Effect of Diclofenac Sodium in Developing Chick Embryo, Gallus Gallus domesticus (Linn, 1758)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/bpas.2023.42A.1.11Keywords:
NSAID, Diclofenac Sodium, Toxicity, Embryology, Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory DrugAbstract
Diclofenac sodium, a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is an acetic acid derivative with generic name Diclofenac. NSAIDs represent some of the oldest medicines with recorded history of use of people. However, it is also known to inhibit implantation and embryonic development in rats and mammals. It is widely prescribed in India to women of child bearing age for the treatment of various conditions including arthritis, masculo-skeletal pain etc. Research has shown that it also crosses human placenta readily and potentially teratogenic. The present study focuses on assessing the embryonic development in chick under varied dosages of diclofenac sodium at different developmental stages. The results showed teratogenic effects such as omphlaocoele, reduced body size, delay in hatchability and angiogenesis with irregular heartbeats.
Downloads
References
Bogdanenko EV, Sviridov IuV, Sadovnikov VB, Zhdanov RI. (1999). Effect of orthofen on the embryogenesis of laboratory mice. Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia, 62 (2), 55-57.
Carp H.J.A., Fein A., and L. Nebel. (1988). Effect of diclofenac on implantation and embryonic development in the rat. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 28(3), 273-277.
Chan L.Y, P.Y. Chiu, S.S.N. Siu and T.K. Lau. (2001). A Study of Diclofenac Induced Teratogenecity During Organogenesis Using a Whole Rat Embryo Culture Model. Human Reproduction, 16(11), 2390-2393.
Diclofenac Summary Report. (2003). Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
Derle DV, Gujar K, Sagar B. (2006). Adverse effects associated with use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; an overview. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 68 (4), 409-414.
Drake V.J., Koprowski S.L., Laugh J.W and S.M. Smith. (2006). Gastrulating Chick Embryo as a model for evaluating teratogenecity: A comparison of three approaches. Birth Defects Research, Part A, 76, 66-71.
Grabowski C.T. (1966). Teratogenic Effects of Calcium Salts on Chick Embryos. Journal of Embryol. Exp. Morph, 15(2), 113-118.
Human Reproduction Update. (2010). Teratogenic Mechanism of Medical Drugs. 9. Lindsay O., Martin G., Munir V., Richard W., Carol M. et al., (2004). Diclofenac residues’ as cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427.
Maci R. (1980). Chick Embryo Sensitivity to teratogenic Agents. Bolletino di Zoologia. 11. Murphy L., Dagg C.P., and D. Karnofsky.
(1956). Comparison of Teratogenic Chemicals in the Rat and Chick Embryos. Proceedings of American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Naseef M, Kim SG, Seiki M, Kang IJ, Hano T, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. (2010). In ovo nanoinjection of triclosan, diclofenac and carmamazepine affects embryonic development of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Chemosphere, 79(9), 966-973.
Oleg .V, Hwang E.M., Kim D., Yoo J.C., Kang S.S., Kim D.R.., Shin J.H.J., Chung H.J., Jeong H.S., Kang D., Han J., Park J.Y., and S.G. Hong. (2009). Dichlofeanc, a Non – steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug, Inhibits L-Type Ca2+ Channels in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Korean Journal of Physol. Pharmacol, 13, 437-442.
Skoutakis V.A., Carter C.A., Mickle T.R., Smith V.H, Arkin C.R., Alissandratos and D.E. Petty. (1988). Review of diclofenac and evaluation of its place in therapy as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The Annals of Pharcoptherapy, 22(11), 850-859.
Siu S.S.N., Yeung J.H.K and Lau T.K. (2000). A Study on Placental Transfer of Dichlofenac in First trimester of Human Pregnancy. Human Reproduction, 15(11), 2423-2425.
Stern C. (2004). The Chick Embryo- Past, Present and Future as a Model System in
Developmental Biology. Mechanism of Development, 121, 1011-1013.
Shrack J.E. and M.J. Darre. Helpful Hints for Teachers on Incubation and Embryology of Chick. Published by: University of Conneticut, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Hamburger V. and H. Hamilton. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.
Zaki S., Angadi N. and Preeti S. (2011). Dysmorphic child born after maternal diclofenac therapy. Indian journal of pharmacology, 43(2), 220-221.
