Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
The journal is the official research journal of the Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. It was started in the year 1986 to publish original research work in the area of livestock production management. The first issue was published in the year 1986 by the Department of Livestock Production and Management, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. Current frequency of the journal is Quarterly (4 issues per year). The Journal office is presently functioning from the Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, Karnataka.\ Indexing details: Scopus Indexed, Google Scholar, Base Indexing, Ebsco, Wos-Applied, Cross ref, ICI, ASI
Analysis of IGF-1 Gene SNP Mutations and Their Impact on Milk Yield and Reproductive Traits in Shami Goat in Iraq
The present study examines a Shami goat, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) gene SNPs in Iraqi livestock farms, and the purpose of the research is to determine the genetic markers in relation to milk production and reproductive performance. They were 70 Shami does that were aged between 2 and 5 years old and were chosen in different breeding farms in different regions of Iraq. Genomic DNA extraction of blood samples was done using commercially available silica membrane-based kits. Amplification of R gene specific regions of SNP identification in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with the aid of primers and SNP identification was done by Sanger sequencing. Two different SNPs have been analyzed including SNP1 (g.1247C>T), which is a transition SNP in exon 3, and SNP2 (g.2856A>G), which is a transition SNP in exon 7. In the case of SNP1, three genotypes have been identified (CC, CT, TT) where the allele of C and T are equally distributed (0.62 and 0.38, respectively). General linear models that were used in statistical analysis revealed that there were significant associations between SNP1 genotypes and daily milk output where the TT genotype had the highest mean SNP with 2.34 kg/day milk production (p < 0.05). In SNP2, the GG genotype had a significant positive relation with previous age of first mating (11.2 ± 0.8 months) and litter size (1.89 ±0.14 kids) when compared with the AA genotype (p < 0.05). These SNPs have been identified and could be used as potential molecular markers in marker-assisted selection programs to improve the productivity in the populations of Shami goats. Its findings will help in the comprehension of the genetic foundation of economically significant traits and have a background of breeding methods that are genomic-enabled in the Iraqi livestock farming systems.
IGF-1 SNPs, Shami goat, milk yield, reproductive traits, DNA genotyping, marker-assisted selection
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Efficacy of Hormonal Injection on Day 11 Post-Mating in Reducing Embryonic Loss and Selected Blood Parameters in Awassi Ewes
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a single hormonal injection of Kisspeptin-10 ,GnRH ,hCG and progesterone administered on day 11 post-mating on embryonic survival, serum progesterone concentration, selected amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and reproductive performance in Awassi ewes. Fifty Awassi ewes (3–4 years old; 40–45 kg body weight) were synchronized using intravaginal sponges containing 20 mg flugestone acetate for 14 days and naturally mated. Ewes were randomly allocated into five groups :first group/ control (2 mL normal saline), second group / Kisspeptin-10 (10 µg/kg BW), third group /GnRH (2.5 mL), fourth group /hCG (0.5 mL), and fifth group / progesterone (0.5 mL), administered on day 11 post-mating. Blood samples were collected on days 34, 51, and 68 of gestation. Results showed significant increase (P<0.05)in progesterone and cholesterol of hormonal treatment on day 51,68 compared to control group. Hormonal treatments significantly increased serum amino acid and fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.01) compared with control. Hormonal treatments improved reproductive performance , fertility, twinning rate compared with control . In conclusion, hormonal administration on day 11 post-mating enhances luteal function ,and may contribute to reduced embryonic loss and improved reproductive efficiency in Awassi ewes.
Kisspeptin-10; GnRH; Hormones; Embryonic Loss ; Awassi ewes
Predicting the Size of Food Gap and Economic Effect on Poultry Meat in Iraq for the Period (2003–2030)
White meat production is of great nutritional importance to the Iraqi individual, especially poultry meat, as the increasing demand for it, especially recently as a result of its due to its lower cost and its alignment with public health recommendations compared to red meat, has led to the individual not getting his full nutritional share from it. Which led to the creation of a food gap that has been steadily widening. Therefore, the nutritional gap for poultry meat was estimated and the size of the gap was predicted for the period from (2003-2030) based on the statistical method and by calculating the growth rates for each of production, imports and population, which averaged a value of approximately (36%, 9%, 1%). respectively and used in calculating the forecast. The study showed that there was a food gap for the period (2003-2026) that began to decrease during the period (2027-2030). In addition to estimating the self-sufficiency rate, which achieved its highest value in the year 2030 and amounted to approximately (139%), while its lowest percentage was in the year (2009), which amounted to approximately (3.3%). The study reached a set of recommendations that The most important are formulating appropriate and supportive agricultural policies for poultry farm producers and imposing customs taxes on the imported product to protect local product prices from deterioration and reluctance to produce.
Evaluation of Reproductive Activity and Hormonal Profiles (Prolactin and Inhibin Beta-A) in Association with Polymorphisms in the Prolactin Receptor and Inhibin Beta A Genes in Arabian Mares
This study investigated the relationship between reproductive activity, hormonal profiles (prolactin and inhibin Beta-A), and genetic variations in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) and inhibin beta A (INHBA) genes in Arabian mares. Ten Arabian mares were classified as either true polyestrus (Group A, n=6 mares), exhibiting estrous cycles around the year, or seasonal polyestrus mares (Group B, n=4), that exhibiting winter anestrus, fall, and Spring transitional periods. Blood samples were collected for hormone analysis by using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and for DNA extraction and gene sequencing. The Results of this study showed seasonal variations in prolactin and inhibin beta-A levels. Group B mares exhibited significantly lower inhibin Beta-A levels during winter compared with the other seasons and compared to Group A mares during winter, consistent with anestrus (deep and estrum). No polymorphisms were found in the sequenced region of the inhibin beta-A gene (INHBA); Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the prolactin gene (PRLR). Mares with the A/A genotype for SNP1 had significantly higher prolactin concentration than mares with the A/G genotype (P=0.0084). Mares showing the T/T genotype for SNP2 exhibited elevated prolactin levels compared to those with the G/T genotype. These results indicate a possible association between PRLR gene polymorphisms and prolactin levels that affect the reproductive seasonality seen in Arabian mares.
Seasonal Fluctuation of Estrogen, Progesterone, Vaginal pH, and Cervical Morphology in Arabian Mares under Natural Photoperiod
Seasonality modulates reproductive endocrine activity and the genital tract microenvironment in mares, with marked inter-individual variation in the depth of winter suppression. This study evaluated seasonal variation in estrogen, progesterone, vaginal pH, and cervix appearance assessed by vaginoscopy in Arabian mares under natural photoperiod in Baghdad, Iraq. Ten healthy mares aged between 5 to 15 years (9±3 years) were examined for one year and categorized as true polyestrus mares (Group A; n = 6) or seasonal polyestrus mares with winter anestrus (Group B; n = 4). Blood samples were collected at 15-day intervals (10 days in irregular cycles) and analyzed for estrogen and progesterone using commercial equine ELISA kits. Vaginoscopy and vaginal pH measurement were performed on Day 1 of the follicular phase and Day 15 of the luteal phase. Group A mares exhibited relatively stable hormone profiles across the seasons, while Group B mares showed a significant decline of estrogen and progesterone hormones during the winter season, coordinated with deep anestrus. Vaginoscopy revealed cervical changes: during estrus the cervix was relaxed, open, and moist, red color, clear mucosa, and dilation typically resting on the vaginal floor, whereas during diestrus it appeared pale, dry, tightly closed and elevated; during anestrus the cervix tended to be pale, dry and drooped on the vaginal floor. Seasonal mares also showed a significant winter acidification of vaginal pH, due to seasonal modulation of the vaginal microenvironment.
Effect Of Chitosan And Vanillin Coating On Quality, Chemical, And Microbial Characteristics Of Eggs Under Ambient And Refrigerated Storage Conditions
Poultry egg preservation is a burning issue in poultry business although it is a problem that is not well addressed in areas which lack cold storage facilities. Natural coating materials promise good alternatives to the traditional preservation techniques. The current research determined the impact of the chitosan and vanillin coating on the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of the chicken eggs stored at ambient (25±2°C) and refrigerated (4±1°C) temperatures. 540 freshly laid eggs were randomly allocated into 2×3×4 factorial design in a completely randomized allocation. The treatments were two storage temperatures (ambient and refrigerated), three types coating (uncoated control, 1.5% chitosan and 0.5% vanillin), and four storage times (0, 10, 20, and 30 days). Measured parameters were weight loss, Haugh unit, shell strength, yolk index, pH, protein content, lipid oxidation, total bacterial count, coliform count and yeast and mold count. Chitosan coating had a significant effect on weight loss (P<0.01) than control and vanillin treatments in both of the storage conditions. Eggs covered with chitosan stored refrigerated had Haugh units of more than 72, as compared to those without the coating stored ambiently that dropped down to 45.3±2.1. Storage in refrigeration with chitosan the best quality of eggs was maintained with our refrigerated storage with chitosan coating as it was able to maintain eggs with acceptable levels of microorganisms (TBC <4.5 log CFU/egg) during storage. Vanillin coating showed a moderate preservation effect, especially in the control of microbial growth. Chitosan coating with refrigerated storage offered better preservation of egg parameters of quality. Nevertheless, ambient temperature chitosan coating also added shelf life of 10-15 days over non-coated eggs, which provides functional implementations to resource-constrained environments.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Pancreas Gland of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) and Guinea Pig (Cavia Porcellus): Comparative Study
The pancreas is a vital organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions in mammalian species. This report presents a comparative study of the ultrastructural characteristics of pancreatic tissue in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pancreas specimens were obtained from healthy adult animals on the University of Muthanna and processed for SEM using standard techniques for SEM processing. This study has documented different sizes of acinar cells, ductal structure, and organization of islets between the two species. The rabbit pancreas exhibited larger acini than guinea pig pancreas with more larger zymogen granules than that in the guinea pig. In contrast, the guinea pig pancreas exhibited more acinar units more densely packed with smaller acinar and cellular dimensions. Additionally, the ductal system of the rabbit pancreas exhibited more branching than that of the guinea pig pancreas. The current study adds to our knowledge of comparative pancreatic morphology to different species, regardless of physiological functional similarities, which has intrinsic importance in future studies involving comparative physiology or as an experimental model.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Effect of Whey on Productive Performance, Litter Moisture, Carcass Characteristics, and Intestinal Histological Indicators in Japanese Quail
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding whey as a natural feed supplement to drinking water at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% for 12 hours daily on productive performance, litter moisture, carcass characteristics, intestinal microbiological and morphological indicators in Japanese quail. One hundred and eighty one-day-old, unsexed birds were reared for 42 days and randomly assigned to four treatments, with 3 replicates per treatment and 15 birds per replicate, using a completely randomized design. The results, compared to the control treatment, showed that adding 10% whey resulted in a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in live body weight and weight gain, with no significant differences between treatments in feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or mortality rate. The control treatment showed a significant decrease in litter moisture compared to the treatments with whey addition. Regarding carcass characteristics, the 10% whey treatment resulted in the highest carcass weight, dressing percentage, and heart relative weight, while the 20% whey treatment resulted in the lowest abdominal fat relative weight. No significant differences were found in the relative weights of carcass cuts (breast and thighs) or internal organs (liver, spleen, and Bursa of Fabricius). Microbiologically, Lactobacillus counts increased in the cecum at the 10% level and decreased at the 20% level. In contrast, coliform counts increased only in the 20% treatment, with no significant differences in the other treatments. Histologically, whey addition significantly increased (P < 0.05) villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and cecum, with the 10% level showing the highest values and the 20% level the lowest. Crypt depth increased in the jejunum and ileum at the 20% level, with no significant change in the duodenum. The 10% treatment significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum, while no significant differences were observed in the jejunum. The study concludes that adding 10% whey to drinking water represents the most efficient level for improving growth and intestinal health indicators in Japanese quail, without adverse effects on production efficiency or basic anatomical characteristics.
Study of the inhibitory effect of probiotics on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from the milk of cows suffering from mastitis
This study was conducted to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus as one of the main causative agents of bovine mastitis, and to evaluate the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria against the isolated strains. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method A total of 100 milk samples were collected from cows in different areas of Baghdad Governorate, including 40 samples from cows with acute mastitis 30 samples from cows with subclinical mastitis, and 30 samples from apparently healthy cows. Milk samples were cultured on blood agar followed by mannitol salt agar, and the isolates were identified based on microscopic, cultural, and biochemical characteristics The results showed that 10 isolates (10%) were identified as Staphylococcus aureus ,Sixty milk samples were negative by the California Mastitis Test, while no bacterial growth was observed in samples collected from healthy cows. Molecular detection revealed that 10 isolates (10%) were positive for the 16S rRNA gene, whereas 6 isolates (6%) were positive for the nuc gene Furthermore, all tested lactic acid bacteria isolates (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) exhibited a clear inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 500 µL. However, no inhibitory activity was observed at lower concentrations (250 and 100 µL).
The using of local king mushrooms (Plenteous eryngii) Spawn in improving the value of wheat bran feed with its effect on the productive performance of Broilers
The study had been conducted to investigate the use of pleutotus eryngii L. Spawn that had been grown on the wheat bran to improve it’s value with its partial replacement in stead of the yellow corn in the broiler diets with it’s effect on the productive performance of the broilers.The experiment had been Carried out by two stages, the first one was laboratorial in which the spawn had been grown on the wheat bran, then the treated wheat bran by the spawn had been dried and all the chemical analyzes had been performed on it in order to evaluate its feed value.The second stage of the experiment had been carried out in the poultry farm that belongs to the Animal production Departinent. College of Agriculture, Abu-grabe during the period 1/3/2025 until 5/4/2025. A total of 160, one day old broiler chicks, ROS 308 had been used in the experiment, those chicks had heen equally alloted on four treatments) the first treatinent was a control treatment, chicks in this control treatment had been fed on a dict containing 100%, yellow corn. Meanwhile, chicks in other treatment fed on diets Substituted by the fermented wheat bran by the spawn at rates 5, 10 and 15% for the second, third ond fourth treatment respectively. Results had been revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) In the weekly weight gain of the birds during the second, fourth and fifth week as well as the total weight increase. Additionally a significant improvement of feed conversion rate had been observed during the first week in the second, third and fourth treatments. Respectively-Furthermore a significant superimpose whad was noticed during the fourth and fifth weck as well as the total feed conversion rate (1-5 Week).. It was conducted that partial replacement of the fermented wheat bran by the spawn of the King mushroom leads to a significant improvement of the productive performance of the broilers.
Effect of Replacing Soybean Meal Protein with Different Levels of Urea on Some Productive and Physiological Traits in Laying Hens
This study investigated the effect of replacing part of the dietary protein with different levels of urea on the productive performance, egg traits, blood parameters, and gut microbiota in laying hens. A total of 144 Isa Brown hens were divided into four groups: a control group receiving a standard diet (T1), and three experimental groups receiving the same diet supplemented with T2 (0.4%), T3 (0.8%) or T4 (1.2%) urea. The results showed that the addition of 0.4% urea improved feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, and overall productivity. However, higher levels of urea (0.8% and 1.2%) negatively affected performance, which may be attributed to potential nitrogen toxicity. Urea supplementation did not significantly affect most external egg quality parameters such as egg weight and shell thickness, but it influenced internal quality by increasing albumen percentage and reducing yolk proportion at higher doses. Blood analysis showed that moderate urea increased albumin and globulin concentrations, suggesting improved protein metabolism. Microbiological analysis confirmed an increase in the proportion of Lactobacillus individuals at 0.4% urea, which was more abundant with higher proportions of E. coli. Such results indicate the need for close regulation of dietary urea to optimize its beneficial effects without impairing hen health and performance.
Soybean meal replacement, Laying hens, Urea, Egg quality parameters.
The Effects of Two Different Protocol of General Anesthesia on Clinical Body Health Status in Pigeons (A comparative Study)
Twelve pigeons were used to compare anesthetic efficacy and clinical effects of medetomidine combined with ketamine (MK) to those of diazepam combined with ketamine (DK). The drugs were given intramuscularly and the anesthetic and physiological parameters were recorded along the experiment. The anesthetic parameters represent by onset of analgesia which appear in DK faster than MK group, time of anesthesia (Surgical time) and recovery time were showed longer time in MK group than DK group. The physiological parameters were represented by pulse rate, which showed increase at 10 minutes in MK group. However, at the end of experiment,it showed increase in DK group. SpO2 parameter showed an increase at the first 20 minute in all groups, but then, it showed decrease at 30 minute in DK group. The cloacal temperature showed gradually decrease during the experiment period. This study showed that medetomidine and ketamine together may be suggested for a number of regular pigeon surgical procedures because it provides a longer operative duration than a combination of diazepam and ketamine. According to the study’s results, In order to increase animal production by decreasing anesthetic morbidity and mortality, providing a careful and stress-free anesthetic regimen, it is highly recommended to use medications with low adverse responses and side effects.
Anasthesia, Diazepam, Ketamine, Medetomidine, Pigeons.
Natural Immunostimulants for Broilers: Evaluating Herbs and Alternative Materials
People are paying more attention to using natural immunostimulants with broilers because they want organic poultry and worry about antibiotic resistance. This research examines how well selected herbs (turmeric, garlic, and oregano) and alternative ingredients (probiotics and yeast extracts) function as natural immunostimulants in chicken food. There were 300 broilers used, with each group receiving one of six diets or the control diet. The researchers examined indicators of growth performance, immune function, and health of the gut. Researchers found that disease-affected animals given turmeric and probiotics responded with much better weight gain, an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), and higher antibody titers. The results imply that natural immunostimulants can make broilers healthier and more productive, all while preserving safety and sustainability.
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Hematological and Physiological Parameters in Sheep
The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of adding S. cerevisiae to the diet of Awassi sheep on hematological and physiological measures. The subjects were 40 male, healthy Awassi sheep aged 8-10 months with average body weight (BW) of 32.5 ± 2.3 kg. There were 2 equal groups; one received a basal diet (the control group) and the other received the basal diet and S. cerevisiae added to their diet at 5 grams per day (treatment group) for a period of 90 days. Blood samples collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 90 were analysed for both hematological and biochemical parameters. The addition of S. cerevisiae to the diet significantly increased red blood cell count, concentration of haemoglobin, and packed cell volume compared to the control group at each of the three weeks’ sampling time. In addition, white blood cell counts and their differential counts were also significantly higher for the treatment than for the control group. Biochemically, the treatment group had significantly higher concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin, while their concentrations of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were lower than the control group. Enzyme activity for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were similar between both groups and within the normal range of activity, indicating no potential for hepatotoxicity. In a fasting state, the treatment group had significantly lower glucose concentrations compared to controls, indicating improved glucose metabolism as a result of the addition of S. cerevisiae to their diet. Results of this study support that dietary supplementation with 5 grams of S. cerevisiae per sheep per day positively affect both the hematological profile and the physiological parameters of the Awassi sheep when raised under the Iraqi environmental conditions.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Graded Levels of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on Nutrient Intake of Local Goat Does and Growth Performance of Their Kids
This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with graded levels of maca (Lepidium meyenii) root powder on nutrient intake of Iraqi local Black goat does and on growth performance of their offspring before and after weaning. The experiment was initiated at the beginning of the third month of gestation and continued until six months post-weaning. Twenty does (2–3 years old; 41.32 ± 2.11 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatments (n = 5), while sixteen post-weaning male kids (3 months old; 14.81 ± 2.43 kg) were allocated to four corresponding groups (n = 4). Animals received maca supplementation at 0, 2, 4, or 6 g/animal/day in addition to a basal diet formulated to meet nutritional requirements. Daily feed intake and concentrate refusals were recorded throughout the experimental period. Results showed that roughage intake of does was significantly increased in the supplemented treatments compared with the control. Offspring born to does receiving the highest level of maca exhibited greater body length at birth, while chest circumference at weaning was improved in the moderate supplementation groups. Post-weaning performance of male kids indicated a significant increase in final body weight, with the highest value observed in the 2 g/day treatment, followed by the 6 g/day treatment. Furthermore, total feed intake and its components were positively influenced by maca supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with maca root powder, particularly at 2 and 6 g/animal/day, enhanced feed intake of does and improved growth performance of their kids, suggesting its potential.
Maca; Lepidium meyenii; Goat does; Feed intake; Kid growth; Natural feed additive
Feeding Practices in Small Holder Production System by Dairy Farmers of Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh
A study was conducted in small holder production system to understand feeding practices of dairy farmers of Meerut district. 100 farmers having land holding up to 4 acres were selected randomly, 50 from rural and 50 from urban area of the district. A suitable interview schedule was developed for these farmers to record the observations. The study revealed major differences in rearing preferences of dairy farmers based on family and caste system in urban and rural area. Majority of dairy farmers had good experience in dairy farming with moderate income status. Significant differences were observed in feeding of roughages and concentrate to animals, formulation of concentrate and method of feeding concentrate to animals in the study area. Improved feeding techniques such as urea treatment, conservation of feed and fodder as hay and silage were less popular in both the areas of the study. The major limitations included problems related to infertility in animals, lesser knowledge of technology driven practices and unavailability of veterinary laboratory testing facilities in the area.
Dairy farmers, Land holding, Production system, Income
Impact of Summer Heat Stress on Oxidative Status, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Acute Phase Proteins and Reproductive Performance in Awassi Ewes: Development of a Heat Stress Index for Fertility Prediction
Background: Heat stress severely compromises reproductive efficiency in sheep, causing substantial economic losses in arid regions. However, no comprehensive study has integrated oxidative, inflammatory, and acute phase biomarkers with reproductive outcomes to develop predictive tools for fertility assessment in Awassi ewes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonal heat stress on oxidative status, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), and reproductive performance, and to develop a Heat Stress Index (HSI) for predicting conception failure in Awassi ewes. Methods: One hundred twenty multiparous Awassi ewes (3–5 years, 52 ± 4 kg, BCS 2.5–3.0) were allocated to four groups based on breeding season: Thermoneutral (TN, October–November, THI < 72), Mild Heat Stress (MHS, April–May, THI 72– 79), Moderate Heat Stress (MDHS, June–July, THI 80–84), and Severe Heat Stress (SHS, August, THI ≥ 85). Blood samples were analyzed for cortisol, progesterone (P₄), estradiol (E₂), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), haptoglobin (Hp), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Reproductive parameters included estrus response, conception rate, and embryonic loss. ROC analysis and logistic regression were performed. Results: Severe heat stress markedly elevated (P < 0.05) cortisol (12.45 → 38.72 ng/mL), MDA (1.62 → 4.85 nmol/mL), HSP70 (2.45 → 12.86 ng/mL), IL-6 (38.5 → 118.4 pg/mL), and SAA (6.82 → 32.56 μg/mL), while depleting antioxidant defenses and suppressing reproductive hormones. Conception rate declined from 85.7% (TN) to 32.1% (SHS), with embryonic loss increasing from 8.3% to 44.4%. ROC analysis revealed HSP70 as the strongest predictor of conception failure (AUC = 0.93) with optimal cut-off of 8.5 ng/mL (sensitivity = 91.2%, specificity = 86.4%). The proposed Heat Stress Index achieved 91.8% accuracy for fertility prediction. Conclusion: This study provides the first integrated biomarker panel with validated cut-off values and a practical HSI scoring system for predicting reproductive failure in heat-stressed Awassi ewes. Breeding during THI > 80 should be avoided or accompanied by cooling interventions.
Awassi ewes; heat stress; oxidative stress; HSP70; acute phase proteins; reproductive performance; predictive modelling
Effect of Prebiotic Supplementation on Gut Microbiome Composition, Mucosal Immunity, and Growth Performance in Pre-Weaning Small Ruminants: A 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing Study
Background: Neonatal diarrhea represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaning lambs and kids. Prebiotic supplementation may improve gut health by modulating microbiome composition and enhancing mucosal immunity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and their combination on gut microbiome, mucosal immunity, systemic cytokines, and growth performance, and develop a Gut Health Index (GHI) for health status prediction. Methods: One hundred sixty pre-weaning animals (80 local crossbred lambs + 80 kids; 7±2 days old) were allocated to four groups: Control, MOS (4 g/day), FOS (4 g/day), and MOS+FOS (2+2 g/day) for 8 weeks. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3–V4 region, Illumina MiSeq). Mucosal immunity markers (fecal sIgA, β-defensins, MUC2, ZO-1 mRNA) and systemic cytokines (IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β) were measured. Growth performance and diarrhea incidence were recorded. ROC analysis was performed. Results: MOS+FOS synergistically improved microbiome composition: Lactobacillus increased 2.8-fold, Bifidobacterium 3.2-fold, while Escherichia decreased 68% and Clostridium 54%. Alpha diversity (Shannon index) increased from 3.42 to 4.86. Mucosal immunity enhanced: sIgA 2.3-fold, β-defensin-1 3.0-fold, MUC2 mRNA 2.68-fold. Systemic IL-10 increased 84% while TNF-α decreased 49%. ADG improved 18.6% and diarrhea incidence decreased from 32.5% to 7.5%. Lactobacillus/E. coli ratio showed strongest predictive performance (AUC = 0.91). The proposed GHI achieved 88.6% accuracy. Conclusion: Combined MOS+FOS supplementation synergistically improves gut microbiome, mucosal immunity, and growth performance in pre-weaning small ruminants, with the GHI providing a practical tool for health assessment.
Prebiotics; gut microbiome; 16S rRNA sequencing; mucosal immunity; lambs; kids; diarrhea prevention
Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Immune Indicators, Antibody Response, and Antioxidant Status in Sheep: Development of an Immunocompetence Index
Background: Selenium (Se) and vitamin E are essential micronutrients with synergistic antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions. In selenium deficient regions, supplementation may enhance immune function and vaccine efficacy in small ruminants. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Se, vitamin E, and their combination on cellular and humoral immunity, cytokine profiles, antioxidant status, vaccine response, and develop an Immunocompetence Index (ICI) for health assessment. Methods: One hundred twenty Awassi sheep (6 months old, 28±3 kg, both sexes equally distributed) from a selenium-deficient region were allocated to four groups for 90 days: Control, Se (0.3 mg/kg DM as sodium selenite), Vit E (250 IU/day dl-α-tocopherol), and Se+Vit E (combined). Blood samples were analyzed for cellular immunity (lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry, phagocytic activity, proliferation), humoral immunity (IgG, IgM, IgA), cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α), antioxidant status (Se, GPx, SOD, TAC, MDA), and antibody response to FMD and PPR vaccines. Health status was monitored throughout. ROC analysis was performed. Results: Baseline values confirmed selenium deficiency (Se 68.4 ng/mL) and did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). At Day 90, Se+Vit E significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) cellular immunity: CD4+ T cells (24.6 → 36.8%, +50%), phagocytic activity (42.6 → 68.4%, +60%), lymphocyte proliferation index (1.86 → 3.42, +84%). Humoral immunity improved: IgG (12.4 → 18.6 mg/mL, +50%). Antioxidant status enhanced: GPx (186 → 325 U/L, +74%), while MDA decreased 57%. FMD antibody titers increased 3.2-fold. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed. GPx showed strongest predictive performance (AUC = 0.94). The proposed ICI achieved 92.4% accuracy. Conclusion: Combined Se+Vit E supplementation synergistically enhances immunity and vaccine response in selenium-deficient sheep. The ICI provides a practical tool for assessing immunocompetence.
Selenium; vitamin E; immune function; antibody response; antioxidant; Awassi sheep; vaccination
Evolution and Central Theme of Livestock Production Management
The paper presents the livestock production scenario of the post-independence India and outcome of several efforts to increase the contribution of livestock sector to the national GDP requiring the emergence of the applied subject Livestock Production Management. The aim of this subject is increased and economic production from livestock sector. Theme of Livestock Production Management is judicious decisions on the use of scarce farm resources, having alternative uses to obtain the maximum profit and family satisfaction on a continuou basis. It further elaborates the evolution of this science and presents a critical analysis of the domain of this subject. A picture is available from this paper as to how knowledge of other subjects is required to achieve the aim of this subject.
Livestock Production Management, Farm Management, Management of Farm, Production System
Assessing popularity of rabbits among children
Animals have always been man’s companion. Among the favourites like dog and cat, rabbit also have a scope of being a good pet option. However, rabbits have fetched little attention compared to other species. Hence the present study was taken up to gauge the popularity of rabbits among children of different age groups. It was found that eagerness level towards approaching rabbits and higher level of excitement on seeing rabbits was more evident in children of ≥10 years. Overall, 97.67% children showed high level of liking towards rabbits. All the boys of all age groups (100%) showed liking towards rabbits, while a small proportion of girls (2.77%) belong to the age group of ≥10yrs did not show any liking towards rabbits. Out of all 6 breeds included in the study, New Zealand White breed was preferred by most of the children followed by Angora, Black Brown, Soviet Chinchilla, Grey Giant and Californian White. Leporiphobia was seen in 12.24% of boys and 27.01% of girls. Majority of children of all age groups wanted to take the rabbits home. Null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that children show liking and attraction towards rabbits and the most liked breed of rabbit was New Zealand White breed.
Rabbit, New Zealand White rabbit, Preference, Pet, Leporiphobia
A Scientometric Mapping of Global Research Productivity and Network Analysis in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
This study examines the discipline of veterinary science including animal husbandry and veterinary medicine by investigating the research articles, conference proceedings, and book chapters published in Scopus in 2006- 25. The data had been obtained based on 4609 publications searched on the Scopus database. The primary conclusions made are that there is a steady growth of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine research, and the value of this area is growing. There are a variety of researchers who are playing a prominent role in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine research. According to co-authorship analysis, there has been high collaboration throughout the world, with the major contributions of such researchers as Lee, J., Wang, Y., and Wang, J., and the most prominent research centers in USA, UK, and China. Thematically significant issues like cattle, animal welfare, and risk factors were found through the use of keywords as cooccurring keywords. The changing clusters in animal keeping and veterinary science are an indication of new fields that need to be investigated. Future research must center on machine learning and advances in technology and their effects on the animal husbandry and veterinary sector, and establish new methods to deal with the growing challenges in the various environments.
Animal Husbandry, Publication Growth, Veterinary, Scientometrics, Network Analysis, Authorship Pattern
Influence of Tamarind Pulp on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Relative Weights of Internal Organs of Japanese quail Raised in Hot Climates
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of an aqueous extract of tamarind pulp on production performance, carcass characteristics, and internal organ traits of Japanese quail raised under hot climatic conditions. In a completely randomized design, 160 one-day-old quail chicks were allocated to 4 groups (treatments) with 4 replicates each (10 birds per cage). The control group (T1) received no tamarind extract, while the experimental groups (T2, T3, and T4) were supplied with 5, 15, and 25 grams of tamarind pulp per liter of drinking water, respectively, starting from age 4 up to 42 days old, for 12 hoursevery day. The results of this study showed that adding tamarindin different proportions, compared to the control treatment, led to significantly increased (P < 0.05) feed intake for T3 and T4 treatments. The highest significant improvements (P < 0.05) in live body weight and weight gain were recorded in the T3 treatment. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among treatments in feed conversion ratio and mortality rate. Carcass weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the T3 treatment. The relative weight of the thighs increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T2 treatment, while in the same treatment, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) was recorded in the weight of the relative wing. The weight of the liver relative was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the T4 treatment. Both the relative weight of the gizzard and abdominal fat were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the T3 treatment. In summary, supplementing drinking water with 5, 15, and 25 g/L of tamarind pulp during hot climatic conditions did not adversely affect performance or carcass traits of Japanese quail; rather, it enhanced several productive and physiological parameters. Overall, the 15 g/L level (T3) was identified as the most effective treatment.
Pancreas of Laying Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Moorhen Birds (Gallinula chloropus) A Comparative Investigation Morphologically, Histo morphologically, and Histologically
Comparatively examining the histological and structural traits of the pancreas in Gallus gallus domesticus and Gallinula chloropus was the aim of current study. This study’s main objective was to evaluate these bird species’ value as reliable suppliers of chicken and eggs. The birds samples are divide for two groups first group was five laying hens and second group was five moorhen assigned to anatomical study and histological study. In laying chickens, the pancreas was distinguished by its white, pinkish coloration while in Gallinula chloropus was characterized by its white to pinkish coloration. Histologically speaking, it seems that the Moorhen bird’s connective tissue capsule was relatively thinner than that of the Laying hens. The connective tissue capsule, which extends from the septa to the pancreatic parenchyma, is less common in moorhens than laying hens. Both birds’ exocrine glands contained serous tubulo-acinar glands. The secretory acini of the Laying hens possessed pyramid-shaped acinar cells. The presence of oval, elongated acinar cells was a characteristic of the moorhen bird’s secretory acinar.
Gallus gallus, laying hens, Moorhen Birds, pancreas, exocrine glands.
Assessment of Zoonotic Pathogens in Poultry and Environmental Water Sources Using Duplex PCR in Karbala, Iraq
Background The world-wide poultry industry has grown rapidly to provide the increasing demand for low-cost protein. This expansion offers more opportunities for zoonotic diseases to be transmitted, especially Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae that are important pathogens for foodborne illness. Both Salmonella has been reported among poultry flocks in Karbala, Iraq and V. cholerae which is commonly associated with contaminated water may also represent potential zoonotic risk within the settings of poultry production. Culture-based detection is time-consuming, laborious and may fail to detect low levels of contamination; molecular methods like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide fast, sensitive and specific identification of targets that are amenable for large epidemiological surveys. Objective: To investigate the molecular prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae in the different samples, their concurrent occurrence, assess associated risk factors and estimate the performance of duplex PCR assay for pathogens monitoring. Methods: Descriptive study of 20 poultry farms in Karbala province was conducted over a period of one year. In total, 82 samples were collected from the hens and cloaca swabs of poultry and feces samples (n = 82) and environmental/water (n = 118). Isolation and detection of Salmonella was based on invA gene and V. cholerae using rtxA/lolB genes by duplex PCR; results were confirmed through agarose gel electrophoresis. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to determine prevalence and associations with potential risk factors, including farm biosecurity and quality of water source. Results: Salmonella spp. was found in 15% of poultry, mainly in cloacal swab indicating extensive carrier status. Vibrio cholerae was detected in 9% of water/ environment samples. Simultaneous presentation of both pathogens was found in 6% of waterborne samples, indicating possible cross-contamination predominately from water. Pathogen occurrence was positively correlated with low biosecurity and use of natural water sources (P < 0.05). The duplex PCR showed excellent sensitivity and specificity to rapid diagnosis. Conclusion: This study provides valuable molecular epidemiological evidence regarding the prevalence and cross-resistance of Salmonella and V. cholerae in Karbala region. The biosecurity and water management should be strengthened, and routine surveillance with duplex PCR is needed to prevent resistance zoonotic risks and public health protection. Serotyping of Salmonella and determination of V. cholerae toxicity need to be added in future studies to further assess public health risks.
Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, Poultry, Water sources, Molecular epidemiology, Duplex PCR, Karbala, Zoonotic pathogens.
Histological And Clinical Study On Effects Of Follicular Fluid And B. Serra ta On Achilles Tendon Healing In Dogs
Background: Tendons are strong connective structures that link muscles to bones, facilitating mobility and stability within the musculoskeletal system. Tendon injuries exhibit a characteristically slow and often incomplete healing process. Objectives: the objective of this research was to an evaluate and a compare efficacy of Boswellia serrata extract and bovine follicular fluid on the clinical and histological healing of Achilles tendon defects in a canine model. Methods: Twenty-seven adult local dogs were used in this study. A core lesion defect was surgically induced in Achilles tendon of all animals. The dogs were divided randomly to three equal groups (n=9): A Control Group, where the defect was treated with Autologous PRF alone; Treated Group 1 (B.S. Group), treated with 1.5 mL of B. serrata extract and Autologous PRF; and Treated Group 2 (FF Group), treated with 1.5 mL of bovine follicular fluid and Autologous PRF. The healing process was monitored for 60 days and assessed via macroscopic clinical evaluation (lameness, swelling, redness), and histopathological examination (at days 14, 30, and 60) post-surgery. Results: Clinically, the B.S. group showed the most rapid improvement, with a significant reduction in lameness by (day 9) post-surgery compared to the FF and the control groups. Histopathologically, both treatment groups showed an absence of inflammation at day 14, unlike the control group. At day 60, the FF group demonstrated superior tissue regeneration, characterized by the complete restoration of the tendon’s structural normality with highly organized regular collagen fibers. Conclusion: Both Boswellia serrata extract and bovine follicular fluid accelerate the healing of Achilles tendon defects when combined with PRF. Boswellia serrata provides faster clinical recovery and stimulates early collagen synthesis, while bovine follicular fluid promotes superior long term structural and histological restoration of the tendon tissue.
Effect of adding marjoram leaf extract to drinking water for broiler chickens on certain production traits
This experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Karbala, between November 10, 2023, and December 22, 2023, to study the effect of adding marjoram water extract to drinking water on the production performance of broiler chickens. The study aimed to determine the effect of adding different levels of Origanum majorana powder extract to feed on the productive performance of broiler chickens and some blood components. One hundred and fifty 7-day-old Ros 308 chicks were used, and the experiment lasted 35 days. The birds were randomly distributed into four treatments, with 60 chicks per treatment. The chicks were fed starter and finisher feeds with crude protein levels of 23% and 21.5% and energy levels of 3027 and 3195.3 kcal/kg of feed, respectively. An aqueous extract of marjoram was added at the following rates (20 ml/l rinking water) for the second group. 30 ml/l drinking water) for the third group. (40 ml/l drinking water) for the fourth group. The first group (control) was given normal drinking water without any additives The results of the experiment indicated significant increase (p<0.05) in live body weight (2562.2693 g/bird) for the two levels (40 ml extract/l drinking water) and (30 ml extract/l drinking water) compared to the control group. The addition of the extract improved feed conversion efficiency. The addition led to a significant increase (p<0.05) in cumulative (total) feed consumption for the third and fourth treatments. The addition did not significantly affect the amount of feed consumed by the second group (20 ml extract/l drinking water). Based on the results obtained from the study, it is possible to use marjoram extract in drinking water
Perceived Constraints and Suggestions revealed by SDAH Personnel for Im proving the Livestock Extension Service Delivery to Women Farmers
Present study was conducted to identify various constraints perceived by SDAH Personnel in delivering the livestock extension services in central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. An ex-post facto and exploratory research design were used to study the perceived constraints in four districts of Uttar Pradesh. A total 16 indicators of constraints were selected through previous studies and experts opinion. Data were collected by personal interview from 120 (60 Veterinary Officer and 60 Livestock Extension Officers) State Department of Animal Husbandry personnel randomly selected from available list at the district head quarter. The study revealed that, livestock extension activities suffer due to inadequate veterinary staff and this is the most severe constraint followed by inadequate budget allotment and over burdening of other paper work with respective ranks I, II and III. Recruitment of more number women SDAH personnel, organizing women targeted livestock extension activities, establishing separate grassroot level livestock extension wing were the major common suggestion revealed by the Veterinary Officers and the Livestock Extension Officers.
Constraints, Livestock Extension Services, Livestock Extension Officers, State Department of Animal Husbandry (SDAH) and Veterinary Officers.
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii: Accuracy, Prevalence, and Standardization of Diagnostic Protocols
Toxoplasmosis is a common zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It represents a significant public health concern worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, especially among immunocompromised patients and pregnant women.This meta-analysis systematically reviews peer-reviewed studies (2015–2025) to evaluate molecular diagnostic methods used for detecting T. gondii in humans and animals.Data were extracted and synthesized from recent studies focusing on molecular detection techniques, methodological differences, diagnostic accuracy, and prevalence rates. Special attention was given to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its variants due to their superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional serological assays.PCR-based assays targeting multicopy nucleotide sequences such as B1 and 18S rDNA demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity.Pooled prevalence varied by host species and geographical region.Emerging methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time PCR (qPCR) were identified as rapid and quantitative approaches with strong diagnostic potential.Molecular diagnostic methods offer significant advantages for detecting T. gondii, but variability in protocols affects reliability. The study emphasizes the need for standardized and harmonized diagnostic procedures to achieve optimal outcomes in toxoplasmosis detection, management, and control.
An Assessment of the Socio-Economic Status of Bargur Buffalo Farmers in the Native Tract
The present study was undertaken to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of Bargur buffalo farmers in their native tract. Data were collected from 100 selected respondents using a pre-tested and structured interview schedule over five months. The results revealed that most of the respondents were female (57%), highlighting the significant role of women in buffalo-rearing activities. Most farmers were middle-aged or elderly (87%) and belonged to nuclear family structures (57%). A large proportion (88%) were from the Backward Class and possessed marginal landholdings (83%). Regarding educational status, 61% had primary education, and 40% were illiterate. Agriculture was the primary occupation for 97% of the respondents, and the annual income of most farmers ranged from low to moderate income. Livestock ownership was generally small, with 58% of farmers maintaining three to five buffaloes each. Notably, 76% of the respondents had more than 10 years of experience in buffalo rearing, reflecting the traditional nature of the occupation. However, none of the respondents had received formal training in buffalo management or husbandry. These findings emphasize the need for targeted capacity-building programs and strengthened extension services to enhance productivity and ensure livelihood security among farmers.