The shot hole borer (Ambrosia beetle): Deciphering component in wilt complex as an emerging issue in pomegranate-A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijah.2022.4.1.1Keywords:
Ambrosia beetle, Fusarium wilt, pomegranate, shot hole borer, symbiosisAbstract
Ambrosia i.e. shot hole borer beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi. The beetles excavate tunnels in preferably wilted dead, stressed plants and little bits in healthy trees in which they cultivate fungal gardensas their sole source of nutrition. The shot hole borer, Xyleborus fornicatus severely affected pomegranate as this pest occurs sporadically in Ahmednagar. Life cycle from egg emergence to adult life of this pest was completed in 34 days with 13:1 female to male ratio. The symbiotic fungus Fusarium euwallaceae is associated with Euwalla ceae fornicatus causing branch dieback once introduced. Beetle play key role in the mechanical transmission of wilt pathogens. Because of haplodiploidy nature there is no need to find mates, brother-sister mating increases the chances of colonization and therefore, one or a few individuals are sufficient to establish a new population. As deciphering component, the wilt incidence reported from 0 to 46.3 per cent of survey report in Bagalkote followed by Belgavi in Karnataka and stated that the in festation of shot hole borer alone was not noticed. Furthermore, association of shot hole borer and nematode results in higher per cent disease incidence. Maintaining healthy trees by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long term control. If growers maintain optimal condition the ubiquitous amborsia beetle will be in consequential. Pasting of geru with and drenching of emamectin benzoate at 2 g + propiconazole 1 ml per litre water in infested plant will be effective remedy for the management of pest with symbiotic fungal inoculum.
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Owens, D., L. F. Cruz, W. S. Montgomery, T. I. Narvaez, E. Q. Schnell, Tabanca, N., R. E. Duncan, D. Carillo and P. E. Kendra. 2018. Host range expansion and increasing damage potential of Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida. Florida Entomologist, 101 (2): 229–236.
Ploetz, R.C., Hulcr, J., Wingfield, M.J. and Willhelm de Beer, Z.
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Rudinsky, A. 1966. Ecology of Scolytidae. Annual Review of Entomology, 7: 327–348.
Saranya, R. Yashoda, R. Hegde and Lingaraju, S.2023. Deciphering Components of Wilt Complex inPomegranate: A Case Study Based on Survey in Northern Karnataka. Annals of Arid Zone, 62(4): 281-289.
Sharma, K. K., Sharma, J. and Jadhav, V. T. 2010. Etiology of pomegranate wilt and its management. In: Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology. Global Science Books. Pp. 96-101.
Shreeshail, Sonyal, Nargund, V.B., Puneeth, M.E., Benagi, V.I., Palanna, K.B., Madhu, Giri, S., Shivalingappa, H., Mahesha, H. S., Devanshu Dev, Anil Pappachan and YallappaJagarkall. 2016. Survey for pomegranate wilt complex caused by Ceratocystisfimbriata and Meloidogyne incognita in northern Karnataka. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 10(1).
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Smith, Sarah, M., Gomez Demian, F., Beaver Roger, A., Hulcr Jiri and Cognato Anthony, I. 2019. Reassessment of the Species in the Euwallacea Fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Complex after the Rediscovery of the “Lost” Type Specimen. Insects, 10, 261.
Somasekhara, Y. M. and Wali, S. Y. 2000. Orissa J. Hortic., 28, 84- 89.
Speyer, E. R. 1917b. Shot-hole borer of tea. Tropical Agriculturist, 49: 17–21.
Storer, C., A. Payton, S. McDaniel, B. Jordal, and J. Hulcr. 2017. Cryptic genetic variation in an inbreeding and cosmopolitan pest, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, revealed using dd RAD seq. Ecology and Evolution, 7(24): 10974–10986.
Tambe, A. B. and Mote, U. N. 1997. Studies of shot-hole borer activity during different periods on pomegranate plants. Pestology, 21(6):55-59.
Thirugnanasundaran, K. 1989. A review on control methods of shot-hole borer in tea in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Tea Science, pp. 113–122. Conference Issue. Proceedings of the Regional Tea (Scientific) Conference, 19 –21 January 1988, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
UPASI Tea Research Foundation, 2003. Annual Report UPASI Tea Research Foundation, 76 India: UPASI Tea Research Foundation, 48-49.
Verghese, A. and Jayanthi, P. D. K. 2001. Integrated pest management (IPM) in major fruit crops. p.12-15. In: P. Parvatha Reddy, A. Verghese and N.K. Krishna Kumar (eds.), Integrated Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Capital Publishing
