Histopathological Effects of Sublethal Dose of Dichlorvos on Nerve Cord and Chloragogen Tissue of Eisenia fetida
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/Keywords:
Diclorvos, Eiseniafetida, epineurium, giant nerve fibre, chloragogen tissueAbstract
Dichlorvos or DDVP is an organophosphate pesticide which is used in agriculture rampantly, as well as in households and stored grain houses as an insecticide. While application, non target organisms in the soil may also get exposed to Dichlorvos. The persistence of residues of the pesticides is also a serious concern on the health of soilbiota. In present study, the effect of sublethal dose of the Dichlorvos was studied in earthworm Eiseniafetida. The worms were exposed to two sublethal doses of the pesticide for 7 and 14 days, subsequently, the worms were sacrificed and processed to prepare sections afterstaining and the changes in the nerve cord and chloragogen tissue were analyzed. By general observation, many behavioral changes were observed. Worms looked sluggish and showed excessive coiling. Histological changes in the peritoneum lining of the nerve cord were observed in the pesticide exposed worms.Changes in location of the giant fibres were also seen. Worms in control showed normal placement of the giant fibres, while in pesticide exposed worms, giant fibres appeared displaced. The muscle layer and epineurium also showed many changes compared to the control. Under exposure of Dichlorvos, Erosion of chloragogen tissue was seen. Significant vacuolization was also observed. The intestinal villi also were found to be eroded. Even at a sublethal dose, dichlorvos and other organophosphates can hamper the normal physiology of the soil biota such as earth worms and this can have detrimental effects on their survival and reproduction.
Downloads
References
Bharathi, C. and Subba Rao, B.V.S.S.R.: Toxic Effects of two organophosphate insecticides, Monocrotophos and Dichlorvos to common earthworm Lampitomauritii (Kinberg). Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 1986. 28, 127-130.
DeSilva, P.M.C.S. and Van Gestel, C.A.M. Development of alternative artificial soil for earthworm toxicity testing in tropical countries. Applied soil ecology. 2009. 43: 170-174. 3. Dimitrova, N., Dimitrov, S., Georgieva, D., Van Gestel, C.A.M., Hankard, P. and Surgeon, D.: Elimination kinetic model for organic chemicals in earthworms. Science of Total Environment. 2010. 480, 3787-3793
Edwards, C. A. and Bohlen, P. J. Biology and ecology of earthworm. Chapman and Hall, London. 1996. 3:426.
Espinoza-Navarro, O., Ferreira, C., and Bustos-Obregόn, E.: Effect of Methamidophos on the Morphology and Male Reproductive Parameters of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida. Int. J. Morph. 2013. 31(3), 1097-1103.
Fukuto, T.R.: Mechanism of Action of Organophosphorous and Carbamate Pesticides. Environmental health perspectives. 1990. 87, 245-254.
Kumar, S. and Singh, S.M.: Histopathological Changes in two Earthworm Species after O,O Diethyl S- (Ethylthio) Methyl Phasphoroditl Toxicity. Int. J. of Sci., Env. and Tech. 2017. 6(5), 2898-2906.
Kranthi, K.R., Dhawad, C.S., Naidu, S.R., Mate, K., Behere, G.T., Wadaskar, R.M. and Kranthi, S.: Inheritance of resistance in Indian Helicoverpaarmigera (Hubner) to Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Crop protection. 2006. 25, 119-124.
Lakhani, L.: Effect of Azodrin on Testes of Earthworm Eudichogasterkinneari (Stephenson): A histological and histochemical profile. Int. Res. J. of Bio. Sci. 2013 2(9), 54-58.
Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A. and Das, K.C.: Effects of Stocking Density and Feeding Rate on Vermicomposting of Biosolids. Biores. Technol. 1999. 71 (1), 5-12.
Pawar, S. and Shahezad, A.: Impact of Organophosphate (Chloropyriphose) on Weight and Growth of earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Int. J. of Sci. and Res.2015. 4(2), 1660-1663. 12. Pelosi, P.,Barot, S., Capowiez, Y., Hedde, M.,Vandenbulcke, F.: Pesticides and earthworms. A review. Agronomy for sustainable dev., Springer Verlag/ EDP sciences/ INRA. 2014. 34 (1), 199-228. 13. Rao, J.V. and Kavitha, P.: Toxicity ofAzodrin on the morphology and acetylcholinesterase activity of earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environmental Research. 2004. 96, 323-327.
Rao, J.V., Surya Pavan, Y., Madhavendra, S.S.: Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on morphology and acetylcholinesterase activity in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxic and Env. Safety. 2003. 54, 296-301.
Reddy, N.C. and Rao, J.V.: Biological response of earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Savigny) to an organophosphorous pesticide, profenofos. Ecotox. and Env. Safety. 2008. 71, 574-582. 16. Roots, B.I. Nature of chloragogen granules. Nature.1957. 179: 679-680.
Sharma, S., Pradhan, K., Satya, S., Vasudevan, P.: Potentiality of Earthworms for Waste Management and in Other Uses- A Review. 2005.The Journal of American Science. 1(1), 4-16. 18. Schreck, E., Geret, F., Gontier, L., Treilhou, M.: Neurotoxic effects and metabolic responses induced by a mixture of six pesticides on earthworm Aporrectodeacaliginosanocturna. Chemosphere. 2008. 71, 1832-1839.
Subaraja, M. and Vanisree, A.J.: Rotenone causing dysfunctional mitochondria and lysosomes in cerebral ganglions of Lumbricusterrestris degenerate giant fibres and neuromuscular junctions. Chemosphere. 2016. 152, 468-480.
Venter, J.M. and Reinecke, A.J.: The life cycle of compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). S. Afr. J. Zool. 1988. 23(3), 161-165.
Yasmin, S. and D’Souza, D.: Effects of pesticides on growth and reproduction of earthworm: A review. App. and Env. Soil Sci.2010. 1-9.
Zhou, S., Duan, C., Michelle, W.H.G., Yang, F., Wang, X.: Individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm. J. of Env. Sci. 2011.23(4), 676-680. 23. Zhou, S., Duan, C., Fu, H., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Yu, Z.: Toxicity assessment for chlorpyrifos contaminated soil with three different test methods. J. of Env. Sci. 2006. 19, 854-858.
