Nutritional Content, Phytochemical Evaluation and Antipyretic Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Senna siamea (Kassod tree)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/Keywords:
Senna siamea, proximate content, acute toxicity and antipyretic effectAbstract
Senna siamea is a medicinal plant used locally for the treatment of typhoid fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, and is also used to reduce sugar level in the blood.The study aimed at phytochemical screening; antipyretic activities of methanol leaf extracts of Senna siamea. Fresh leaf of Senna siamea was air-dried, pulverized and extracted using maceration method of extraction technique with methanol. The percentage proximate analysis was carried out on the dry matter has highest percentage (88.50), carbohydrate has (64.84%), followed by fibre content (10.00%), moisture content (11.50%), ash content (5.00%), protein content (8.66%) and fat or lipid content (1.0%) respectively. The phytochemical studies of the methanol leaf extract of Senna siamea revealed the presence of some chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. The LD50 of the stem bark extract was ≥5000 mg/kg. The percentage changes in average rectal temperature (oC) from induction of pyrexia to 2 hours after treatment with methanol leaf extract of Senna siemea. There was a dose dependent increase in percentage change in percentage change in rectal temperature, with the negative control showing the lowest (0.52%) change in rectal temperature. Extract dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg had a percentage decrease in rectal temperature of 0.85%, 2.07% and 3.26% respectively. However, the positive control had the highest percentage change in rectal temperature of 5.28 % when compared to the extract treatments. The leaf extracts decreased the rectal temperature of Brewer-induced pyrexia in albino rats, which was more effective at 200 mg/kg. Thus, this study has scientifically justified that the plant poses a degree of action on central nervous system thereby acting as in suppressing fever. This provides validity for the use of the plant locally for the management and treatment of fever related health problems.
Downloads
References
. AOAC. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (2005). Official methods of analysis. 15th Association of Official Analysis Chemist Washinton D.C Pp 774-784
. AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists. J. Nut. Biochem, 6(7), 131.
. AOAC., (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (2016). Official methods of analysis, 20th Ed. Washington DC, USA., 120.
. Abdulrahman FI, Akan JC, Sodipo OA, Onyeyili PA. (2010). Effect of aqueous root-bark extract of Vitex doniana sweet on hematological parameters in rats, J. Am. Sci, 6, 8-12.
. Asaolu MF., 2003. Chemical composition and phytochemical screening of the seeds of Garcinia kola. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 46, 145-147.
. Backhouse N, Delporte C, Negret R, Salinas P, Pinto A, Aravena S, Cassels BK., (1996). Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities of Cuscuta chilensis, Cestrum parqui and Psorolea glandosa. Intl J. Pharmacog. 34, 53-57
. Bachlav RS, Gulecha VS, Upasani CD. (2009). Indian Journal Pharmacology. 41(4), pp158–161.
. Bors W, Heller W, Michel C, Saran M., 1990. Flavonoids as antioxidants: Determination of radical scavenging efficiencies. Methods in Enzymology, 186, pp343-355.
. Cardoso D, Pennington RT, De Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wykd BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M. (2013). Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes, South African Journal of Botany, 89, 58–75. (Cardoso, et al., 2013)
. Chakraborty A, Amudha P, Geetha M, Surjit SN. (2010). Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of methanolic extract of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. in mice. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Science, 1, 1-8.
. Chattopadhyay D, Arunachalam G, Ghosh L, Mandal A, Bhattacharya SK. (2005)). Antipyretic activity of
Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC: An ethnomedicine of Andaman Islands. Jounal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8, 558-564.
. Colerige SPO, Thomas P, Scurr JH, Dormandy JA. (1980). Causes of various ulceration, a new hypothesis, Britain Medical Journal, pp1726-1727.
. CIOMS, ICLAS. (2012), Principles find medical sciences and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science. Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. http: //idas. Org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/C IOMS-ICLAS. Access Date: 22/4/2015.
. Collier HOJ, Dinneen LG, Johnson CA, Schneider C. (1968). The abdominal constriction response by analgesic drugs in mouse. British Journal of Pharmacology, 32, pp295-301.
. Deepak K, Rupali S, Mahesh K., 2016. An Overview of Major Classes of Phytochenicals: Their Types and Role in Disease Prevention. Hislopia journal, 9(1/2), 1-11.
. De Sousa DP, Quintans-Jr LJ, Almeida RN. (2007). Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of alpha-Terpineol. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45, pp.69–70.
. Evans WC. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 16th Edition. Saunders Publishers, London. pp. 42–44, 221–229.
. Garg S, Taluja V, Upadhyay M, Talwar GP. (1993). Studies on contraceptive efficacy of Praneem polyherbal cream. Contraception, 48, pp591-596.
. Gepdireman A, Mshvildadze V, Suleyman H, Elias R. (2005). Acute anti-inflammatory activity of four saponins isolated from ivy: alphahederin, hederasaponin-C, hederacolchiside-E and hederacolchiside-F in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. phytomedicine, 12(6-7), 440-444
. Geyter ED, Geelen D, Smagghe G. (2007). First results on the insecticidal action of saponins. Community of Agriculture and Applied Biological Science, 72, 645-648.
. Gadanya AM, Atiku MK, Otaigbe BO., 2014. Proximate and elemental
analysis of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed. Int. J. Anal. Biochem. Res, 1(1), 1 – 4.
. Grabley R, Thirick R, Robak J. (1999). On the mechanism of antithrombotic action of flavonoids. Biochemical Pharmacology, 36, 317-321.
. Ibrahim M, Khan A, Tiwari SK, Habeeb MA, Khaja MN, Habibullah CM. (2006). Anti-microbial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum modi extracts against Helicobacter pylori: in vitro and in vivo studies. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 7136-42.
. Iwu MM. (1993). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. 1st edition. CRC Press Inc. Boca.
. Newman DJ, Cragg GM., 2011. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years, J. Nat. Prod. 70, 461–477.
. Huang T, Hantash AEJ, Lewi G. (2010). Evaluation of Narcotic (Opioid Like) Analgesic Activities of Medicinal Plants. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33(1), 179-182.
. Guimaraes AG, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Jr LJ., 2013. Monoterpenes with analgesic activity-A systematic review. Phytotherapy Research, 27, 2013, 1–15.
. Quintans JSS, Menezes PP, Santos MRV, Bonjardim LR.
. Almeida JRGS, Gelain DP. (2013). Improvement of p-cymene antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by inclusion inb-cyclodextrin. Phytomedicine. 20, 436–440.
. Sodipo OA, Abdulrahman FI, Akan JC, Akinniyi JA. (2008). Phytochemical Screening and Elemental Constituents of the Fruit of Solanum macrocopum Linn. Continental Journal of Applied Science, 3, 88-97.
. Neves SLA, Freitas AL, Sousa BW, Rocha ML, Correia MV, Sampaio DA, Viana GS. (2007). Antinociceptive properties in mice of lecithin isolated from the marine alga Amansia multifida Lamouroux. Bra. J. Med. Biol. Res. 40, 127-134.
. Usman H, Abdulrahman FI, Kaita HA, Khan IZ. (2013). Antibacterial effects of cyanogenic glucoside isolated from the stem bark of Bauhinia rufescens Lam Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 7(5),
-2150.
. Yeonju L, Jae-Chul J, Zulfiqar A, Ikhlas AK Seikwan OH. (2012). Anti-inlammatory effect of triterpenes saponins isolated from Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides). Hindawi Publishing Corporation; article ID798192, 2012, 8pp.
. Chattopadhyay D, Arunachalam G, Ghosh L, Mandal A, Bhattacharya SK. (2005. Antipyretic activity of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC: An ethnomedicine of Andaman Islands. Jounal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8, 558-564.
. George KA, Eric W, David DO, George AK. (2009). Antinociceptive effects of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) stem bark extract in a rat moedel. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 17, pp49–54.
. Madziga HA, Sanni S, Sandabe UK. (2010. Phytochemical and elemental analysis of Acalypha wilkesiana leaf. Journal of American Science, 6(11), 510-514.
. Oyenuga VA. (1968). Nigerian Food and Feedings Stuffs. Theire Chemistry and Nutritive value. Nigerian University Press. Ibadan, pp.99.
. Pearson G. (1976). Determination of Nitrogen Value, Using Micro-Kjiehldahl Method, Chemistry of Natural Products. 16, 165 – 169.
. Abdulrahman FI. (2004). Studies on the Chemical Contents and Pharmacological Activities of the Root-Bark Extract of Vitex doniana (Black Plum). Ph.D. Thesis, (Unpublished). University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
. De Sousa DP, Quintans-Jr LJ, Almeida RN. (2007). Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of alfa-Terpineol. Pharmaceut. Biol, 45, 69–70.
. Silva-Filho JC, Oliveira NNPM, Arcanjo, DDR, Quintans-Jr LJ, Cavalcanti SCH, Santos M. R. (2012). Investigation of mechanisms involved in (-)-borneol-induced vasorelaxant response on rat thoracic aorta. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 110, 171–177.
. Gryglewski RJ, Korbut R, and Robak J. (1987). On the mechanism of antithrombotic action of flavonoids.
Biochemical Pharmacology, 36, 317-321. [43]. Sulaiman, M.R., Tengku-Mohamad, T.A.S., Shaik M.W.M., Moin, S., Yusof, M., Mokhtar AF, Zakaria ZA, Israf DA, Lajis N. (2010). Antinociceptive Activity of the Essential Oil of Zingiberzerumbet. Planta Medica, 76 (2), 107–112.
. Vogel H.G. (2005). Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays. Third Edition. Springer. Aalen- Germany. 1164-1165.
. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. (2003)). Pharmacology. 5th edn.
New Delhi India, Elsevier Science Ltd;
. Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G. (1999). Gastrointestinal toxicity of
NSAIDs. TheNew England Journal
Medicine; 340, 1888-1899.
. Koster R, Anderson M, De-Beer EJ. (1959). Acetic acid for analgesic
screening. Federation Proceedings, 18,
pp412-418.
. Mamta S, Jyoti S, Rajeev N, Dharmendra S, Abhishek G. (2013).
Phytochemistry of medicinal plants.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry, 1(6), 168-182.
