Students’ 21st Century Skills: Level Of Readiness For Large- Scale Assessments
Keywords:
Assessment, 21st Century Skills, Readiness.Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the 21st-century skills of students in terms of critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and creativity; and to assess their readiness for large- scale assessments. It employed a descriptive-correlational research design utilizing a 4-Likert scale questionnaire checklist. The respondents were 350 Grade 10 students from a total population of 2,732 from six selected public schools in Zamboanga City, the School Year 2021–2022. It was revealed that the respondents were females between the ages of 16 and 17, with a monthly household income of PHP9,000 or less and one to three siblings. Most of the respondents were very skilled in terms of collaboration and communication. On the other hand, they were moderately skilled in critical thinking and creativity. Hence, respondents were very skilled. Moreover, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the respondents’ 21st-century skills and their readiness for large-scale assessments. Respondents were ready for large-scale assessment regarding critical thinking, communication, and creativity and highly ready for collaboration. Respondents’ readiness to participate in large-scale exams is related to their 21st-century skills. Thus, readiness in the large-scale assessments among respondents does not differ on age, sex, family monthly income, and the number of siblings. It is recommended that the Department of Education officials develop a plan to enhance 21st-century skills by providing teachers with the necessary training and high-quality student resources. Furthermore, school administrators collaborate with teachers and students to improve 21st-century skills for large-scale assessments. Finally, teachers must become more proactive and active in developing their teaching skills and strategies in the existing curriculum aligned to large-scale assessments.
Downloads
References
Adelman, C. (2010). The toolbox revisited: Paths to degree completion from high school through college. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
Alsaleh, N. J. (2020). Teaching Critical Thinking Skills: Literature Review. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 19(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/EJ1239945.pdf.
Ahlstrom, W. (2014). Exploring the 21st Century Teaching and Learning Practice among Mathematics Secondary School Teachers. https://hrmars.com/papers_
submitted/5990/exploring-the-21st-century teaching-and-learning-practice-among
mathematics-secondary-school-teachers.pdf 4. Amabile, T.M. (2013) Componential Theory of Creativity. In: Kessler, E.H., Ed., Encyclopedia of Management Theory, Sage Publications, London, 134-139. http://dx.doi. org/10.4135/9781452276090.n42
Anazifa, R. D. (2017) Project- based learning and problem- based learning: are they effective to improve student’s thinking skills? page 6. Assessing 21st-Century Skills and Competencies Around the World https://asiasociety.org/global-cities-education
network/assessing-21st-century-skills-and competencies-around-world.
Balka, D. S. (2000). Creative ability in mathematics. Arithmetic Teacher, 21(7), 633- 636.
Baron, JB, (2004) Group Collaboration in Assessment: Multiple Objectives, Processes, and Outcomes.
Bender, W. N. (2012). Project-Based Learning: Differentiating Instruction for The 21St Century. California: Corwin
Beswick, B. & Care, E. (2016) The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment Chapter 57.
Bremert, H., Stoff, A. & Boesdorfer, S. (2020). Collaborative Assessments, 87.
Briggs, M., & Davis, S. (2008). Creative Mathematics in Early Years and Primary Classroom published by Routledge.
Brody, L. E., & Mills, C. J. (2012). Gifted children with learning disabilities: a review of the issues. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30(3), 282-286. https://files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/EJ750778.pdf
Buenaventura, P. A. R. S. (2019). Education Equality in the Philippines International Workshop on Data Disaggregation for the Sustainable Development Goals.
Burnage, S. (2018). Benefits of Collaboration https://www.nea.org/professional
excellence/student-engagement/tools
tips/benefits-collaboration
Care, E., Griffin, P. & Wilson, M. (2018). Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills: Research and Applications.
Cheng, D. (2015). Developing Critical Thinking Skills from Dispositions to Abilities: Mathematics Education from Early Childhood to High School. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/274007465_Developing_Critical_
Thinking_Skills_from_Dispositions_to_Abilit ies_Mathematics_Education_from_Early_Chi ldhood_to_High_School
Chiu, M. M. (2004). Adapting teacher interventions to student needs during cooperative learning: How to improve student problem solving and time on-task. American Educational Research Journal, 41, 365-399.
Collaborative Learning. Center for Teaching Innovation, https://teaching.cornell.edu/ teaching-resources/active-collaborative learning/collaborative-learning
Conger, D. (2009). Explaining race, poverty, and gender disparities in advanced course Btaking. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,
Contributor, C. (2021). Importance of Organization for Students, https://work.chron. com/importance-organization-students 5588.html
Cools, A. and Patacchini, E. (2017). Sibling gender composition and women’s wages. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 11001, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in Schools: Tensions and Dilemmas. Routledge, Abingdon, UK. Critical Thinking Development://reboot-foundation.org/en/
parent-guide/ages-13-plus/
Davies, D. D. Jindal-Snape, R. Digby, A. Howe, C. Collier and P. Hay, (2014). “The roles and development needs of teachers to promote creativity: A systematic review of literature”. Teaching and Teacher Education, 41, 34-41.
Davis, L. C. (2019). Why schools need to prioritize creativity Creative Teaching and Teaching Creativity: How To Foster Creativity In The Classroom
Dede, C. (2009). Comparing Frameworks for “21st Century Skills.” In J. Bellance & J. R. Brandt
Depdiknas. (2007). Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Matematika SD dan MI. Jakarta: Depdiknas.
DepEd “Basic Education Enrollment Policy” or DO No. 3 s. of 2018.
Doorman, M. (2013). A model for a widespread implementation of inquiry-based learning.
Ennis, R. (2011). The Nature of Critical Thinking: An Outline of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. https://education. illinois.edu/docs/default-source/faculty documents/robert-ennis/thenatureofcritical thinking_51711_000.pdf
Facione, P. (2011). Think Critically, Pearson Education: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Felder, R., & Brent, R. (2007). Cooperative Learning.
Fisher, R. (2005). Teaching children to think (2nd ed.). Cheltenham, GL: Nelson-Thornes 33. Gerlach, J. M. (2004). Is this collaboration? New directions for teaching and learning. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229 949477_Is_this_collaboratio
Gilley, B. & Clarkston, B. (2014). Collaborative testing: Evidence of learning in a controlled in-class study of undergraduate students. Journal Of College Science Teaching, 43(3), 83-91. https://doi.org/ 10.2505/4/jcst14_043_03_83
Guilford, P. (2004). The Effects of Divergent Production Activities with Math Inquiry and Think Aloud of Students with Math Difficulty. Disertasi Pada Texas A & M University. [Online] Tersedia: http://txspace.tamu.edu/bitstream/
handle/1969.1/2228/etd-tamu
;sequence=1. [15 Oktober 2012]
Hackman, J.R. (2000). Group influences on individuals in organizations. In Dunnette, M.D., Hough, L.M. (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 199-267). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Haidema, C. & Mitchell, A. (2005). Reading and writing to learn mathematics: Ten strategies to improve problem solving. Denver: RMC. Research Company.
Halagao, P.E. (2004). Teaching Filipino American students. Multicultural Review, 13(1), 42-48. Retrieved from http://filameducation.com/wpcontent/uploads/ Teaching_Filipino_American_Students.pdf.
Hamalik, O. (2003). Learning and Teaching Process. Bumi Aksara.
Harris, R. (2000). Introduction to Creative Thinking. [Online] Tersedia: http://www.virtualsalt.com/crebook1.htm. [7 Agustus 2012]
Haylock, D. (2010). Recognizing Mathematical Creativity in School Children. 42. Haylock, D. (2003). Mathematics explained for primary teachers 2nd edition. London-Paul Chapman.
Hong, E. & Aqui, Y. (2004). Cognitive and motivational characteristics of adolescents gifted in mathematics: Comparisons among students with different types of giftedness. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 191-201. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230
_Creativity_The_Essence_of_Mathem atics
Howell, J. S., Kurlaender, M. & Grodsky, E. (2010). Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(4), 726-748.
Hwang, W.Y. H., Chen, N.S., & Dong, J.J. (2007). Multiple Representation Skills and Creativity Effects on Mathematical Problem Solving using a Multimedia Whiteboard System.
Impey, C. (2020) Clear, concise, consistent - The three Cs of effective communication. Journal of Education and Practice, www.iiste.org, ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper), ISSN
-288X (Online), 6(12).
Kabasakalian, R. (2007). Language and thought in mathematics staff developments: A problem probing protocol. Teachers College Record, 109(4), 837-876.
Kennedy, L. M. & Tipps, S. (2007). Guiding children learning of mathematics (9th Ausg.). Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Key Findings from PISA (2015) https://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/PISA 2015-United-States.pdf
Khalidzuoud (2018). The effects of communication skills in developing preparatory year students’ performance page 41.
Kim, H., Cho, S. and Ahn, D. (2003). Development of mathematical creative problem solving ability test for identification of gifted in math. Gifted Education International, 18, 184-174.
Kubic, C. (2021). A Question Teachers Should Ask as Often as Possible.
Kuhn, D. (2000). Metacognitive Development. 54. Lacour, M. & Tissington, L.D. (2011). The effects of poverty on academic achievement. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7), 522- 527.
Lai, E. R. (2011). Critical Thinking: A Literature Review Research Report. London: Parsons Publishing.
Lavasani, M. G. & Khandan, F. (2011). The Effect of Cooperative Learning on Mathematics Anxiety and Help-Seeking Behavior.
Lee, J. (2008). Sibling size and investment in children’s education: An Asian instrument. Journal of Population Economics, 21(4), 855- 875.
Lee, V. & Burkam, D. (2011). Inequality at the starting gate: Social background differences in
achievement as children begin school. New York: Economic Policy Institute.
Leikin, R. & Lev, M. (2013). Mathematical creativity in generally gifted and mathematically excelling adolescents: What makes the difference? ZDM - The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 45(2), 183- 197.
Liu, H. (2015). The quantity–quality fertility– education trade-off. IZA World of Labor. 61. Mall-Amiri, B. (2015). The difference between extrovert and introvert EFL teachers’ classroom management.
Mathis, W. (2013). Two paths of 21st century learning.
Maurissen, L., Barber, C. & Claes, E. (2020). Classroom discussions and political tolerance towards immigrants: the importance of mutual respect and responsiveness. Acta Politica: International Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 242. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269- 018-0114-0
McGinty, M. (2019). Imagination and Creativity, and how to add it to your classroom. 65. Mehrotra, P. (2018). How to boost your creativity by combining ideas.
Mergendoller, J. (n.d.). Does project based learning teach critical thinking?
Metri Group and NCREL. (2013). EnGauge 21st Century Skills: Literacy in the Digital Age. Chicago, IL, North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Meyer, K. (2009). Student Classroom Participation: Exploring Student Definitions of, Motivations for, and Recommendations Regarding Participation. Paper on the Instructional Development Division, 2009 National Communication Association Convention, Chicago: Ohio University
Nartani, C. I., Hidayat, R. A. & Sumiyati, Y. (2015). Communication in Mathematics Contextual. IJIRES, 4(2), 284-287.
National Association of Colleges and Employers (2016). Job Outlook http://www.naceweb.org
National Center for Education Statistics (2015). The Condition of Education https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015144.pdf
National Research Council (2010). Assessing 21st century skills. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
NCTM (2020). Communication: A Vital Skill of Mathematics. https://digitalcommons. unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&co ntext=mathmidactionresearch
Nikolakaki, S.M., Pitoura, E., Terzi, E. & Tsaparas, P. (2020). Finding Teams of Maximum Mutual Respect. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining
(ICDM), 1202-1207. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ICDM50108.2020.00149
Oluwole, D. A and Muraina, K. O. (2016). Effectiveness of Motivational. Enhancement Therapy in Enhancing Mathematics Learning Gains among School-Going Adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 17(1), 140-151. Available at http://www.akamaiuniversity. us/PJST.html
Omoegun, M. (2007). Effect of parental socio - economic status on parental care and social adjustment in the UBE programme in Lagos State: Implication for counselling. International Journal of Educational Research, 3(2), 81-87.
O’Neil, H. F., Chuang, S. and Chung, G. K. (2004). Issues in the computer- based assessment of collaborative problem-solving. Assessment in Education, 10, 361-373.
Oni A. (2007). Socio - economic status as predictor of deviant behaviours among Nigeria Secondary School Students. International Journal of Educational Research, 3(2), 225- 236.
Ontario, M. (2010). Modeling Effective Communication.
Ormrod, J.E (2014) Educational Psychology: Developing Learners, 8th Edition University of Northern Colorado (Emerita)
Park, H. (2004). The Effects of Divergent Production Activities with Math Inquiry and Think Aloud of Students with Math Difficulty.
Partnership for 21st Century Skills (2009). A Framework for Twenty-First Century Learning. http://www.p21.org/
Patel, D. S. (2014) Body Language: An Effective Communication Tool, page 94. 84. Pellegrino J, Chudowsky, N & Glaser R (2001). Knowing what students know. The science and design of educational assessment. Washington, Dc. National Academy Press. 85. Pengmanee, S. (2016). Developing students mathematical reasoning ability based on constructivist approach. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(4), 221- 231.
Perkins, C., and Murphy E. (2006). Identifying and measuring individual engagement in critical thinking in online discussions: An exploratory study. Educational Technology & Society, 9(9), 298-307.
Pehkonen, E. (2002). The state-of-art in mathematical creativity. ZDM-The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 29(3), 63-67. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11858- 997-0001-z
Quieng, M. C., Lim, P. P. & Lucas, M. R. D. (2015). 21st Century-Based Soft Skills: Spotlight on Non-Cognitive Skills in a
Cognitive-Laden Dentistry Program. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 11(1), 72- 81. https://doi. org/10.13187/ejced.2015.11.72
Rajendran, N.S. (2010). Teaching and Acquiring Higher Order Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice. Tanjong Malim, Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Robinson, K. (2001). Unlocking creativity: A strategy for development. Belfast: Department of Culture Arts and Leisure.
Sampang, Ma. Angeles A. and Jason Moseros. (2005) Redesigning the CEM Mathematics Diagnostic Tests as Developmental Assessment Instruments. http://www.iaea.info. Date Retrieved: April 29, 2016.
Sherin, M. G. (2000). Facilitating Meaningful Discussion of Mathematics. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 6(2), 122-125.
Slameto. (2003). Learning and Factors Affecting It. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Soland, J., Stecher, B. & Hamilton, L. (2013.). Measuring 21st-century competencies: Guidance for educators Asia Society.
Sriraman, B. (2005). Are giftedness and creativity synonyms in mathematics? The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 17, 20- 36.
Surya, M. (2004). Psychology of learning and teaching. Pustaka Bani Quraisy, Bandung. 97. The National Advisory Panel (2008) https://www.academia.edu/39930328/21st_Ce ntury_Instruction_Accelerating_Students_Out comes_in_Mathematics
Thompson, J. (2020). Instructing & Assessing 21st Century Skills: A Focus on Complex Communication.
Torney-Purta, J. & Amadeo, J. (2012) The Contribution of International Large-scale Studies in Civic Education and Engagement, in von Davier, M., Gonzalez, E., Kirsch, I. & Yamamoto, K. (Eds) The Role of International Large Scale Assessments: perspectives from technology, economy, and educational research, pp. 87-114. Dordrecht: Springer.
Treffinger, D.J., Young, G.C., Selby, E.C. & Shepardson, C. (2002). Assessing Creativity: A Guide for Educators. The National Research Center on The Gifted and Talented. Center for Creative Learning Sarasota, Florida.
Trilling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Van Boxtel, C., Van der Linden, J. & Kanselaar, G. (2000). Collaborative learning tasks and the elaboration of conceptual knowledge. Learning and Instruction, 10(4), 311-330.
Vogler, J.S. and Robinson, D.H. (2016). Team based testing improves individual learning. Journal of Experimental Education, 84(4),
-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973 .2015.1134420
Voogt, J. and Roblin, N. P. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of International Frameworks for 21st Century Competences: Implications for National Curriculum Policies. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44, 299-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2012.66893
Watsons, S.M.R & Gable, R.A. (2012). Using knowledge of student cognition to differentiate instruction. Published online at http://www.learnne.org/lp/editions/every
learner/6693 Schoenfeld, G.2002.Taking Up Opportunities to Learn: Constructing Dispositions in Mathematics Classrooms
Wochenschrift, W. (2021) Gender differences in examination behavior of 4th grade medical studentsResults from an observational study on ECG e-learning https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s00508-021-01959-z#Sec2.
Wijayti, N., Sumarni, W. & Supanti, S. (2019). Improving Student Creative Thinking Skills Through Project Based Learning.
Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical Thinking: Why Is It So Hard to Teach? American Educator, 31, 8-19. http://www.aft.org/sites/ default/files/periodicals/Crit_Thinking.pdf
Wilson, M. & Scalise, K. (2014). Assessment of Learning in Digital Networks. In Griffin, P., & Care, E. (Eds.), Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills, Volume 2 - Methods & Approaches. Dordrecht: Springer.
Wrahatnolo, T. and Munoto (2018). 21st centuries skill implication on educational system page 3.
Wu, Q. (2015). Sibship size and children’s family resources. Journal of Early Adolescence, 3, 1-20.
Zevenbergen, R., Mousley, J. & Sullivan, P. (2004). Disrupting pedagogic relay in mathematics classrooms: Using open-ended tasks with Indigenous students. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 8(4), 391-405.
Zohar, A. and Dori, Y.J. (2003). Higher Order Thinking Skills and Low Achieving Students: Are They Mutually Exclusive? Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12, 145-181.
