Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
The journal is the official research journal of the Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. It was started in the year 1986 to publish original research work in the area of livestock production management. The first issue was published in the year 1986 by the Department of Livestock Production and Management, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. Current frequency of the journal is Quarterly (4 issues per year). The Journal office is presently functioning from the Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, Karnataka.\ Indexing details: Scopus Indexed, Google Scholar, Base Indexing, Ebsco, Wos-Applied, Cross ref, ICI, ASI
Natural Immunostimulants for Broilers: Evaluating Herbs and Alternative Materials
People are paying more attention to using natural immunostimulants with broilers because they want organic poultry and worry about antibiotic resistance. This research examines how well selected herbs (turmeric, garlic, and oregano) and alternative ingredients (probiotics and yeast extracts) function as natural immunostimulants in chicken food. There were 300 broilers used, with each group receiving one of six diets or the control diet. The researchers examined indicators of growth performance, immune function, and health of the gut. Researchers found that disease-affected animals given turmeric and probiotics responded with much better weight gain, an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), and higher antibody titers. The results imply that natural immunostimulants can make broilers healthier and more productive, all while preserving safety and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Graded Levels of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on Nutrient Intake of Local Goat Does and Growth Performance of Their Kids
This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with graded levels of maca (Lepidium meyenii) root powder on nutrient intake of Iraqi local Black goat does and on growth performance of their offspring before and after weaning. The experiment was initiated at the beginning of the third month of gestation and continued until six months post-weaning. Twenty does (2–3 years old; 41.32 ± 2.11 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatments (n = 5), while sixteen post-weaning male kids (3 months old; 14.81 ± 2.43 kg) were allocated to four corresponding groups (n = 4). Animals received maca supplementation at 0, 2, 4, or 6 g/animal/day in addition to a basal diet formulated to meet nutritional requirements. Daily feed intake and concentrate refusals were recorded throughout the experimental period. Results showed that roughage intake of does was significantly increased in the supplemented treatments compared with the control. Offspring born to does receiving the highest level of maca exhibited greater body length at birth, while chest circumference at weaning was improved in the moderate supplementation groups. Post-weaning performance of male kids indicated a significant increase in final body weight, with the highest value observed in the 2 g/day treatment, followed by the 6 g/day treatment. Furthermore, total feed intake and its components were positively influenced by maca supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with maca root powder, particularly at 2 and 6 g/animal/day, enhanced feed intake of does and improved growth performance of their kids, suggesting its potential.
Maca; Lepidium meyenii; Goat does; Feed intake; Kid growth; Natural feed additive
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Feeding Practices in Small Holder Production System by Dairy Farmers of Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh
A study was conducted in small holder production system to understand feeding practices of dairy farmers of Meerut district. 100 farmers having land holding up to 4 acres were selected randomly, 50 from rural and 50 from urban area of the district. A suitable interview schedule was developed for these farmers to record the observations. The study revealed major differences in rearing preferences of dairy farmers based on family and caste system in urban and rural area. Majority of dairy farmers had good experience in dairy farming with moderate income status. Significant differences were observed in feeding of roughages and concentrate to animals, formulation of concentrate and method of feeding concentrate to animals in the study area. Improved feeding techniques such as urea treatment, conservation of feed and fodder as hay and silage were less popular in both the areas of the study. The major limitations included problems related to infertility in animals, lesser knowledge of technology driven practices and unavailability of veterinary laboratory testing facilities in the area.
Dairy farmers, Land holding, Production system, Income
Impact of Summer Heat Stress on Oxidative Status, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Acute Phase Proteins and Reproductive Performance in Awassi Ewes: Development of a Heat Stress Index for Fertility Prediction
Background: Heat stress severely compromises reproductive efficiency in sheep, causing substantial economic losses in arid regions. However, no comprehensive study has integrated oxidative, inflammatory, and acute phase biomarkers with reproductive outcomes to develop predictive tools for fertility assessment in Awassi ewes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonal heat stress on oxidative status, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), and reproductive performance, and to develop a Heat Stress Index (HSI) for predicting conception failure in Awassi ewes. Methods: One hundred twenty multiparous Awassi ewes (3–5 years, 52 ± 4 kg, BCS 2.5–3.0) were allocated to four groups based on breeding season: Thermoneutral (TN, October–November, THI < 72), Mild Heat Stress (MHS, April–May, THI 72– 79), Moderate Heat Stress (MDHS, June–July, THI 80–84), and Severe Heat Stress (SHS, August, THI ≥ 85). Blood samples were analyzed for cortisol, progesterone (P₄), estradiol (E₂), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), haptoglobin (Hp), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Reproductive parameters included estrus response, conception rate, and embryonic loss. ROC analysis and logistic regression were performed. Results: Severe heat stress markedly elevated (P < 0.05) cortisol (12.45 → 38.72 ng/mL), MDA (1.62 → 4.85 nmol/mL), HSP70 (2.45 → 12.86 ng/mL), IL-6 (38.5 → 118.4 pg/mL), and SAA (6.82 → 32.56 μg/mL), while depleting antioxidant defenses and suppressing reproductive hormones. Conception rate declined from 85.7% (TN) to 32.1% (SHS), with embryonic loss increasing from 8.3% to 44.4%. ROC analysis revealed HSP70 as the strongest predictor of conception failure (AUC = 0.93) with optimal cut-off of 8.5 ng/mL (sensitivity = 91.2%, specificity = 86.4%). The proposed Heat Stress Index achieved 91.8% accuracy for fertility prediction. Conclusion: This study provides the first integrated biomarker panel with validated cut-off values and a practical HSI scoring system for predicting reproductive failure in heat-stressed Awassi ewes. Breeding during THI > 80 should be avoided or accompanied by cooling interventions.
Awassi ewes; heat stress; oxidative stress; HSP70; acute phase proteins; reproductive performance; predictive modelling
Effect of Prebiotic Supplementation on Gut Microbiome Composition, Mucosal Immunity, and Growth Performance in Pre-Weaning Small Ruminants: A 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing Study
Background: Neonatal diarrhea represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaning lambs and kids. Prebiotic supplementation may improve gut health by modulating microbiome composition and enhancing mucosal immunity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and their combination on gut microbiome, mucosal immunity, systemic cytokines, and growth performance, and develop a Gut Health Index (GHI) for health status prediction. Methods: One hundred sixty pre-weaning animals (80 local crossbred lambs + 80 kids; 7±2 days old) were allocated to four groups: Control, MOS (4 g/day), FOS (4 g/day), and MOS+FOS (2+2 g/day) for 8 weeks. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3–V4 region, Illumina MiSeq). Mucosal immunity markers (fecal sIgA, β-defensins, MUC2, ZO-1 mRNA) and systemic cytokines (IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β) were measured. Growth performance and diarrhea incidence were recorded. ROC analysis was performed. Results: MOS+FOS synergistically improved microbiome composition: Lactobacillus increased 2.8-fold, Bifidobacterium 3.2-fold, while Escherichia decreased 68% and Clostridium 54%. Alpha diversity (Shannon index) increased from 3.42 to 4.86. Mucosal immunity enhanced: sIgA 2.3-fold, β-defensin-1 3.0-fold, MUC2 mRNA 2.68-fold. Systemic IL-10 increased 84% while TNF-α decreased 49%. ADG improved 18.6% and diarrhea incidence decreased from 32.5% to 7.5%. Lactobacillus/E. coli ratio showed strongest predictive performance (AUC = 0.91). The proposed GHI achieved 88.6% accuracy. Conclusion: Combined MOS+FOS supplementation synergistically improves gut microbiome, mucosal immunity, and growth performance in pre-weaning small ruminants, with the GHI providing a practical tool for health assessment.
Prebiotics; gut microbiome; 16S rRNA sequencing; mucosal immunity; lambs; kids; diarrhea prevention
Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Immune Indicators, Antibody Response, and Antioxidant Status in Sheep: Development of an Immunocompetence Index
Background: Selenium (Se) and vitamin E are essential micronutrients with synergistic antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions. In selenium deficient regions, supplementation may enhance immune function and vaccine efficacy in small ruminants. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Se, vitamin E, and their combination on cellular and humoral immunity, cytokine profiles, antioxidant status, vaccine response, and develop an Immunocompetence Index (ICI) for health assessment. Methods: One hundred twenty Awassi sheep (6 months old, 28±3 kg, both sexes equally distributed) from a selenium-deficient region were allocated to four groups for 90 days: Control, Se (0.3 mg/kg DM as sodium selenite), Vit E (250 IU/day dl-α-tocopherol), and Se+Vit E (combined). Blood samples were analyzed for cellular immunity (lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry, phagocytic activity, proliferation), humoral immunity (IgG, IgM, IgA), cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α), antioxidant status (Se, GPx, SOD, TAC, MDA), and antibody response to FMD and PPR vaccines. Health status was monitored throughout. ROC analysis was performed. Results: Baseline values confirmed selenium deficiency (Se 68.4 ng/mL) and did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). At Day 90, Se+Vit E significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) cellular immunity: CD4+ T cells (24.6 → 36.8%, +50%), phagocytic activity (42.6 → 68.4%, +60%), lymphocyte proliferation index (1.86 → 3.42, +84%). Humoral immunity improved: IgG (12.4 → 18.6 mg/mL, +50%). Antioxidant status enhanced: GPx (186 → 325 U/L, +74%), while MDA decreased 57%. FMD antibody titers increased 3.2-fold. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed. GPx showed strongest predictive performance (AUC = 0.94). The proposed ICI achieved 92.4% accuracy. Conclusion: Combined Se+Vit E supplementation synergistically enhances immunity and vaccine response in selenium-deficient sheep. The ICI provides a practical tool for assessing immunocompetence.
Selenium; vitamin E; immune function; antibody response; antioxidant; Awassi sheep; vaccination
Evolution and Central Theme of Livestock Production Management
The paper presents the livestock production scenario of the post-independence India and outcome of several efforts to increase the contribution of livestock sector to the national GDP requiring the emergence of the applied subject Livestock Production Management. The aim of this subject is increased and economic production from livestock sector. Theme of Livestock Production Management is judicious decisions on the use of scarce farm resources, having alternative uses to obtain the maximum profit and family satisfaction on a continuou basis. It further elaborates the evolution of this science and presents a critical analysis of the domain of this subject. A picture is available from this paper as to how knowledge of other subjects is required to achieve the aim of this subject.
Livestock Production Management, Farm Management, Management of Farm, Production System
Assessing popularity of rabbits among children
Animals have always been man’s companion. Among the favourites like dog and cat, rabbit also have a scope of being a good pet option. However, rabbits have fetched little attention compared to other species. Hence the present study was taken up to gauge the popularity of rabbits among children of different age groups. It was found that eagerness level towards approaching rabbits and higher level of excitement on seeing rabbits was more evident in children of ≥10 years. Overall, 97.67% children showed high level of liking towards rabbits. All the boys of all age groups (100%) showed liking towards rabbits, while a small proportion of girls (2.77%) belong to the age group of ≥10yrs did not show any liking towards rabbits. Out of all 6 breeds included in the study, New Zealand White breed was preferred by most of the children followed by Angora, Black Brown, Soviet Chinchilla, Grey Giant and Californian White. Leporiphobia was seen in 12.24% of boys and 27.01% of girls. Majority of children of all age groups wanted to take the rabbits home. Null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that children show liking and attraction towards rabbits and the most liked breed of rabbit was New Zealand White breed.
Rabbit, New Zealand White rabbit, Preference, Pet, Leporiphobia
Influence of Tamarind Pulp on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Relative Weights of Internal Organs of Japanese quail Raised in Hot Climates
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of an aqueous extract of tamarind pulp on production performance, carcass characteristics, and internal organ traits of Japanese quail raised under hot climatic conditions. In a completely randomized design, 160 one-day-old quail chicks were allocated to 4 groups (treatments) with 4 replicates each (10 birds per cage). The control group (T1) received no tamarind extract, while the experimental groups (T2, T3, and T4) were supplied with 5, 15, and 25 grams of tamarind pulp per liter of drinking water, respectively, starting from age 4 up to 42 days old, for 12 hoursevery day. The results of this study showed that adding tamarindin different proportions, compared to the control treatment, led to significantly increased (P < 0.05) feed intake for T3 and T4 treatments. The highest significant improvements (P < 0.05) in live body weight and weight gain were recorded in the T3 treatment. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among treatments in feed conversion ratio and mortality rate. Carcass weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the T3 treatment. The relative weight of the thighs increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T2 treatment, while in the same treatment, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) was recorded in the weight of the relative wing. The weight of the liver relative was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the T4 treatment. Both the relative weight of the gizzard and abdominal fat were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the T3 treatment. In summary, supplementing drinking water with 5, 15, and 25 g/L of tamarind pulp during hot climatic conditions did not adversely affect performance or carcass traits of Japanese quail; rather, it enhanced several productive and physiological parameters. Overall, the 15 g/L level (T3) was identified as the most effective treatment.
Pancreas of Laying Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Moorhen Birds (Gallinula chloropus) A Comparative Investigation Morphologically, Histo morphologically, and Histologically
Comparatively examining the histological and structural traits of the pancreas in Gallus gallus domesticus and Gallinula chloropus was the aim of current study. This study’s main objective was to evaluate these bird species’ value as reliable suppliers of chicken and eggs. The birds samples are divide for two groups first group was five laying hens and second group was five moorhen assigned to anatomical study and histological study. In laying chickens, the pancreas was distinguished by its white, pinkish coloration while in Gallinula chloropus was characterized by its white to pinkish coloration. Histologically speaking, it seems that the Moorhen bird’s connective tissue capsule was relatively thinner than that of the Laying hens. The connective tissue capsule, which extends from the septa to the pancreatic parenchyma, is less common in moorhens than laying hens. Both birds’ exocrine glands contained serous tubulo-acinar glands. The secretory acini of the Laying hens possessed pyramid-shaped acinar cells. The presence of oval, elongated acinar cells was a characteristic of the moorhen bird’s secretory acinar.
Gallus gallus, laying hens, Moorhen Birds, pancreas, exocrine glands.
Assessment of Zoonotic Pathogens in Poultry and Environmental Water Sources Using Duplex PCR in Karbala, Iraq
Background The world-wide poultry industry has grown rapidly to provide the increasing demand for low-cost protein. This expansion offers more opportunities for zoonotic diseases to be transmitted, especially Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae that are important pathogens for foodborne illness. Both Salmonella has been reported among poultry flocks in Karbala, Iraq and V. cholerae which is commonly associated with contaminated water may also represent potential zoonotic risk within the settings of poultry production. Culture-based detection is time-consuming, laborious and may fail to detect low levels of contamination; molecular methods like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide fast, sensitive and specific identification of targets that are amenable for large epidemiological surveys. Objective: To investigate the molecular prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae in the different samples, their concurrent occurrence, assess associated risk factors and estimate the performance of duplex PCR assay for pathogens monitoring. Methods: Descriptive study of 20 poultry farms in Karbala province was conducted over a period of one year. In total, 82 samples were collected from the hens and cloaca swabs of poultry and feces samples (n = 82) and environmental/water (n = 118). Isolation and detection of Salmonella was based on invA gene and V. cholerae using rtxA/lolB genes by duplex PCR; results were confirmed through agarose gel electrophoresis. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to determine prevalence and associations with potential risk factors, including farm biosecurity and quality of water source. Results: Salmonella spp. was found in 15% of poultry, mainly in cloacal swab indicating extensive carrier status. Vibrio cholerae was detected in 9% of water/ environment samples. Simultaneous presentation of both pathogens was found in 6% of waterborne samples, indicating possible cross-contamination predominately from water. Pathogen occurrence was positively correlated with low biosecurity and use of natural water sources (P < 0.05). The duplex PCR showed excellent sensitivity and specificity to rapid diagnosis. Conclusion: This study provides valuable molecular epidemiological evidence regarding the prevalence and cross-resistance of Salmonella and V. cholerae in Karbala region. The biosecurity and water management should be strengthened, and routine surveillance with duplex PCR is needed to prevent resistance zoonotic risks and public health protection. Serotyping of Salmonella and determination of V. cholerae toxicity need to be added in future studies to further assess public health risks.
Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, Poultry, Water sources, Molecular epidemiology, Duplex PCR, Karbala, Zoonotic pathogens.
Histological And Clinical Study On Effects Of Follicular Fluid And B. Serra ta On Achilles Tendon Healing In Dogs
Background: Tendons are strong connective structures that link muscles to bones, facilitating mobility and stability within the musculoskeletal system. Tendon injuries exhibit a characteristically slow and often incomplete healing process. Objectives: the objective of this research was to an evaluate and a compare efficacy of Boswellia serrata extract and bovine follicular fluid on the clinical and histological healing of Achilles tendon defects in a canine model. Methods: Twenty-seven adult local dogs were used in this study. A core lesion defect was surgically induced in Achilles tendon of all animals. The dogs were divided randomly to three equal groups (n=9): A Control Group, where the defect was treated with Autologous PRF alone; Treated Group 1 (B.S. Group), treated with 1.5 mL of B. serrata extract and Autologous PRF; and Treated Group 2 (FF Group), treated with 1.5 mL of bovine follicular fluid and Autologous PRF. The healing process was monitored for 60 days and assessed via macroscopic clinical evaluation (lameness, swelling, redness), and histopathological examination (at days 14, 30, and 60) post-surgery. Results: Clinically, the B.S. group showed the most rapid improvement, with a significant reduction in lameness by (day 9) post-surgery compared to the FF and the control groups. Histopathologically, both treatment groups showed an absence of inflammation at day 14, unlike the control group. At day 60, the FF group demonstrated superior tissue regeneration, characterized by the complete restoration of the tendon’s structural normality with highly organized regular collagen fibers. Conclusion: Both Boswellia serrata extract and bovine follicular fluid accelerate the healing of Achilles tendon defects when combined with PRF. Boswellia serrata provides faster clinical recovery and stimulates early collagen synthesis, while bovine follicular fluid promotes superior long term structural and histological restoration of the tendon tissue.
Effect of adding marjoram leaf extract to drinking water for broiler chickens on certain production traits
This experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Karbala, between November 10, 2023, and December 22, 2023, to study the effect of adding marjoram water extract to drinking water on the production performance of broiler chickens. The study aimed to determine the effect of adding different levels of Origanum majorana powder extract to feed on the productive performance of broiler chickens and some blood components. One hundred and fifty 7-day-old Ros 308 chicks were used, and the experiment lasted 35 days. The birds were randomly distributed into four treatments, with 60 chicks per treatment. The chicks were fed starter and finisher feeds with crude protein levels of 23% and 21.5% and energy levels of 3027 and 3195.3 kcal/kg of feed, respectively. An aqueous extract of marjoram was added at the following rates (20 ml/l rinking water) for the second group. 30 ml/l drinking water) for the third group. (40 ml/l drinking water) for the fourth group. The first group (control) was given normal drinking water without any additives The results of the experiment indicated significant increase (p<0.05) in live body weight (2562.2693 g/bird) for the two levels (40 ml extract/l drinking water) and (30 ml extract/l drinking water) compared to the control group. The addition of the extract improved feed conversion efficiency. The addition led to a significant increase (p<0.05) in cumulative (total) feed consumption for the third and fourth treatments. The addition did not significantly affect the amount of feed consumed by the second group (20 ml extract/l drinking water). Based on the results obtained from the study, it is possible to use marjoram extract in drinking water
Perceived Constraints and Suggestions revealed by SDAH Personnel for Im proving the Livestock Extension Service Delivery to Women Farmers
Present study was conducted to identify various constraints perceived by SDAH Personnel in delivering the livestock extension services in central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. An ex-post facto and exploratory research design were used to study the perceived constraints in four districts of Uttar Pradesh. A total 16 indicators of constraints were selected through previous studies and experts opinion. Data were collected by personal interview from 120 (60 Veterinary Officer and 60 Livestock Extension Officers) State Department of Animal Husbandry personnel randomly selected from available list at the district head quarter. The study revealed that, livestock extension activities suffer due to inadequate veterinary staff and this is the most severe constraint followed by inadequate budget allotment and over burdening of other paper work with respective ranks I, II and III. Recruitment of more number women SDAH personnel, organizing women targeted livestock extension activities, establishing separate grassroot level livestock extension wing were the major common suggestion revealed by the Veterinary Officers and the Livestock Extension Officers.
Constraints, Livestock Extension Services, Livestock Extension Officers, State Department of Animal Husbandry (SDAH) and Veterinary Officers.
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii: Accuracy, Prevalence, and Standardization of Diagnostic Protocols
Toxoplasmosis is a common zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It represents a significant public health concern worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, especially among immunocompromised patients and pregnant women.This meta-analysis systematically reviews peer-reviewed studies (2015–2025) to evaluate molecular diagnostic methods used for detecting T. gondii in humans and animals.Data were extracted and synthesized from recent studies focusing on molecular detection techniques, methodological differences, diagnostic accuracy, and prevalence rates. Special attention was given to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its variants due to their superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional serological assays.PCR-based assays targeting multicopy nucleotide sequences such as B1 and 18S rDNA demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity.Pooled prevalence varied by host species and geographical region.Emerging methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time PCR (qPCR) were identified as rapid and quantitative approaches with strong diagnostic potential.Molecular diagnostic methods offer significant advantages for detecting T. gondii, but variability in protocols affects reliability. The study emphasizes the need for standardized and harmonized diagnostic procedures to achieve optimal outcomes in toxoplasmosis detection, management, and control.
An Assessment of the Socio-Economic Status of Bargur Buffalo Farmers in the Native Tract
The present study was undertaken to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of Bargur buffalo farmers in their native tract. Data were collected from 100 selected respondents using a pre-tested and structured interview schedule over five months. The results revealed that most of the respondents were female (57%), highlighting the significant role of women in buffalo-rearing activities. Most farmers were middle-aged or elderly (87%) and belonged to nuclear family structures (57%). A large proportion (88%) were from the Backward Class and possessed marginal landholdings (83%). Regarding educational status, 61% had primary education, and 40% were illiterate. Agriculture was the primary occupation for 97% of the respondents, and the annual income of most farmers ranged from low to moderate income. Livestock ownership was generally small, with 58% of farmers maintaining three to five buffaloes each. Notably, 76% of the respondents had more than 10 years of experience in buffalo rearing, reflecting the traditional nature of the occupation. However, none of the respondents had received formal training in buffalo management or husbandry. These findings emphasize the need for targeted capacity-building programs and strengthened extension services to enhance productivity and ensure livelihood security among farmers.
Histoenzymiatic and Histochemical studies on proventiculus and gizzard of male love birds (Psittacula cuvier)
This study was designed to investigate the histoenzymatic and histochemical study of stomach in male love birds (Psittacula Cuvier). The study was performed on five male birds . the results were demonstrated that the mucoal epithelium in proventriculus was reacted with (ALP) positively but the reaction was not found in sub- mucosa , Tunica muscularis and serosa, also the results were showed that the mucosal epithelium and glands of proventriculus was reacted with (AB 2.5) on the other hand our results were revealed that the distribtion of (ALP) in gizzard was moderate in mucosal epithelium and aweak in koilin layer wherease the reaction was positively in koilin layer with (AB 2.5).
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Pancreas Gland of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) and Guinea Pig (Cavia Porcellus): Comparative Study
The pancreas is a vital organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions in mammalian species. This report presents a comparative study of the ultrastructural characteristics of pancreatic tissue in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pancreas specimens were obtained from healthy adult animals on the University of Muthanna and processed for SEM using standard techniques for SEM processing. This study has documented different sizes of acinar cells, ductal structure, and organization of islets between the two species. The rabbit pancreas exhibited larger acini than guinea pig pancreas with more larger zymogen granules than that in the guinea pig. In contrast, the guinea pig pancreas exhibited more acinar units more densely packed with smaller acinar and cellular dimensions. Additionally, the ductal system of the rabbit pancreas exhibited more branching than that of the guinea pig pancreas. The current study adds to our knowledge of comparative pancreatic morphology to different species, regardless of physiological functional similarities, which has intrinsic importance in future studies involving comparative physiology or as an experimental model.
The Role of Women in Livestock Farming: Challenges and Opportunities
Women are actively involved in livestock farmingpractices in rural India. They have both emotional and economical association with livestock. Most women are engagedin care and management of livestock such as feeding, milking and cleaning of shed.Disposal and use ofwaste material and dung from the shed is also performed by the women. Their immense contribution in livestock farming provides financial independence and better social status. Their hard and dedicated works endow rural livelihood, and pledge food security. It ensures full time employment and dispenses woman empowerment in the society. Nevertheless,women frequently encounter obstaclesin livestock farming, affecting theproduction. Social customand gender-based discrimination render limited access to markets, veterinary care, education, financial freedom, and use of land. Limited decision making power of a woman appeared as a great hindrance in socio-economical and sustainable development of a country.
Comparative Analysis of the Histology of the Hypothalamus in Albino Rats (Rattus albus) and Wild Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Objectives: This study investigates the histological structure of the hypothalamus in wild and albino rats, highlighting significant differences in their cellular composition and organization. Methods: twelves’ healthy rabbits, and all experimental animals have been adapted in the animal house. The current study includes comparative examinations between two types of animals that were divided into two groups: wild and albino rats, (6 animals for each group). The routine stained used (Haematoxylin and Eosin Staining). Results: The hypothalamus of wild rats is composed of many nuclei organized into discrete areas, each of which carries out specific tasks. with the anterior part of the hypothalamus having a greater concentration of nuclei. While glial cells are less common in wild animals, the majority of neurons in wild rats are multipolar, have long axons, and have a rich cellular structure that highlights the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus of albino rats, on the other hand, has larger nuclei, which are clustered in the posterior region. Compared to wild rats, these nuclei have a lower blood supply and are made up of thinner and smaller neurons. These cells’ cellular distribution and arrangement imply that the hypothalamus of albino rats supports a wider variety of functions than that of other species. Important anatomical differences between the hypothalamus of wild and albino rats are further highlighted by the fact that albino rats have a higher number of glial cells, particularly astrocytes, which are scattered and mixed with the neuropil. Conclusion: According to the histological comparative study, the hypothalamus of the two rat species differed greatly, depending on their diets and behaviors.
Comparative Histological Evaluation of the Nictitating Gland Between Cat (Felis Catus) and Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
This study focuses on the third eyelid gland morphology and histological examination in Cats (Felis catus) and Rabbits. From adult rabbits and cats, ten nictitating membranes were removed and sections examined under a light microscope, and a macroscope. The entire length of a pigmented long, thin, curved structure resembling the eyeball was the dorsal and ventral wings of cartilage — that was only complete in the illustration. Sinus of the ventral wing was less than dorsal wing. There were lymphoid nodules at the bottom of the refractive outside, and the cartilage had two surfaces: the corneal and palmebral. The nictitating gland had an oval shape and seemed to be a [complex acinar gland. The cartilage had isogenous chondrocyte clusters which were diagnosable under a microscope. Further, these results offer relevant reference data in supporting future anatomy studies and treatment about feline third eyelid diseases and aging signs in ocular diseases. Rabbit Nictitating gland Gland is embedded into the conjunctiva and lateral eyelid . It is called semi-circular and smooth in form. From this intricate structure, rich in essential lubrication and protection of the eyes serious and mucous secretions are emitted by a complicated gland. By histology the gland is made up of acinar cells that are cuboidal or column in appearance responsible for fluid secretion, Ductal cells displaying stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium and help in the transport of secretion, and Myoepithelial cells as the antagonist in expulsion of glandular contents triggered by contraction. The connective stroma of this gland, which keeps it from being squishy and gives it shape, consists of collagen, fibroblasts and elastic fibers. Each of these traits clearly points to the gland possing a unique function with respect to tear secretion and eye health in rabbits.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF MANNAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE ON BIOCHEMICAL PRO FILE IN SVVU T17 CROSSBRED PIGS
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on biochemical profile in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs. Twenty-four SVVU T17 crossbred male grower pigs above 2 months of age were randomly divided into four groups with six piglets in each group i.e., T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups. The experiment was conducted for 45 days and at the end of experiment blood samples were collected for estimation of biochemical profile. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels in T2 and T3 groups compared to control T0 group. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in creatinine levels in T3 groups compared to control group. Amylase levels were significantly increased (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups compared to T1 and control groups. Whereas, bicarbonate levels were significantly lowered in T2 and T3 groups compared to T1 and T0 groups. The calcium levels were significantly lower in T2 and T3 groups compared to T0 and T1 groups. Phosphorus showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in all the MOS supplemented groups compared to control group. Higher chloride values were seen in T2 and T3 groups compared to T0 and T1 groups. BUN, ALP, bilirubin, sodium and potassium did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among treatment groups when compared with control group. In conclusion, mannan-oligosaccharide had a positive influence on biochemical parameters of SVVU T17 crossbred pig.
m a n n a n - o l i g o s a c c h a r i d e
DIETARY PREBIOTICS IN AUGMENTING THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND THY ROID HORMONES IN SVVU T17 CROSSBRED PIGS
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of prebiotics mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on antioxidant and thyroid status in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs. Twenty-four SVVU T17 crossbred male grower pigs above 2 months of age were randomly divided into four groups with six piglets in each group i.e., P0, P1, P2 and P3 groups. The experiment was conducted for 45 days and at the end of experiment blood samples were collected for estimation of antioxidants and thyroid levels. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in Catalase, SOD and GSH-Px enzymes level with raise in MOS concentration in basal diet, whereas MDA levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased exclusively in P2 and P3. Triiodothyronine levels were not influenced by MOS inclusion in grower diets but Thyroxin hormone levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all groups irrespective of MOS inclusion, whereas TSH hormone levels were raised in P3 group but P1 and P2 groups were in same range with control groups. In conclusion, MOS had a positive influence on antioxidant enzyme (Catalase, SOD and GSH-Px) levels by reducing oxidative stress (MDA levels) significantly (P<0.05), whereas a significant decrease in T4 hormone and increase in TSH levels in SVVU T17 crossbred pigs.
Epidemiological aspects and clinical diagnosis of magnesium deficiency in Buffaloes north of Basrah, Iraq
Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a central role in numerous enzymatic reactions, neuromuscular function, and energy metabolism. Deficiency of magnesium in ruminants is often underdiagnosed due to the absence of pathognomonic signs, yet it may substantially impair productivity and health. In the Basrah region of southern Iraq, buffaloes represent a vital livestock resource, and subclinical nutritional imbalances may negatively affect their performance. The present investigation was managed to investigate the epidemiological aspects, biochemical alterations, and clinical manifestations related to magnesium deficiency in buffaloes located north of Basrah. A total of 112 buffaloes were examined through clinical evaluation and laboratory analysis. Serum concentrations of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, and albumin were measured. Environmental parameters, containing ambient temperature, humidity, and wind speed, were also recorded to evaluate their potential contribution to deficiency risk. Results demonstrated that affected buffaloes exhibited markedly lower serum magnesium concentrations (0.52 ± 0.01 mmol/L) compared with healthy controls (1.03 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p < 0.05). Clinically, deficient animals presented with loss of appetite, restlessness, progressive emaciation, teeth grinding, muscular tremors, and generalized weakness. Biochemically, magnesium deficiency was strongly related to reduced serum calcium and sodium levels, while potassium was meaningfully elevated. Seasonal variations also influenced magnesium status, with the lowest mean concentrations recorded through December (0.44 ± 0.056 mmol/L), coinciding with adverse climatic conditions. These results propose that nutritional imbalances, compounded by environmental stressors, may predispose buffaloes in Basrah to hypomagnesemia. In conclusion, magnesium deficiency represents an underrecognized metabolic disorder in buffaloes raised under the ecological conditions of southern Iraq. Regular monitoring of mineral status, along with improved nutritional management strategies, is recommended to reduce the incidence of deficiency and enhance overall buffalo productivity.
The polymorphism of ANXA9 gene and its relationship with body dimensions in Awassi Sheep
This study was conducted at the sheep and goat breeding station in Shatrah city, Thi Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, and included 39 Awassi ewes aged 2-4 years. The aim of the research was to study the effect of the polymorphism of the ANXA9 gene on some body dimension traits in Awassi sheep to benefit from it in early selection for these traits. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal, and then the genetic material (DNA) was extracted from them. Then, the targeted segment of the studied gene was amplified using PCR technology and electrophoresis was performed to confirm the size of the targeted segment of the gene in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Thi Qar University. The results showed the presence of three variations (SNPs) in the targeted segment (172 C/G, , 385 G/T,393G/C) occurred in intron 4 of chromosome 1in sheep. The three SNPs did not differ significantly between their genotypes according to the resulting Chi-square value. The first mutation (GC) had no significant effect on the studied body dimensions, while the GT mutation showed a significant effect on the body length, chest and abdominal circumference traits in sheep. There was also a significant difference for the CG mutation in the front and rear height traits of sheep, which indicates the possibility of using them as selective indicators for these traits in Awassi sheep.
Calf Rearing Practices Adopted by Kankrej Cattle Keepers in BanaskanthaDistrict of Gujarat
A field study was conducted in Banaskantha district of Gujarat to know the calf rearing practices followed by Kankrej cattle owners. Three tehsil were purposively selected where highest Kankrej cattle population and four villages were selected randomly from each tehsil. Ten respondents from each of village were selected thus making a sample of 120 Kankrej cattle owners. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (95.83 per cent) attended calving and care of the calves after parturition. Majority 81.67 per cent of respondents did not followed practice of ligation and disinfection of the navel cord. All the respondents followed practice of feeding colostrum to new born calves but only 21.67 per cent of the respondents fed colostrum to new born calves within one to two hour of birth. More than half (63.33 per cent) of cattle keepers did not perform deworming practices in calves. Only 32.50 per cent respondents provided jacketing as well as bedding on litter during winter to protect calves from cold and majority (79.17 per cent) of respondents vaccinate their calves against disease and isolate the sick animals from healthy ones.
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES of MYCOPLASMA WENYONII INFECTION IN DEER OF BASRAH, IRAQ
Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and molecular studies have been conducted and implemented for Hemomycoplasmosis (Haemoplasma) caused by Mycoplasma wenyonii, which was diagnosed in diseased anemic deer. Thirty-five (53) deer in Basrah, Iraq, exhibited signs of anemia, pyrexia, and panting. The causative organism was identified through Giemsa-stained blood smears and confirmed by PCR, with all tested samples yielding positive results (100%). Diseased deer showed various clinical signs, including loss of appetite (98.11%), enlargement of superficial lymph nodes (86.79%), anemia with pale mucous membranes (81.14%), panting with decreased performance (75.47%), and rough skin (64.15%). A significant reduction in blood indices, including total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, indicated normocytic normochromic anemia. Additionally, leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis and monocytosis was observed. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) values were also elevated in diseased deer. Significant differences were found in clotting factor values. Furthermore, marked hypoproteinemia was detected in affected deer, along with a notable increase in total and indirect bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It is concluded that Hemomycoplasmosis continues to circulate among most domestic animals, including deer. Therefore, the development of effective control programs should commence.
Immunological and Histopathological Study for Broiler’s chicken Infected with H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus
Avian influenza (AI), commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects a wide range of bird species, including domestic poultry. Among the various subtypes of avian influenza viruses, H9N2 is one of the most widespread and economically significant low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) in poultry. First identified in the 1960s, H9N2 has since become endemic in many regions, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa (Peacock et al., 2019). Although it is classified as low pathogenic, meaning it typically causes mild clinical signs, H9N2 can still lead to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry due to reduced egg production, poor growth rates, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections (Butt et al., 2002).
Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus in Broiler Chickens Using PCR and Sequencing
Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by a virulent strain of paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) infected with high morbidity and mortality, ND consider highly pathogenic disease of poultry and is caused by virulent, messogenic and lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The velogenic NDV infected poultry and cause high mortality high economic loses in poultry industry. In last year’s Broilers and layer poultry farms in Iraq suffer from high morbidity and mortality, clinically characterized by tortocalus with greenish diarrhea and sharp decrease in egg production with high morbidity and mortality, grossly characterized by ulceration in proventriculus, cecal tonsils and payer’s patches, so that this research was designed for identification of velogenic strains of NDV in Iraq. Fifteen samples (trachea, spleen and intestine) were collected from infected poultry flock after (3-5) days post clinical signs appear. The molecular methods (RT-PCR) test confirmed three samples infected with vNDV, Nucleotide sequences of vNDV were obtained from NCBI websites and alignment with other researchers concerned in this topic. The three sequencing results in this study have been submitted to the gene bank database under accession number MN901943.1, MN901944.1, and MN901945.1, phylogenetic analysis of our sequences were used to relatedness of strain obtaining with other vNDV around the world, the a current sequences of NDV strains were found to be related as a common ancestor with Iranian registered NDV.
Trends in Publication, Authorship Pattern and Collaboration Networks in Indian Journal of Animal Sciences: A Bibliometric Study (2010-2024)
This article examines the contribution of the SCOPUS indexed Indian Journal of Animal Sciences from the SCOPUS database covering the period 2010 to 2024, resulting in 4121 documents. The research emphasizes trends, significant research domains, and the journal’s influence on promoting studies in multidisciplinary fields. The study evaluates publication counts, authorship trends, collaborative patterns among authors, yearly article distribution, and categorization of papers by professional category using various tools and techniques. The analysis shows increasing acknowledgment of the journal’s contributions, highlighting its importance in sharing essential research results. It presents the Indian Journal of Animal Sciences as an important platform to enhance the quality and standards of education and research output and offers potential future research directions in this rapidly developing field.