna Dey
creator: Himanshu Behera
creator: Juturu Sri Naga Anirudh
creator: Abhijit Patra
creator: Shuvranshu Shekhar Biswal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 130
ending page: 132
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.20

Effect of Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) Versus Polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro Maturation of Oocytes Retrieved by Ovum Pick-up (OPU) in Sahiwal Cows
type: item
description: The experiment was conducted to compare the effect of supplementation of fetal calf serum (FCS) versus polyvin ylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of the bovine oocytes collected by ovum pick-up (OPU) method. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC’s) obtained by follicular aspiration having at least a complete layer of cumulus cells were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 replicates each of 10-12 oocytes. In vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation of 5% FCS showed (Mean±Std. Error, %) higher full expansion of cumulus cells (9.20±0.64, 90.20) in comparison to 1% PVP (8.5±0.45, 81.73), though non-significant. On the other hand, COC’s showing intermedi ate expansion were significantly low (p<0.05) in maturation media (Mean±Std. Error, %) supplemented with 5% FCS (0.40±0.21, 3.9) in comparison to 1% PVP (1.30± 0.30, 12.50). Higher maturation rate in media supplemented with FCS might be due to growth factors, nutrients, hormones and antioxidants present in it. FCS contains number of growth fac tors that play an important role in regulation of oocyte maturation, particularly via cumulus cells. IVM media containing 5% FCS provides a favourable environment in comparison to 1% PVP for in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes obtained though ovum pick-up.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Cumulus Oocyte Complexes (COCs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Fetal Calf Serum (FCS),
  topic: keywords
subject: In Vitro Maturation (IVM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Ovum Pick-up (OPU)
  topic: keywords
subject: Polyvinylpyrolidine (PVP)
  topic: keywords
creator: Khushpreet Singh
creator: Narinder Singh
creator: Gurjot Kaur Mavi
creator: Mrigank Honparkhe
creator: Apoorva Shekhar
creator: Prahlad Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 30
ending page: 35
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.4

Management of Coexisting Luteal and Follicular Ovarian Cysts in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow
type: item
description: Ovarian cysts are one of the most common postpartum ovarian dysfunctions in cattle. The present case reports an incidence of COD and its successful therapeutic management in a cow at institute dairy herd. Per-rectal examination of the genitalia and transvaginal ultrasound examination of the ovaries at ten days interval confirmed the persistence of a hypoechoic structure (4.05 cm in diameter) as a luteal cyst. Treatment with CIDR+Ovsynch protocol with timed AI was effective in the induction of estrus and resulted in successful establishment of pregnancy.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: Follicular cyst
  topic: keywords
subject: Luteal cyst
  topic: keywords
subject: Ovarian cysts
  topic: keywords
subject: PGF2α
  topic: keywords
creator: Maharajan Lavanya
creator: Selladurai Praveen
creator: Sakhare Abhijeet
creator: Saroha Harshit
creator: Vedamurthy Gowdar Veerap pa
creator: Sakthivel Jeyakumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 125
ending page: 129
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.19

Prediction of Parturition in Canine Using Serial Ultrasound Foetal Monitoring and Serum Progesterone Levels
type: item
description: A 2-year-old Himalayan Sheepdog with unclear mating history was presented with concerns of delayed parturition. Diagnostic procedures used were serial serum progesterone analysis and ultrasonography to determine approximate gestational age and foetal viability. Data collection of the same parameters were done 48 hrs apart. Owner was advised to monitor rectal temperature and wait for natural whelping after drop in progesterone levels. On first ultrasound scan bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and foetal heart rate were 2.62cm and 244 bpm, respectively. The corresponding serum progesterone was 3.15ng/ml. The readings pertaining to bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and foetal heart rate 48 hours after first clinical examinations were 2.76 cm and 236 bpm, respectively, whereas the serum progesterone was 0.76 ng/ml. Eventually the bitch delivered eight healthy puppies naturally after 14 hrs of last sample collection.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Bi-parietal diameter
  topic: keywords
subject: Parturition prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: Serum progesterone
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
creator: Falguni Gupta
creator: Nilesh Dagli
creator: Sarita Gulavane
creator: Ravindra Chaudhari
creator: Sandeep Gaikwad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 120
ending page: 124
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.18

Dystocia Due to Fetal Ascites in a Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
type: item
description: An eight-year, fifth parity buffalo was reported to Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rampura Phul with problem of obstructed fetus in birth canal, hyperthermia and severe distress. The case was diagnosed as dystocia due fetal ascites and complicated by hyperthermia. Successful management of hyperthermia and per-vaginal delivery through obstetrical maneuver is presented in this paper.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Ascites
  topic: keywords
subject: Buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: Dystocia
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyperthermia
  topic: keywords
creator: Amit Khatti
creator: Gitesh Saini
creator: Dawoud Aamir Nehru
creator: Anavil Bhardwaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 116
ending page: 119
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.17

Dystocia due to Fetal Hydrocephalus in a Non-Descript Nulliparous Doe
type: item
description: A one-year-old nulliparous non-descript doe was presented with the history of delivery of a live kid 24 hours before and straining with no progress. Vaginal examination revealed fully dilated cervix with the foetus in anterior longitudinal pre sentation, dorso sacral position with bilateral shoulder flexion and enlarged fetal head suggesting hydrocephalus. Under epidural anaesthesia, a dead female fetus was relieved by mutation and controlled traction and the doe was treated with an antibiotic, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatories and an ecbolic for three days resulting in uneventful recovery.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: nulliparous
  topic: keywords
subject: non-descript
  topic: keywords
subject: presented
  topic: keywords
subject: history
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhargav Shivamurthy
creator: Raja Sengodan
creator: Duraisamy Gopikrishnan
creator: Mahakrishnan Palanisamy
creator: Mani Selvaraju
creator: Manickam Murugan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 113
ending page: 115
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.16

Association of Libido with Serum Hormone Profile and Semen Quality in Breeding Buffalo Bulls
type: item
description: The libido of buffalo bulls is crucial factor for influencing the semen production for artificial insemination programs. The present study investigated the relationship of libido with hormonal profiles and semen quality of Murrah (n = 5) and Nili Ravi (n =1) buffalo bulls classified into good (n = 2), average (n = 2) and poor (n = 2) libido groups based on reac tion time (< 3 min, between 3-6 min and > 6 min, respectively). Serum testosterone, estradiol, prolactin and kisspeptin levels were assayed post-GnRH administration using ELISA kits, while serum nitric oxide (NO) was assayed using Griess reaction kit (ELISA kit). Fresh semen quality (volume, concentration, total motility) and post-thaw frozen semen qual ity, including CASA-derived motion traits and morphological parameters, were evaluated. Serum testosterone, estradiol, prolactin kisspeptin and NO didn’t significantly differ across libido groups, however testosterone to estradiol (T/E) ratio was significantly higher in bulls exhibiting good libido traits (p < 0.05). Among hormones, solely kisspeptin and T/E ratio showed significant positive correlation with each other. Fresh semen parameters (volume, sperm concentration and fresh motility) were significantly superior in the good libido buffalo bulls (p < 0.01). For post-thaw semen, motility parameters were similar across groups, while several kinetic motion traits (DCL, DSL, DAP, VCL, VSL, VAP, radius, ALH, HAC) were significantly higher in good libido group (p < 0.01). Sperm viability, acrosomal integrity, and mito chondrial membrane potential didn’t differ significantly (p > 0.05). Evaluating correlation among serum hormones and semen quality, T/E ratio showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with DCL, DSL, DAP and VSL, while relation among other parameters remained non-significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, good libido of buffalo bulls positively influences their semen quality. Among serum hormones, T/E ratio influences the libido exhibition in buffalo b…
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Buffalo bulls
  topic: keywords
subject: Libido
  topic: keywords
subject: Testosterone estradiol ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: Prolactin
  topic: keywords
subject: Kisspeptin
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitric Oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Semen quality
  topic: keywords
creator: Tanvir Singh Sidhu
creator: Ajeet Kumar
creator: Mrigank Honparkhe
creator: Ashwani Kumar Singh
creator: Narinder Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 91
ending page: 99
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.13

Ultrasonographic and Dopplerfluxometria Assessment of Renal Function in Pyometra-Affected Bitches
type: item
description: Pyometra is a complex diestrual disorder that primarily affects the uterus in mature bitches and can have systemic effects on various organs and physiological systems. One of the main complications observed with this disease is its renal affection. Though detection of renal impairment has been traditionally done by evaluating serum biochemical values or urinary biochemical results; analysis of renal size and perfusion employing ultrasonography and Dopplerfluxometria offer new means of analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal function in pyometra affected bitches employing the traditionally used serum and urinary parameters as well as ultrasonographic and Dopplerfluxometria assessment. Thirteen bitches affected with pyometra and six healthy bitches, kept as control, were used in the study. The animals were assessed for renal injury by evaluating serological parameters such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine; urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) and renal ultrasonographic evaluation and Dopplerfluxometria. It was noted that Dopplerfluxometria of renal artery offered evidence of renal damage in instances where serological, urinary and renal size assessments failed to detect any indications of renal impairment in pyometra affected bitches.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Pyometra
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal impairment
  topic: keywords
subject: Doppler ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
subject: UPCR
  topic: keywords
creator: Hitha Kuttikkattuparambil Thilak
creator: Hiron Mooloor Harshan
creator: Jayakumar Choppillil
creator: Amritha Aravind
creator: Umesh Chempanpathalil Gopalan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 85
ending page: 90
doi: 10.48165/ijar.2025.46.03.12