Child Abuse & Neglect: An Overview
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/Keywords:
Child Abuse, Child Maltreatment, Neglect.Abstract
Child abuse has been recognized as a global phenomenon. It has detrimental consequences on all the aspects of child development. Solving this universal problem, requires better understanding of its occurrence in varied range of settings, as well as of its causes and consequences in these settings The majority of preventive programs focus on victims or perpetrators of child abuse and neglect. Very few programs emphasize on primary preventive approach aimed at preventing the child abuse & neglect from taking place at the initial stage. Effort must be made to prevent child abuse and neglect from occurring at all. This article provides an overview of child abuse and neglect at global level.
Downloads
References
1. Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF , Droegemuller W, Silver HK. The battered child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association 1962; 181: 17-24.
2. Finkelhor D, Korbin J. Child abuse as an international issue. Child Abuse Neglect 1988; 12(1): 3-23.
3. Sirotnack AP, Krugman RD. Physical abuse of children: an update. Pediatrics Review 1994; 15 (10): 394-399.
4. Youssef RM, Atta HY. Child abuse and neglect: its perception by those who work with children. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1998; 4 (2): 276-292.
5. Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO,Geneva. Geneva World Health Organisation 1999; (document WHO/HSC/PVI/99.1)
6. Child abuse and neglect. Fact Sheet N 150 March 1997.Available online URL:http:// www.whosea.org/en/section260/section484/section487.htm.
7. Child abuse and neglect Available online URL:http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention. 8. Alexander RC, Levitt CJ, Smith WL. Abusive head trauma. In: Reece RM, Ludwig S, eds. Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippinkott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 47-80.
9. Kirschner RH, Wilson H. Pathology of fatal child abuse. In: Reece RM Ludwig S, eds. Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippinkott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 467-516.
10. National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. Child abuse and neglect fatalities: Statistics and Interventions. Available online URL:http://www.nccanch.acf.hhs.gov/ pubs/factsheets/fatality.cfm.
11. Crume T, Di Guiseppi C, Byers T, Sirotnac A & Garret C. Underascertainment of child maltreatment fatalities by death certificates,1990-1998. Pediatrics, 110(2) URL:http:// www.pediatrics.aapublications.org/cgi/reprint/110/2/e18.pdf
26 Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
12. Reece RM, Krous HF. Fatal child abuse and sudden infant death syndrome. In: Reece RM Ludwig S (eds). Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 517-543.
13. Adinkrah M. Maternal infanticides in Fiji. Child Abuse and Neglect 2000; 24: 1543-1555. 14. Kotch JB et al. Morbidity and death due to child abuse in New Zealand. Child Abuse Neglect 1993; 17: 233-247.
15. Theodore AD, Runyan DK. A medical research agenda for child maltreatment: negotiating the next steps. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 168-177.
16. Strauss MA et al. Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child conflict tactics scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse Neglect 1998; 22: 249-270.
17. Hahm H, Guterman N. The emerging problem of physical child abuse in South Korea. Child maltreatment 2001; 6: 169-179.
18. Youssef RM, Attia M S, and Kamel M I. Children expressing violence: parental use of corporal punishment. Child Abuse Neglect 1998; 22: 959-973.
19. Ketsela T, Kedebe D. Physical punishment of elementary school children in urban and rural communities in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Med J 1997; 35: 23-33.
20. Tang C S. The rate of child abuse in Chinese families: a community survey in Hong Kong. Child Abuse Neglect 1998; 22: 381-391.
21. Martin A, Finkel and Allan RD. Medical findings in child sexual abuse. In: Reece RM Ludwig S (eds). Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2001: 207-286.
22. Leventhal JM. Epidemiology of sexual abuse of children: old problems, new directions. Child Abuse Neglect 1998; 22: 481-491.
23. Pederson W, Skrondal A. Alcohol and sexual victimization a longitudinal study of Norwegian girls. Addiction 1996; 91: 565-581.
24. Goldman JD, Padayachi UK. The prevalence of nature of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia. Child Abuse Neglect 1997; 21: 489-498.
25. Choquet M et al. Self reported health and behavioral problems among adolescent victims of rape in France: a cross sectional survey. Child Abuse Neglect 1997; 21: 823-832. 26. Daniel S H, Paul B, Philip DJ, Roger- LM, Clauss HP, Jerome L, Helen R W, Florence A. Prevalence of child sexual abuse among adolescents in Geneva: results of cross sectional survey. BMJ 1996; 312: 1326-1329.
27. Eileen Meier. Child rape in South Africa. Pediatr Nurs 2002; 28(5): 532-535. 28. Finkelhor D, Hotaling G, Lewis IA, et al. Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. Child Abuse Neglect 1990; 14: 19-28. 29. Finkelhor D. The International epidemiology of child sexual. Child Abuse Neglect 1994; 18: 409-417.
30. Sedlak AJ , Broadhurst DB. Third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1996.
31. Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. Bruises in infants and toddlers. Arch Pediatrics Adolesc Med 1999; 153: 399-403.
32. Mc Mahon P, Grossman W, Gaffney M, et al. Soft tissue injury as an indication of child abuse. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77: 1179-1183.
33. Feldman KW. Patterned abusive bruises of the buttocks and pinnae. Pediatrics 1992; 90: 633- 636.
34. Hight DW, Bkalar HR, Lloyd JR. Inflicted burns in children: recognition and treatmant. JAMA 1979; 242: 517-520.
35. Hobson MI, Evans J, Stewart IP. An audit of non- accidental injury in burned children. Burns 1994; 20: 442-445.
36. Renze BM, Sherman R. Abusive scald burns in infants and children: a perspective study. Am Surg 1993; 59: 329-334.
37. Billmire EM, Myers PA: Serious head injuries in infants: accident or abuse? Pediatrics 1985; 75: 340-342.
38. Duhaime A, Calario AJ, Lewader WJ et al. Head Injury in very young children: mechanism, injury types and ophthalmologic findings in 1000 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 1992; 90: 179-185.
39. Caffey J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Am J Dis Child 1972; 124: 161. 40. Alexander R, Sato Y, Smith W et al. Incidence of impact trauma with cranial injuries ascribed to shaking. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144: 724-726.
41. Smith MD, Burrington JD, Woolf AD. Injury in children sustained in free falls: an analysis of 66 cases. J Trauma 1975; 15: 981-987.
42. Krishnan J, Barbour PJ, Foster BK. Pattern of osseous injuries and psychological factors affecting victims of child abuse. Aust NZJ Surg 1990; 60: 447-450.
43. Leonidas JC. Skeletal trauma in child abuse syndrome. Pediatric Ann 1983; 12: 875-882. 44. Merten DF, Radkowski MA, Leonidas JC. The abused child: a radiological reappraisal. Radiology 1983; 146: 377-381.
45. Kleinman PK, Marks SC, Adams VI et al. Factors affecting visualization of posterior rib fractures in abused infants. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 150: 635-638.
46. Kleinman PK. Diagnostic Imaging in infant abuse. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155: 703-713. 47. Salsbury FT, Alford BA. Intracranial bleeding from child abuse: the value of skull radiographs. Pedatr Radiol 1982; 12: 175-178.
48. Hunter R S, Kilstrom N, Loda F. Sexually abused children: identifying masked presentations in a medical setting. Child Abuse Neglect 1985; 9: 17-25.
49. De Jong AR, Emans SJ, Goldfarb A. Sexual abuse: What you must know? Patient Care 1989; 23: 145.
50. Neinstein LS, Goldenring J, Carpenter S. Non sexual transmission of sexually transmitted diseases: an infrequent occurrence. Pediatrics 1984; 74: 67-76.
51. Howard D and Maureen MB. Child Neglect. In: Reece RM Ludwig S, eds. Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 339-362.
52. National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control. Web based injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) Injury Mortality Reports, 1999-2000. Available at: webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/nicpc/mortrate10.html.
53. Hunter WM, Jain D, SAdowski LH, Sanhueza AI. Risk factors for the severe child discipline practices in rural India. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2000; 25: 435-447. 54. Madu SN, Peltzer K. Risk factors and child sexual abuse among secondary students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Child Abuse Neglect 2000; 24: 259-268. 55. Finkelhor D. Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children 1994; 4: 31-53.
56. Shumba A. Epidemiology and etiology of reported cases of child physical abuse in Zimbabwean primary schools. Child Abuse Neglect 2001; 25: 265-277.
57. Hadi A. Child abuse among working children in rural Bangladesh: prevalence and determinants. Public Health, 2000; 114: 380-384.
58. Overpeck MD, Brenner RA, Trumble AC, Smith GS, MacDorman MT and Berendes HW. Infant injury deaths with unknown intent: what else do we know? Injury Prevention 1999; 5: 272-275.
59. Overpeck MD, Brenner RA, Trumble AC, et al. Risk factors for infant homicide in the United States. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1211-1216.
60. Klein M, Stern L. Low birth weight and the battered child syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1971; 122: 15-18.
61. Sariola H, Uutela A. The prevalence and context of family violence against children in Finland. Child Abuse Neglect 1992; 16: 823-832.
62. Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, Reinert SE, Hay TC. Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma. JAMA 1999; 281: 621-626.
63. Klevens J, Bayon MC, Sierra M. Risk factors and the context of men who physically abuse in Bogota Colombia. Child Abuse Neglect 2000;24: 323-332.
64. MacIntyre D, Carr A. The epidemiology of child abuse. J Child Centered Practice 1999; 57-86. 65. Sidebotham P, Golding J. Child maltreatment in the “Children of Nineties”: a longitudinal study of parental risk factors. Child abuse Neglect 2001; 25: 1177-1200.
66. Bardi M, Borgognini-Tari SM. A survey of parent – child conflict resolution: intrafamily violence in Italy. Child abuse Neglect 2001; 25: 839-853.
67. Ertem IO, Leventhal JM, Dobbs S. Intergenerational continuity of child physical abuse: how good is the evidence? Lancet 2000; 356: 814-819.
68. Stephanie AE and Lundy Bancroft. Domestic Violence. New Eng J Med 1999; 341: 886-892. 69. Nelson KG. The innocent bystander: the child as unintended victim of domestic violence involving deadly weapons. Pediatrics 1984; 73: 251- 252.
70. Wolfe DA, Korsch B. Witnessing domestic violence during childhood and adolescence: Implication for pediatric practice. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 594-599.
71. Friedrich WH, Urquiza A, Bilke RL. Behavior problems in sexually abused young children. J Pediatr Psychol 1986; 11: 47.
72. Livingston R. Sexually and physically abused children. J Am Acad. Child Psychiatry 1987; 26: 413.
73. De Paul J and Arruabarrena MI. Behavior problems in school aged physically abused and neglected children in Spain. Child Abuse Neglect 1995; 19: 409-418.
74. Gushurst CA. Child abuse: behavioral aspects and other associated problems. Pediatric Clin North Am 2003; 50: 919-938.
75. MacMillan HL. Preventive Health Care, 2000 update: prevention of child maltreatment. Canadian Med Asso J 2000; 163: 1451-1458.
76. Wasik BH and Roberts RN. Survey of home visiting programs for abused and neglected children and their families. Child Abuse Neglect 1994; 18: 271-283.
77. Olds D, Eckenrode J, Henderson CR et al. Long term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse & neglect: fifteen-year follow up of a randomized trial. JAMA, 1997, 278: 637-643.
78. Alpert EJ, Tonkin AE, Seeherman AM, Holtz HA. Family violence curricula in US medical schools. Am J Preventive Med 1998; 14: 273-278.
79. Vulliamy AP, Sullivan R. Reporting child abuse: pediatrician’s experience with the child protection system. Child Abuse Neglect 2000; 24: 1461-1470.
80. Reiniger A, Robison E, McHugh M. Mandating training of professionals: a means for improving the reporting of suspected child abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 1995; 19: 63-69. 81. MacIntyre D, Carr A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Stay Safe primary prevention programme for child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 1999; 23: 1307-1325.
