Constraints Affecting Fertility of Sex Sorted Semen: An Overview
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijar.2022.43.1.2Keywords:
Chromosome, Flow cytometry, sexed semenAbstract
In most mammals, the male to female sex ratio of offspring is about 50% because half of the sperm contains either the Y chromosome or the X chromosome. Desired sex either male or female which is produced from semen having X or Y bearing sperm is known as sexed semen. Flow cytometry is the only proven method for semen sexing to be commercially viable with more than 90% accuracy to produce calves of desirable sex. The sexed semen technology has several advantages, the production of more female calves and more milk, and lowered risk of dystocia. Increased efficiency of progeny testing, embryo transfer and in-vitro fertilization program has proposed a demand of feasible technology for sex sorting of spermatozoa. In India, this revolutionary technology is in its budding stage. This paper aimed to review the constraints affecting the fertility of sex sorted semen.
References
Aubuchon, K. W., Odde, J. A., Bronkhorst, C., Bortoluzzi, E. M., Goering, M. J., Fike, K. E., and Odde, K. G. (2022). Field trial assessing the use of sex-sorted semen in beef cattle. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 8(1), 14.
Balao da Silva, C. M., Ortega-Ferrusola, C., Morrell, J. M., Rodriguez Martinez, H. and Pena, F. J. (2013). Flow cytometric chromosomal sex sorting of stallion spermatozoa induces oxidative stress on mitochondria and genomic DNA. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 51, 18-25.
Bathgate, R., Mace, N., Heasman, K., Evans, G., Maxwell, W.M.C. and de Graaf, S.P. (2013). Birth of kids after artificial insemination with sex-sorted, frozen-thawed goat spermatozoa Reprod. Domest. Anim., 48, 893-898.
Boe-Hansen, G. B., Morris, I. D., Ersboll, A. K., Greve, T. and Christensen, P. (2005). DNA integrity in sexed bull sperm assessed by neutral Comet assay and sperm chromatin structure assay. Theriogenology., 63(6), 1789-1802.
Carvalho, J. O., Sartori, R., Machado, G. M., Mourao, G. B. and Dode, M. A. N. (2010). Quality assessment of bovine cryopreserved sperm after sexing by flow cytometry and their use in in vitro embryo production. Theriogenology., 74(9), 1521-1530.
Cerchiaro, I., Cassandro, M., Dal Zotto, R., Carnier, P. and Gallo, L. (2007). A field study on fertility and purity of sex-sorted cattle sperm. J. Dairy Sci., 90(5), 2538-2542.
de Graaf, S.P., Evans, G., Maxwell, W.M.C. and O’Brien, J.K. (2006). In vitro characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa after sex-sorting and re-freezing. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 18(8), 867-874.
de Graaf, S.P., Evans, G., Maxwell, W.M.C., Downing, J.A. and O’Brien, J.K. (2007). Successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted ram spermatozoa in sheep. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 42(6), 648–653
de Oliveira Carvalho, J., Sartori, R., Rodello, L., Mourão, G. B., Bicudo, S. D. and Dode, M. A. (2018). Flow cytometry sex sorting affects bull sperm longevity and compromises their capacity to bind to oviductal cells. Livest. Sci., 207, 30-37.
De Vries, A. and Nebel, R. (2009). National heifer supply and the effects of sexed semen. In Proceedings Western Dairy Management Conference, Reno, NV, March (pp. 9-13).
De Vries, A., Overton, M., Fetrow, J., Leslie, K., Eicker, S., and Rogers, G. (2008). Exploring the impact of sexed semen on the structure of the dairy industry. J. Dairy Sci., 91(2), 847-856.
DeJarnette, J. M., Leach, M. A., Nebel, R. L., Marshall, C. E., McCleary, C. R. and Moreno, J. F. (2011). Effects of sex-sorting and sperm dosage on conception rates of Holstein heifers: is comparable fertility of sex-sorted and conventional semen plausible? J. Dairy Sci. 94(7), 3477-3483.
DeJarnette, J. M., Nebel, R. L. and Marshall, C. E. (2009). Evaluating the success of sex-sorted semen in US dairy herds from on farm records. Theriogenology., 71(1), 49-58.
DeJarnette, J.M., Cleary, C.R., Leach, M.A., Moreno, J.F., Nebel, R.L. and Marshall, C.E. (2010). Effects of 2.1 and 3.5 x 106 sex-sorted sperm dosages on conception rates of Holstein cows and heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 93(9), 4079-4085.
Frijters, A. C. J., Mullaart, E., Roelofs, R. M. G., van Hoorne, R. P., Moreno, J. F., Moreno, O. and Merton, J. S. (2009). What affects fertility of sexed bull semen more, low sperm dosage or the sorting process? Theriogenology., 71(1), 64-67.
Fujita, Y., Mihara, T., Okazaki, T., Shitanaka, M., Kushino, R., Ikeda, C. and Shimada, M. (2011). Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on human sperm recognize bacterial endotoxins and mediate apoptosis. Hum. Reprod., 26(10), 2799–2806.
Gaddam, N., ST, V. R., Putty, K., Sakaram, D. and Ganji, V. K. (2022). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of sex sorted semen of Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds. Research Square (preprint).
Galli, A. and Balduzzi, D. (2009). Fertility of sexed bovine semen. In Proceeding: 44 International Symposium of Animal Production “Impact and perspectives of biology and technology of Animal Reproduction” (Eds GF Greppi, S. Mura) (p. 77).
Gamrad, L., Mancini, R., Werner, D., Tiedemann, D., Taylor, U., Ziefuß, A. and Rath, D. (2017). Triplex-hybridizing bioconjugated gold nanoparticles for specific Y-chromosome sequence targeting of bull spermatozoa. Analyst, 142(11), 2020–2028.
Garner, D. L. and Seidel Jr, G. E. (2008). History of commercializing sexed semen for cattle. Theriogenology, 69(7), 886-895.
Gledhill, B.L., Lake, S., Steinmetz, L.L., Gray, J.W., Crawford, J.R. and Dean, P.N. (1976). Flow micro fluoro metric analysis of sperm DNA content: effect of cell shape on the fluorescence distribution. J. Cell. Physiol., 87(3), 367- 376.
Grossfeld, R., Strothmeyer, M. and Rath, D. (2011). Low dose sperm intra fallopian transfer (SIFT) in dairy cows. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 46 (Suppl 3): 109 (Abstr).
Guner, B., Erturk, M., Yilmazbas‐Mecitoglu, G., Keskin, A., Karakaya‐Bilen, E., Cakircali, R. and Gumen, A. (2020). Effect of delaying the time of insemination with sex‐sorted semen on pregnancy rate in Holstein heifers. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 55(10), 1411-1417.
Hall, J. B. 2011. Sexed Semen – The newest reproductive technology for the beef industry NCBA Pfizer Cattlemen’s College, Denver, CO.
Healy, A. A., House, J. K. and Thomson, P. C. (2013). Artificial insemination field data on the use of sexed and conventional semen in nulliparous Holstein heifers. J.Dairy Sci., 96(3), 1905-1914.
Hermes, R., Behr, B., Hildebrandt, T. B., Blottner, S., Sieg, B., Frenzel, A. and Rath, D. (2009). Sperm sex-sorting in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Anim. Reprod. Sci., 112(3-4), 390-396.
Holden, S. A., Murphy, C., Moreno, J. F., Butler, S. T., Cromie, A. R., Lonergan, P. and Fair, S. (2017). In vitro characterization of fresh and frozen sex-sorted bull spermatozoa. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 29(7), 1415-1425.
Jadhav, S., Patil, A., Razzaque, W., Jadhav, R., Gaikwad, N. and Dongre, V. (2022). Fertility Response of the Sex Sorted and Conventional Semen in Cattle. J. Anim. Res., 12(2), 279-283.
Johnson, L.A., Flook, J.P. and Hawk, H.W. (1989). Sex pre-selection in rabbits: live births from X and Y sperm separated by DNA and cell sorting. Biol. Reprod., 41, 199-203.
Johnson, L. A., Welch, G. R. and Rens, W. (1999). The Beltsville sperm sexing technology: high-speed sperm sorting gives improved sperm output for in vitro fertilization and AI. J. Anim. Sci., 77(suppl_2), 213-220.
Joshi, S., Bhave, K., Potdar, V., Gaundare, Y., Punde, N., Shirsath, T. and Swaminathan, M. (2021). Performance of sex sorted semen under Indian Small Holder Dairy Farming Systems. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. and Appl. Sci., 10(02), 1335-1343.
Kjelland, M., Gonzalez-Marin, C., Gosálvez, J., Lopez, C.W., Lenz, R., Evans, K.M. and Moreno, J.F. (2011). DNA fragmentation dynamics and post thaw motility of white-tailed deer sperm. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 23(1), 239-240.
Klinc, P. and Rath, D. (2006). Effects of processing procedures after flow sorting to sex bovine spermatozoa and cryopreservation on sperm quality and fertility. Slov. Vet. Res., 43(2), 67-114.
Knox, R. (2016). Artificial insemination in pigs today. Theriogenology, 85(1), 83-93.
Laxmivandana, R., Patole, C., Sharma, T. R., Sharma, K. K. and Naskar, S. (2021). Differential proteins associated with plasma membrane in X-and/or Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa in indicus cattle. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 56(6), 928–935.
Leahy, T. celi, P., Bathgate, R., Evans, G., Maxwell, W.M.C. and Marti, J.I. (2010). Flow-sorted ram spermatozoa are highly susceptible to hydrogen peroxide damage but are protected by seminal plasma and catalase. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 22(7), 1131-1140.
Lenz, R. W., Gonzalez-Marin, C., Gilligan, T. B., DeJarnette, J. M., Utt, M. D., Helser, L. A. and Vishwanath, R. (2017). 190 SexedULTRA™, a new method of processing sex-sorted bovine sperm improves conception rates. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 29(1), 203-204.
Lindsey, A.C., Varner, D.D., Seidel, G.E., Bruemmer, J.E. & Squires, E.L. (2005). Hysteroscopic per rectally guided, deep-uterine insemination of mares with spermatozoa stored 18 h at either 5 degrees C or 15 degrees C prior to flow-cytometric sorting. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 85(1-2), 125-130.
López-Gatius, F. (2000). Site of semen deposition in cattle: A review. Theriogenology, 3(7), 1407-1414.
Macmillan, K., Gobikrushanth, M., Mapletoft, R. J., and Colazo, M. G. (2021). The effect of altering the timing of GnRH administration and artificial insemination in a modified 5-d CO-Synch protocol using sex-sorted semen in dairy heifers. Theriogenology, 159, 53-59.
Magopa, T. L., Mphaphathi, M. L., Ledwaba, M. R., Thema, M. A., Mulaudzi, T. and Nedambale, T. L. (2022). Influence of body condition score and lactation status on oestrus response and pregnancy rate in dairy and beef cows inseminated with sex-sorted or non-sex-sorted semen. Anim. Reprod., 19(2), e22221.
Manzoor, A., Patoo, R.A., Akram, T., Shah, A.A. and Nazir, T. (2017). Sperm sexing and its utility in commercial cattle production: A review. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 5(7), 293-298.
Merlo, B., Zambelli, D., Cunto, M., Iacono, E., Nasi, L., Giaretta, E. and Spinaci, M. (2015). Sex-sorted canine sperm cryopreservation: limits and procedural considerations. Theriogenology, 83(7), 1121-1127.
Norman, H. D., Hutchison, J. L., and VanRaden, P. M. (2011). Evaluations for service-sire conception rate for heifer and cow inseminations with conventional and sexed semen. J. Dairy Sci., 94(12), 6135-6142.
Pirez, M. C., Steele, H., Reese, S. and Kolle, S. (2020). Bovine sperm-oviduct interactions are characterized by specifc sperm behaviour, ultra-structure and tubal reactions which are impacted by sex sorting. Sci. Rep., 10(1), 1-19.
Quelhas, J., Santiago, J., Matos, B., Rocha, A., Lopes, G., and Fardilha, M. (2021). Bovine semen sexing: Sperm membrane proteomics as candidates for immunological selection of X-and Ychromosome-bearing sperm. Vet. Med. Sci.
Rath, D., Moench-Tegeder, G., Taylor, U., and Johnson, L. A. (2009). Improved quality of sex-sorted sperm: a prerequisite for wider commercial application. Theriogenology, 71(1), 22-29.
Razmkabir, M. (2018). A field study on the reproductive efficiency of sex-sorted semen in Holstein heifers. J. Livest. Sci. Technol., 6(2), 41-46.
Sá Filho, M. F., Girotto, R., Abe, E. K., Penteado, L., Campos Filho, E. P., Moreno, J. F. & De Vries, A., and Nebel, R. (2009). National heifer supply and the effects of sexed semen. In Proceedings Western Dairy Management Conference, Reno, NV, March (pp. 9-13).
Sales, J., Neves, K., Souza, A. H., Crepaldi, G. A., Sala, R. V., Fosado, M. And Baruselli, P. S. (2011). Timing of insemination and fertility in dairy and beef cattle receiving timed artificial insemination using sex-sorted sperm. Theriogenology, 76(3), 427-435.
Schenk, J. L., Cran, D. G., Everett, R. W. and Seidel Jr, G. E. (2009). Pregnancy rates in heifers and cows with cryopreserved sexed sperm: Effects of sperm numbers per inseminate, sorting pressure and sperm storage before sorting. Theriogenology, 71(5), 717-728.
Seidel Jr, G. E., and Schenk, J. L. (2008). Pregnancy rates in cattle with cryopreserved sexed sperm: effects of sperm numbers per inseminate and site of sperm deposition. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 105(1-2), 129-138.
Seidel Jr, G. E., Allen, C. H., Johnson, L. A., Holland, M. D., Brink, Z., Welch, G. R. and Cattell, M. B. (1997). Uterine horn insemination of heifers with very low numbers of nonfrozen and sexed spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 48(8), 1255-1264.
Seidel, Jr. G.E., and Garner, D.L. (2002). Current status of sexing mammalian spermatozoa. Reproduction, 124(6), 733-743.
Sharpe, J. C., and Evans, K. M. (2009). Advances in flow cytometry for sperm sexing. Theriogenology, 71(1), 4-10.
Spinaci, M., Volpe, S., Bernardini, C., De Ambrogi, M., Tamanini, C., Seren, E. and Galeati, G. (2006). Sperm sorting procedure induces a redistribution of Hsp70 but not Hsp60 and Hsp90 in boar spermatozoa. J. Androl., 27(6), 899-907.
Steele, H., Makri, D., Maalouf, W. E., Reese, S. and Kolle, S. (2020). Bovine sperm sexing alters sperm morphokinetics and subsequent early embryonic development. Sci. Rep., 10(1), 6255.
Suh, T. K., Schenk, J. L. and Seidel, G. E. Jr. (2005). High pressure flow cytometric sorting damages sperm. Theriogenology, 64(5), 1035-1048.
Vishwanath, R. and Moreno, J. F. (2018). Review: Semen sexing - Current state of the art with emphasis on bovine species. Animals., 12(1), 85-96.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
