Effect of Environmental and Dietary Enrichment on Production Performance, Digestive Process and Some Physiological Parameters in chickens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/Keywords:
Environmental enrichment, perch structure, sand, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, nutrient adsorptionAbstract
environmental enrichment is considereconsidered advantageous compared to barecages, sincean outdoor door or free-range environment enables and encourages chickechickens to express their behaviour. In addition, chickens that are keptkept outdoors or in a free-range environment can incidentally ingingest sand, especially average of 10-20% sand. In the field of poupoultry science, various enrichment strategies (visual, auditory, olfactolfactory, and tactile) have been applied. In this study, sand aand nd perch structures were used as environmental enrichment ent bbecause (1) they are less expensive than other forms of enrichmchment, (2) they are mainly made of local materials, and (3) theyhey can form the basis for a comprehensive system of environmental environmental enrichment for chickens. Thus, in our studies, experiments eriments were carried out in 3 stages to determine the effect of environmental environmental enrichment methods on the well-being of chicken breeds reeds specialized for egg production. In the first stage, when the he living environment of chickens was enriched with sand and perperch structure, basic microbiological variables and phys hysicoico-chemical blood parameters (blood count, haemoglobin, viscviscosity, erythrocytes sedimentation rate, and pH) were improvimproved (p=0,05).The sand (S), 2-perch (P), 3 both -sand and a a perch (SP), and control (C) condition with no enrichment. ent. We determined the ratio of heterophils to lymphocyte in chickens chickens aged 22, 30 and 38 weeks, and we also observed that totalal egg production was increased by the experimental conditions (p=(p=0.05). In the third stage, the effect of chicken breeds in t the he egg direction on productivity (egg production, egg mamass) and nutrient absorption in laying-breed chickens was dckens was detetermined (p=0.01). Keywords: Environmental enrichment, perch perch structure, sand, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, nutrient adsorpt adsorption.
Downloads
References
Appleby, M. C. (1998). Modification of laying hens cages to improve behavior. Poult. Sci. 77, 1828-1832.
Appleby, M. C., and B. O. Hughes. (1995). The Edinburgh modified cage for laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 36, 707-718.
Appleby, M. C., B. O. Hughes, and H. A. Elson. (1992b). Poultry Production Systems: Behaviour, Management and Welfare. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Appleby, M. C. and B. O. Hughes (1991). Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems - environmental, physical and behavioral-aspects. World’s Poult. Sci. 47, 109-128.
Appleby, M. C., H. E. McRae, and I. J. Duncan. (1983). Nesting and floor -laying in domestic hens: Effects of individual variation in perching behaviour. Behav. Anal. Lett 3, 345-352.
Appleby, M. C. (2003). The European Union ban on conventional cages for laying hens: history and prospects. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 6, 103-121.
Bareham, J. R. (1972). Effects of cages and semi-intensive deep-litter pens on the behaviour, adrenal response and production of two strains of laying hens. Br.Vet.J. 128, 153-163.
Barnett, J. R., and M. O. Smith. (2003). Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci. 82, 1580- 1588.
Beyer, W. N.; Connor, E. E.; Gerould, S., (1994). Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58(2), 375-382.
Duncan, E. T., M. C. Appleby, and B. O. Hughes. (1992). Effect of Perches in Laying Cages on Welfare and Production of Hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 33, 25-35.
Faure, J. M., and R. B. Jones. (1982a). Effects of age, access and time of day on perching behaviour in the domestic fowl. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 8, 357-364.
Fickenwirth, A., D. W. Folsch, and C. Dolf. (1985). Sand shortens the claws and beak of hens prevent injuries-Prevents injuries. World‘s Poult. Sci., Celle, 288-290.
Gunnarsson, S., J. Yngvesson, L. J. Keeling, and B. Forkman. (2000). Rearing without early access to perches impairs the spatial skills of laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. 67, 217-228.
Gross, W. B., and P. B. Siegel. (1983). Evaluation of heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis. 27, 972-979.
Leone, E. H., and I. Estevez. (2008). Economic and welfare benefits of environmental enrichment for broiler breeders. Poult. Sci. 87, 14-21.
LeVan, N. F., I. Estevez, and W. R. Stricklin. (2000). Use of horizontal and angled perches by broiler chickens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 65, 349-365.
Mahaney, W. C. and Krishnamani, R., (2003). Understanding geophagy in animals: Standard procedures for sampling soils. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(7), 1503— 1523.
Maxwell, M. H. (1993). Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress World Poult. Sci. 49, 34-44.
Moberg, G. P., and J. A. Mench. (2000). The biology of animal stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare (Wallingford, U.K. CABI Publishing).
Moran, E. T., (1982). Comparative Nutrition of Fowl and Swine; The Gastrointestinal Systems. University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Newberry, R. C., and D. M. Shackleton. (1997). Use of visual cover by domestic fowl: a Venetian blind effect? Anim. Behav. 54, 387-395.
Pohle, K., and H. W. Cheng. (2009). Comparative effects of furnished and battery cages on egg production and physiological parameters in White Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci.88, 2042-2051.
Shields, S. J., J. P. Garner, and J. A. Mench. (2004). Dustbathing by broiler chickens: A comparison of preference for four different substrates. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 87, 69- 82.
Shields, S. J., J. P. Garner, and J. A. Mench. (2005). Effect of Sand and Wood-Shavings Bedding on the Behavior of Broiler Chickens. Poult. Sci. 84, 1816-1824.
Smith, R. (2011). HSUS, UEP agree on colony housing. Feed stuffs foodlink. http://www.feedstuffsfoodlink.com/ME2/ dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=news&mod= News&mid=9A02E3B96F2A415ABC72CB5F 516B4C10&tier=3&nid=F3C268C37A13449B 81CC55976C976023
Van Dar Meulen, J., C. Kwakernaak, and C. A. Kan. (2008). Sand intake by laying hens and its efffect on egg production parameters. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 92, 426-431.
