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EVALUATING THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF Cuscuta reflexa AND Saussurea lappa IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MELASMA: A SINGLE BLIND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
To scientifically validate the drugs traditionally used by Arab and Greek physicians, a single blind, randomized, standard-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 36 melasma patients aged 15-50 years, with treatment duration of 60 days. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a test drug formulation comprising of a decoction of Cuscuta reflexa and a paste of Sausserea lappa (mixed with honey), compared to the recommended allopathic treatment (standard control). The test group received a decoction of C. reflexa (5 g orally, once a day) along with topical application of S. lappa paste on the affected area for 15 min once a day. The control group was orally administered with tranxemic acid tablets (250 mg, twice daily) and topical azelaic acid (10%) on the affected area. The test group exhibited significant improvement in subjective parameters with significant decrease in the severity of hyper pigmentation. Both the groups showed significant improvement in objective parameters including melasma area and severity index (MASI) scores, by the 60th day of treatment (p < 0.001). The test drugs demonstrated noticeable therapeutic effects on both subjective and objective parameters, without any adverse effect. No significant difference was observed between test and standard control treatment.
Cuscuta reflexa, decoction, hyperpigmentation, melasma, Saussurea lappa
VALORIZATION OF BREWER’S SPENT YEAST FOR THE EXTRACTION OF β-GLUCAN
Brewer spent yeast (BSY) is an underutilized byproduct of the brewery industry with significant potential as a renewable source for β-glucan extraction, contributing to a circular economy. The present study aimed to extract β-glucan from indigenous and commercial brewing yeasts using two different extraction methods. Pilsner beer was brewed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MK680910) for the collection of indigenous BSY, while commercial BSY was obtained from Underdoggs Brewery and Kitchen, Ludhiana, India. The BSY derivatives obtained after cell lysis and extraction were evaluated for proximate composition. The β-glucan content in indigenous BSY was 16.6 mg g⁻¹ and 15.1 mg g⁻¹ using acid–base and water extraction methods, respectively, whereas commercial BSY yielded 19.1 mg g⁻¹ and 16.5 mg g⁻¹ by the corresponding methods. β-Glucan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with characteristic absorption bands observed at 1034–1150 cm⁻¹ and 889 cm⁻¹, corresponding to C–O–C stretching vibrations of polysaccharides. The acid–base extraction method proved more efficient than water extraction, producing higher yields with fewer impurities. This study highlights the potential of BSY as a cost-effective and scalable source of β-glucan, offering value-added applications for the brewing industry and related sectors.
ZINC-INDUCED BIPHASIC MODULATION OF CHLOROPLAST PIGMENTS AND ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN ACID LIME (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle): IMPLICATIONS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY AND STRESS MANAGEMENT
Zinc is an essential micronutrient vital for various physiological processes in plants; however, its narrow gap between deficiency and toxicity demands careful nutrient management. This study assessed the impact of zinc (zinc sulphate heptahydrate @ 0.0–15.0 mM L⁻¹) on the composition of chloroplast pigments and anti-oxidative enzyme activities within the chloroplasts of acid lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle) leaves over two consecutive years.Moderate zinc concentrations (7.5–10.0 mM L⁻¹) significantly improved chlorophyll (a, b and total), carotenoids, xanthophylls and plastoquinone contents, indicating enhanced chloroplast development and improved photosynthetic capacity. Rubisco activity, a key enzyme involved in carbon fixation, was highest at 10.0 mM L⁻¹ zinc.In contrast, both zinc deficiency (0.0 mM L⁻¹) and zinc toxicity (≥12.5 mM L⁻¹) caused a significant reduction in pigment levels and Rubisco activity, which was associated with increased oxidative stress. Activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and ascorbate peroxidase in the chloroplasts increased under these stress conditions, reflecting the activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms.This biphasic response demonstrates the dual role of zinc in plant metabolism—supporting physiological balance at optimal concentrations while inducing oxidative stress and metabolic disruption under deficiency or excess. The study highlights the importance of maintaining a critical zinc threshold to sustain photosynthetic efficiency and redox balance in acid lime.
Acid lime, antioxidant enzymes, chloroplast pigments, nutrient management, Rubisco, oxidative stress, zinc
NOVEL SNPs DETECTION IN HSPB6 GENE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH HEAT TOLERANCE TRAITS IN BUFFALOES
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a crucial protective role during heat stress in dairy animals by acting as molecular chaperones that facilitate the folding, unfolding, and refolding of denatured proteins. The present study aimed to molecularly characterize the HSPB6 gene and to assess the association between identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and physiological parameters in buffaloes. A total of ninety-six female buffaloes reared at the Directorate Livestock Farms (DLF), GADVASU were included in the study. The HSPB6 gene, located on the 18th autosome of Bubalus bubalis (BTA 18), plays an important role in apoptosis and stress response. Gene-specific forward and reverse primers were designed to amplify fragments of 578 bp and 720 bp, respectively. Two polymorphic loci were identified in the HSPB6 gene when compared with the reference sequence (NCBI GenBank accession AC059174.1), including a translational mutation at locus A1277G in exon 2 and a transversion mutation at locus A1123C in the intron. The nucleotide substitution g.1277A>G in exon 2 was non-synonymous, resulting in an amino acid change at position 91 from lysine (K) to glutamic acid (E). The SNP at locus g.1123A>C was found to be significantly associated (p < 0.01) with respiration rate. Furthermore, buffaloes with the AG genotype at locus g.1277A>G exhibited the lowest values of respiration rate, rectal temperature, and heat tolerance coefficient, indicating greater thermotolerance. However, further experimental studies involving larger populations are required to validate the relationship between allelic variations in key heat shock protein genes and heat stress tolerance.
DIAGNOSIS OF β-THALASSEMIA TRAIT (βTT) IN IRAQI PATIENTS: HEMOGLOBIN A2 (HbA2) AND BIOCHEMICAL APPRAISAL
The most frequent forms of α- and β-degenerate anaemias are characterized by disruption in the formation of globin protein, leading to defective hemoglobin synthesis known as thalassemia, a prevalent hereditary blood disorder. The present study aimed to diagnose hemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂) levels in patients with thalassemia in order to provide a reference for improving thalassemia control strategies. Data were collected from 155 thalassemia patients attending Baghdad Medical City between November 2024 and March 2025. Hematological parameters including red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hemoglobin A (HbA), hemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂), and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) were analyzed, and relationships among these parameters were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that thalassemia patients had significantly higher mean levels of HbA₂, HbA, and HbF (P ≤ 0.01) compared with the control group. Correlation analysis revealed no significant association between serum ferritin and RBC count in the HbA₂ patient group (P ≤ 0.01). The findings indicate that individuals with β-thalassemia trait typically exhibit normal serum ferritin levels, mildly elevated red blood cell counts, and increased HbA₂ levels.
GC-MS PROFILE AND CHEMOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Cinnamomum zeylanicum BARK ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER CELL LINE MDA-MB-231
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) bark is one of the most important spices used to enhance the taste and flavour of Indian foods. Besides its use as a spice, C. zeylanicum bark possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties. The present study aimed to characterize the key chemical constituents of C. zeylanicum bark essential oil and to determine its chemoprotective effect against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The chemical composition of C. zeylanicum bark essential oil was determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysis identified 29 chemical compounds, among which (E)-cinnamaldehyde (69.89%), eugenol (14.27%), δ-cadinene (2.80%), and (Z)-caryophyllene (2.33%) were the major constituents. The essential oil exhibited concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of TNBC (MDA-MB-231) cells. A concentration of 15.62 μL mL⁻¹ produced maximum inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells, amounting to approximately 90.6%. The aroma profile and significant in vitro anticancer activity of C. zeylanicum bark essential oil provide a scientific basis for its potential use as a cancer remedy
GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCAPULAR SHAPE AND MORPHOLOGICAL PHYLOGENY AMONG BARASINGHA, SLOTH BEAR, SMALL INDIAN CIVET, STRIPED HYENA, AND INDIAN PARIAH DOG
Understanding scapular morphology is essential for interpreting species-specific adaptations related to locomotion, muscle attachment, and ecological strategies. The present study employed geometric morphometric techniques to analyze scapular shape variation and morphological phylogeny in five mammalian species: barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), and Indian pariah dog (Canis lupus familiaris). The study aimed to determine how scapular morphology reflects species-specific functional adaptations. A total of 144 homologous landmarks were digitized from high-resolution images of the lateral and medial surfaces of the scapula. Shape variation was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and Procrustes analysis of variance (ANOVA). Morphology-based clustering was performed using hierarchical unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrograms derived from PCA scores. Results indicated that the first principal component accounted for 80.40% of the total shape variance in species-wise analysis, primarily associated with variation in acromion process orientation and scapular spine morphology. Surface-wise PCA revealed a more balanced distribution of variance across components, with PC1, PC2, and PC3 explaining 33.71%, 20.81%, and 18.83% of the variance, respectively. Procrustes ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of scapular surface on shape (F = 10.34, P < 0.0001), whereas size differences were not significant (P = 0.0888). The resulting phylogenetic dendrogram grouped the species into two major phenetic clusters. Overall, the study provides new insights into scapular shape diversity and its ecological and evolutionary implications among the examined mammalian taxa.
DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLE-CROSS HYBRIDS AS NEW SOURCES OF FAVOURABLE ALLELES IN FUTURE OKRA BREEDING
The present study in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) assessed the magnitude of heterosis over mid- and better-parents and elucidated the nature of gene action governing yield, quality traits, and resistance to bhindi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV). Six single-cross (SC) commercial hybrids were crossed in a 2 × 4 line × tester mating design to generate double-cross (DC) hybrids. Among the SC hybrids, ‘Radhika’ and ‘SVOK-1408’ emerged as promising candidates for BYVMV resistance and are recommended for cultivation in disease hot-spot regions. Most of the evaluated traits exhibited predominance of non-additive gene action, suggesting that heterosis breeding would be an effective strategy for trait improvement. Based on general combining ability effects and mean performance, two SC hybrids, ‘Radhika’ and ‘Anushri’, were identified as superior genitors for future breeding programmes. In DC hybrids, percent disease index of BYVMV showed the highest desirable heterotic response, followed by pod yield per plant, total dietary fibre content of pod, pod length, pod weight, number of pods per plant, and pod diameter. The DC hybrids ‘Radhika × Bindu’ and ‘SVOK-1408 × Anushri’ demonstrated high commercial potential and could be exploited after multilocational evaluation across tropical and subtropical environments. High-yielding, BYVMV-resistant DC hybrids may also be utilized in segregating generations, and suitable breeding strategies have been proposed for developing multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) populations.
NUTRIENT CONTENTS AND UPTAKE BY GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) AS INFLUENCED BY THE APPLICATION OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND BIOFORMUALTIONS
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different bioformulations in combination with varying levels of inorganic fertilizers on plant nutrient (N, P and K) availability in soil and their uptake by garlic (Allium sativum L.) during the rabi seasons of 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. The experiments were carried out at the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research Station, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University (SKLTGHU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. The study was laid out in a factorial randomized block design comprising ten treatments, including a control, with three replications. Results indicated significantly higher nitrogen (2.14%) and phosphorus (0.59%) contents in plants, along with greater nitrogen and phosphorus uptake (98.62 and 27.42 kg ha⁻¹, respectively), under the treatment receiving 50% N + 100% P + 50% K combined with Azotobacter @ 5 kg ha⁻¹, potassium-solubilizing bacteria @ 6 kg ha⁻¹, Trichoderma viride @ 10 mL L⁻¹ and sesame oil @ 0.5%, compared to other treatments. The highest available soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (166.85, 38.31 and 137.22 kg ha⁻¹, respectively), along with maximum potassium content (1.85%) and uptake (82.99 kg ha⁻¹) in plants, were recorded under the treatment comprising 50% N + 50% P + 100% K supplemented with Azotobacter @ 5 kg ha⁻¹, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria @ 5 kg ha⁻¹, Trichoderma viride @ 10 mL L⁻¹ and neem oil @ 0.5%. The findings highlight the importance of evaluating integrated combinations of inorganic fertilizers, bioagents and botanicals to improve nutrient availability, uptake, and overall physiological and nutritional performance of garlic. , , , , , pongamia oil, ,
BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF NATIVE Bradyrhizobium STRAINS ISOLATED FROM PIGEON PEA ROOT NODULES OF EASTERN INDIA
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a major legume crop in Eastern India, contributing significantly to nutritional security and soil fertility through symbiotic association with Bradyrhizobium spp. However, the symbiotic efficiency of native strains under local agro-climatic conditions remains inadequately understood. The present study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify native bacterial isolates from pigeon pea root nodules and to evaluate their symbiotic efficiency and plant growth-promoting traits. A total of fourteen bacterial isolates were obtained, of which twelve were identified as Bradyrhizobium spp., while isolates S5 and S15 were identified as Pseudomonas azotoformans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus, respectively. All Bradyrhizobium isolates tested positive for catalase, oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrogenase activities. Isolates S9, S3, S6, S13, and S1 exhibited significantly higher nitrogenase activity compared to other isolates. Plant growth-promoting assays revealed phosphate solubilization, zinc solubilization, and potassium solubilization in ten, eight, and five isolates, respectively. Eleven isolates produced siderophores, and all siderophore-producing isolates synthesized indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Notably, isolate S6 (Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense) exhibited all evaluated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria traits along with high nitrogenase activity, identifying it as the most promising isolate. Isolates S3, S1, and S9 also demonstrated strong potential. The findings highlight the importance of efficient native isolates as region-specific bioinoculants for pigeon pea cultivation, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
CHARCATERIZATION AND GROWTH KINETICS OF Phomopsis psidii CAUSING STYLER END ROT OF GUAVA (Psidium guava)
Styler end rot is one of the most significant diseases affecting the styler end of guava fruit, causing direct yield losses. The present study aimed to characterize the causal pathogen of styler end rot, Phomopsis psidii, on a physiological basis and to assess its growth kinetics (ΔrAUKC) under laboratory conditions. The effects of different nutrient media, temperature regimes, pH levels, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements on fungal growth were evaluated. Among six nutrient media tested, potato dextrose agar (PDA) supported the highest diametric growth (90 mm) and growth rate (0.59 mm h⁻¹), producing white mycelium with a ring pattern. Maximum diametric growth (90 mm) and higher growth rates (0.56–0.59 mm h⁻¹) were observed at 25°C and pH 6.5 after 144 hours of incubation. Peak fungal growth occurred between 48 and 72 hours of incubation, irrespective of nutrient media, temperature, or pH. In terms of biomass production, starch was the most effective carbon source (1141.87 mg), potassium nitrate was the best nitrogen source (282.30 mg), and magnesium sulphate proved to be the most effective trace element (858.33 mg). Understanding the optimal growth conditions of Phomopsis psidii provides a foundation for developing targeted cultural and chemical management strategies against guava styler end rot.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AUTOLOGOUS TUNICA VAGINALIS AND SYNTHETIC MESH GRAFTING FOR REPAIR OF PERINEAL HERNIA IN MALE DOGS
Perineal hernia is frequently encountered in intact male dogs. While various surgical approaches exist, this study was aimed to compare the outcomes of autologous tunica vaginalis hernioplasty and polypropylene mesh hernioplasty in twelve dogs, divided equally into two groups. Seven dogs had bilateral perineal hernias, while five dogs had unilateral hernia, of which four were on the right side and one on the left side. The omentum was the most commonly herniated structure (50%), followed by the prostate, urinary bladder, and rectum. Recurrence was observed in two dogs treated with tunica vaginalis grafts and in three dogs treated with polypropylene mesh. In conclusion, the tunica vaginalis grafting technique demonstrated lower recurrence rates, suggesting greater therapeutic efficacy. Nonetheless, further research involving larger sample sizes and targeted management of postoperative complications such as tenesmus, straining, and urinary incontinence could enhance the overall success of the procedure.
MOLECULAR TYPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE PAPILLOMAVIRUS FROM CUTANEOUS WARTS OF CATTLE AND BUFFALO IN TAMIL NADU (INDIA)
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a diverse group of oncogenic viruses and the causative agent of bovine papillomatosis, which affects the cattle industry by contributing significant economic losses. The present study was aimed to detect and characterize BPV by molecular methods, namely polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Wart samples (n = 10) were aseptically collected from clinically affected cattle and buffalo. DNA was extracted directly from the wart samples and PCR was performed to detect BPV using BPV-specific L1 gene primers. All wart samples were positive for BPV by PCR, producing an amplicon of 480 bp. Histopathological examination revealed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, fusion of rete pegs and characteristic rete pegs with koilocytes. DNA sequencing of the conserved L1 gene was carried out for molecular typing of BPV prevailing in the Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu, India. The sequences showed 95.9–100% identity with BPV type 1 of the genus Deltapapillomavirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all sequences clustered with BPV-1. It is concluded that nucleotide sequencing of the L1 fragment is efficient for identification and typing of BPV, and BPV-1 strains were found to be the cause of cutaneous warts in cattle and buffalo.
BIOACTIVITY EVALUATION OF THE SCHOLAR TREE (Echites scholaris L.) BARK EXTRACTS BASED ON CHEMICAL PROFILING, in vitro AND in silico ASSAYS AGAINST MALARIAL PARASITE
In Mizo traditional medicine, the scholar tree (Echites scholaris) is used as a therapy for various illnesses, including blood disorders and malarial infection. To evaluate its antimalarial properties, bark extracts were prepared using solvents of differing polarities (chloroform and petroleum ether). The plant extracts were tested against two strains of the human malarial parasite: a drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (Pf3D7) and a multidrug-resistant strain (PfK1). The extracts showed effectiveness against both strains.The chloroform-based extract exhibited high activity, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 14.0 µg mL⁻¹ against Pf3D7 and 10.0 µg mL⁻¹ against PfK1. The petroleum ether-based extract was slightly less potent, showing IC₅₀ values of 22.0 µg mL⁻¹ (Pf3D7) and 26.7 µg mL⁻¹ (PfK1). In terms of drug resistance potential, the petroleum-based extract exhibited an extremely low level of resistance (Ri = 1.2), while the chloroform-based extract showed no resistance (Ri < 1).Cytotoxicity testing against VERO C1008 cells revealed that the plant extracts were highly safe, with half-maximal cytotoxic concentrations (CC₅₀) far exceeding the toxicity threshold. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis identified cis-3-hexenyl acetate and 3-decyn-2-ol as major phytocompounds in the chloroform-based extract, while linoelaidic acid, phthalic acid, and 2-ethylbutyl nonyl ester were predominant in the petroleum ether-based extract. Computational binding studies against vital proteins such as Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (VAR2CSA) and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) indicated high ligand-binding capacity. This study validates the antimalarial application of the plant and provides a rationale for further molecular and pharmacological investigations.
INTER-ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN PHENOLOGICAL EVENTS OF WILLOW (Salix alba) AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF GYPSY MOTH (Lymantria obfuscate), USING DEGREE DAY MODELS
Climate variability plays a crucial role in regulating the phenological patterns of plants and the developmental dynamics of associated insects. This study examined the phenology of willow (Salix alba) and the developmental stages of the gypsy moth (Lymantria obfuscata) over two consecutive years (2022–2023) using Julian dates and accumulated degree days (DD). Significant inter-annual variations were observed in both plant and insect development. In 2022, vegetative bud burst occurred earlier (Julian day 53, 0.55 DD) than in 2023 (Julian day 60, 3.86 DD), with similar delays observed in flowering and late-season events. Increased DD requirements in 2023 suggest climatic influences on phenological timing.Gypsy moth development also showed temporal shifts. In 2022, key stages such as egg hatching and adult emergence occurred earlier and at lower DD thresholds compared to 2023. Adult emergence was recorded at Julian day 158 (945.30 DD) in 2022 and at day 165 (492.22 DD) in 2023, indicating altered developmental dynamics. Population peaks differed between years, with a mid-June peak in 2022 (40 individuals, 608.65 DD) and a delayed, smaller peak in 2023 (35 individuals, 593.88 DD). These findings highlight the influence of temperature on plant–insect synchrony and demonstrate the usefulness of degree-day models for predicting phenological responses under changing environmental conditions.
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) AS A POTENTIAL CO-FACTOR IN BREAST CANCER - A RETROSPECTIVE CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an increasingly debated etiological factor in breast cancer, with growing evidence suggesting its potential role as an early trigger in breast carcinogenesis. This retrospective case–control study investigated the prevalence and genotypic distribution of HPV DNA in breast carcinoma tissues compared with non-malignant breast tissues to evaluate a possible association between HPV infection and breast cancer. The study was conducted from 1 January 2024 to 15 March 2025 and included 230 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tissue specimens collected from Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk General Hospital, and private laboratories in Kirkuk city, Iraq. Among these, 130 samples were diagnosed as breast cancer cases, while 100 samples represented benign breast lesions as controls. Clinical and pathological data—including tumour grade, tumour stage, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2/neu status—were obtained from medical records. Molecular detection of HPV was performed using High- and Low-Risk PapillomaStrip assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV DNA was detected at a significantly higher frequency in breast cancer tissues than in controls (P < 0.0001). HPV type 32 was the most prevalent genotype, identified in 24.6% of breast cancer samples compared to 3% of control samples. HPV positivity was predominantly observed in high-grade (grade III) and advanced-stage tumours. No significant association was found between HPV positivity and tumour laterality, ER status, or PR status. However, HPV-positive cases demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of HER-2 positivity than HPV-negative cases. In conclusion, HPV infection was more prevalent among breast cancer patients, particularly in HER-2–positive, high-grade, and advanced-stage tumours, suggesting a potential role of HPV in aggressive breast cancer progression.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dler Omar Mohammed, Mahmoud Mohammed Mahmoud, Abdulla Kamil Abdulla
ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA FROM TUBERS OF WHITE GUINEA YAM (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) WITHOUT USING LIQUID NITROGEN
Isolation of genomic DNA of high quality is a prerequisite for molecular genetic characterisation of any plant. Genomic DNA is usually extracted from plant leaves for downstream applications such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Plants have to be grown in fields or pots for leaves. In white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir), raising the plants in fields is a challenging task due to tuber dormancy in many genotypes. DNA can be directly extracted from yam tubers, obviating the need to raise plants in fields. However, high concentrations of secondary metabolites like polyphenols and polysaccharides in yam tubers may affect the genomic DNA extraction.A simple, rapid, inexpensive CTAB-based modified method with high PCR fidelity was standardised for DNA isolation from tubers without using liquid nitrogen. Fresh tubers and tuber samples prepared by alcohol-drying, freezing, and oven-drying were employed for genomic DNA isolation.The quantity, quality, and PCR fidelity of DNA isolated from various methods were verified and compared with the DNA isolated using liquid nitrogen. Alcohol-dried tuber tissues provided consistent, high-quality genomic DNA with absorbance ratio A260/280 of 1.787–1.854 and a concentration of up to 1.8 μg μL⁻¹, with ISSR profile comparable to that of tuber DNA isolated using liquid nitrogen.
WEED MANAGEMENT IN CHIA (Salvia hispanica L.) THROUGH HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS OF INDIA
A field experiment was conducted under arid conditions of western Rajasthan (India) to evaluate the efficacy of pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The study employed a randomized block design with ten treatments, comprising two doses each of bentazon (500 and 750 g ha⁻¹), fluazifop-p-butyl (100 and 200 g ha⁻¹), sulfentrazone (50 and 75 g ha⁻¹), and pendimethalin (200 and 400 g ha⁻¹), along with a weed-free control and a weedy check.Key weed control indices, viz., weed control index (WCI), weed persistence index (WPI), crop resistance index (CRI), and herbicide efficiency index (HEI), were assessed along with crop growth and yield parameters.The results revealed that sulfentrazone and pendimethalin, applied as pre-emergence herbicides, provided superior early-season weed control with WCI values of 85.4% and 82.7% at 30 days after sowing (DAS), respectively. Among post-emergence treatments, bentazon gave the highest WCI (83.2%) at harvest and demonstrated superior CRI (9.33) and HEI (2.45), indicating strong crop safety and herbicide effectiveness.The highest seed yield (554 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained in the weed-free treatment, followed by bentazon @ 750 g ha⁻¹ (495 kg ha⁻¹) and sulfentrazone @ 75 g ha⁻¹ (467 kg ha⁻¹), showing respective yield increases of 90.4% and 60.5% over the weedy check.The study suggested that an integrated weed management approach, combining pre-emergence herbicides (sulfentrazone or pendimethalin) with post-emergence bentazon, can significantly improve weed control and productivity in chia under arid farming systems.
EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF GERMINATED MILLET FLOUR ON IRON BIOACCESSIBILITY AND GLYCEMIC INDEX IN RTS FRUIT BEVERAGES
The study was carried out to formulate and evaluate the suitability of different germinated millet flour incorporation in mango, pineapple and pomegranate ready-to-serve (RTS) beverages. Incorporation of germinated foxtail millet or little millet flour @ 1% in mango, pineapple and pomegranate RTS beverages showed high dialyzable iron in germinated foxtail millet incorporated (GFMI) mango (2.47 µg mL-1), GFMI pineapple (2.68 µg mL-1) and GMFI pomegranate (1.65 µg mL-1) RTS beverages as compared to the germinated little millet incorporated (GLMI) mango (1.51 µg mL-1), GLMI pineapple (1.11 µg mL-1) and GLMI pomegranate (1.38 µg mL-1) RTS beverages and respective control samples. Similarly, predicted glycemic index (GI) was 95.76 to 105.91, 93.86 to 103.90 and 98.62 to 110.60 in germinated foxtail millet flour, little millet flour incorporated beverages and their control samples, respectively; even though the GI of all the samples did not fall under low GI range. The findings suggest that germinated millet flours can be incorporated to increase dialyzable iron content and reduce GI of fruit beverages with further increasing the incorporation amount in fruit beverages and validation with adequate in vivo studies.
YIELD PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY OF CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) ACROSS MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTS IN INDIA
Twelve castor genotypes were evaluated across ten environments in India during kharif 2022 to assess the genotype performance and to identify the stable and high-yielding genotypes. Genotype plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot for seed yield was employed to evaluate the genotype × environment interaction (GEI). The polygon view of GGE biplot revealed the "which-won-where" pattern of genotypes across different environments. Genotypes with the shortest vectors from the average environmental coordinates (AEC) line were identified as highly stable across the test environments, exhibiting higher mean seed yield per hectare. These findings indicate that certain genotypes possess both higher seed yield potential and stability across diverse environments, as demonstrated by GGE biplot analysis.
ANTICANCER MECHANISMS OF Commelina forskaolii EXTRACT THROUGH INDUCTION OF FERROPTOSIS IN HT-29 COLON CANCER CELL LINES
Colon cancer is the 3rd most prevalent cancer globally, presenting significant epidemiological and economic challenges. Natural products have shown promise as effective alternatives to chemotherapy. The present study was aimed to study the anticancer potential of rat’s ear (Commelina forskaolii) on HT-29 colon cancer cells, focusing on cytotoxic activity, antioxidant potential, and underlying molecular mechanisms. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of C. forskaolii was assessed by measuring IC₅₀ value on HT-29 cell lines, enzymatic antioxidant potential and heme oxygenase activity. Gene expression and cell cycle analyses were performed to explore molecular mechanisms. The extract demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 27.4 ± 0.25 μg mL⁻¹. Cell cycle analysis showed that C. forskaolii effectively arrested the cells at G₀/S phase. Additionally, the study revealed an increase in lipid peroxidation and intracellular iron accumulation, leading to the formation of lipid-iron radicals and triggering ferroptosis. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was found to regulate cellular iron levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, where moderate HO-1 activity offered cytoprotection, but excessive activity in cancer cells led to oxidative cell death. The findings suggest that C. forskaolii may serve as a valuable natural treatment for colon cancer, targeting oxidative processes that induce cancer cell death and anticancer activity.
RESTORATION OF NATURAL COLOURATION IN INDIAN ROSY BARB (Pethia conchonius) USING ONION PEEL POWDER IN HOME AQUARIA
The use of natural carotenoids in fish-feed to intensify the colouration is a sustainable and cost-effective choice for ornamental fish farmers to meet the demand of radiant ornamental fish within budget.Onion (Allium cepa) peel powder in formulated feed was used to restore natural colour in Indian rosy barb (Pethia conchonius) fish. A basal diet was prepared by using fishmeal, soybean meal, groundnut oil cake, rice bran, wheat flour, starch powder, soya oil, and vitamins & minerals. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing equivalent rice bran with onion peel powder at three concentrations viz., 5% (D1), 10% (D2), and 15% (D3) of the basal diet (D0).The feeding trial was conducted for 60 days. At the end of the feeding trial, a significant increase in total carotenoids concentration (4.3 ± 0.2 μg g⁻¹; p < 0.05) and weight gain (35.17%) was observed in rosy barb of D2 (10%) diet. All the tanks showed 100% fish survival.The result revealed that 10% inclusion of onion peel powder in the diet of Indian rosy barb can give a fruitful impact on restoration and retention of rosy barb’s natural colour in home aquaria.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON AND NITROGEN DYNAMICS IN BLACK SOIL OF CENTRAL INDIA UNDER LONG-TERM ZERO- TILLAGE WITH DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS
Conservation agriculture (CA) based zero-tillage system has gained prominence for its potential to improve soil health, enhance nutrient cycling, and increase carbon sequestration in soil. Knowledge about the changes in soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics under no-tillage and different cropping systems is necessary to assess the feasibility of adopting conservation agriculture to sustain soil health and productivity. This study compared conventional tillage (CT) and zero-tillage (ZT) systems, and three cropping systems (soybean-wheat, maize-wheat and maize-chickpea) on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. The experiment was established in 2010 on a Vertisol in Bhopal, India. After the completion of the 14th cycle of the experiment (2023-24), soil samples were collected from each plot and analysis processes were executed. The soil under ZT had found significantly higher concentrations of soil organic carbon (0.93%), total organic carbon (1.23%), very labile pool (0.55%), labile pool (0.19%), non-labile (0.36%) and total carbon (1.39%) than CT at 0-10 cm depth. Available nitrogen (229.83 kg ha1) and total nitrogen (0.133%) also had significantly higher in ZT than CT at surface soil. Tillage and cropping systems had no significant impact on soil inorganic carbon and mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen). Therefore, under Vertisols, 14 years of ZT practices are likely to improve organic carbon concentration and increase the availability of nitrogen in soil, allowing a positive trend for soil preservation and carbon sequestration in soil.
Trigonella foenum-graecum-BASED GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANO- PARTICLES: PRODUCTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS
Nanoparticles (1–100 nm) are increasingly explored for environmental and biomedical applications. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols facilitated efficient formation and long-term stabilization of AgNPs. The synthesis, confirmed by surface plasmon resonance with an absorption peak at 420 nm, was further characterized by FTIR, revealing functional groups (C=C, O-H/N-H) responsible for reduction and capping. The AgNPs demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli (19 mm) and S. aureus (17 mm), with MIC values of 25–50 μg/mL. Antioxidant potential was confirmed by DPPH assay (IC₅₀ = 46 μg/mL), indicating potent radical scavenging activity. The nanoparticles exhibited high yield (>85%), 30-day stability, and resistance to agglomeration. Bioactivity profiling across varying concentrations (100, 75, 50, and 25%) highlighted dose-dependent responses. The results suggest that fenugreek-mediated AgNPs act through membrane disruption, ROS generation, and interference with microbial DNA/protein synthesis. This green synthesis approach underscores the multifunctionality and sustainability of fenugreek-based AgNPs as promising next-generation antimicrobial agents.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOME PESTICIDES ON THE PARASITOID, Habrobracon hebetor (Say)
Habrobracon hebetor (Say) is a widely used gregarious ectoparasitoid in biological control programs targeting lepidopteran pests. However, the extensive use of chemical pesticides poses potential risks to such beneficial organisms. This study evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of four commonly used pesticides—imidacloprid, acephate, propiconazole, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl—on adult H. hebetor using concentration–mortality assays and risk quotient (RQ) analysis. Among the tested compounds, acephate was the most toxic, with LC₅, LC₃₀, and LC₅₀ values of 0.01, 0.15, and 0.52 mg L⁻¹, respectively, and an RQ value of 1442.31, indicating a high ecological risk. In contrast, imidacloprid exhibited LC₅, LC₃₀, and LC₅₀ values of 0.27, 8.27, and 40.75 mg L⁻¹, respectively, with an RQ of 0.61, suggesting minimal risk. The fungicide propiconazole (LC₅₀: 23.79 mg L⁻¹; RQ: 5.25) and the herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (LC₅₀: 995.41 mg L⁻¹; RQ: 0.06) also showed low toxicity, with sublethal concentrations well above field-relevant levels. These findings highlight the need to integrate both lethal and sublethal toxicity endpoints when assessing pesticide compatibility with natural enemies. Future research should examine long-term sublethal impacts on reproductive, behavioural, and molecular traits to enhance sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.
ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF A FLOUR MIX PREPARATION FROM Amorphophalus campanulatus (ELEPHANT FOOT YAM) AGAINST STREPTOZOTOCIN – NICOTINAMIDE INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS
Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus) is a tropical tuber with significant nutritional and medicinal potential but is underutilized due to its anti-nutritional factors. This study evaluated the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of resistant starch (RS) derived from A. campanulatus in streptozotocin–nicotinamide (STZ-NIC) induced diabetic Wistar rats. RS was prepared by autoclaving, retrogradation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acute toxicity tests confirmed safety up to 2000 mg kg⁻¹. Diabetic rats treated with RS at 100 and 200 mg kg⁻¹ for 28 days exhibited a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels. In the diabetic control group, blood glucose was 284.8 ± 6.1 mg dL⁻¹ on day 1 and 293.2 ± 6.5 mg dL⁻¹ on day 28. RS treatment also resulted in improved HbA1c, urea, and creatinine levels, alongside increased plasma insulin, liver glycogen, total protein, and body weight, comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide. Histopathological analysis revealed β-cell preservation in RS-treated groups. Additionally, RS promoted the growth of beneficial gut microbiota, reinforcing its prebiotic role. These findings indicate that RS from A. campanulatus holds promise as a functional food ingredient with anti-diabetic and gut-modulatory benefits.
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF NANO IRON OXIDE ENHANCES THE GROWTH, YIELD AND OIL CONTENT OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) IN CALCAREOUS VERTISOLS
Iron deficiency is a widespread nutritional problem, particularly in plants grown on calcareous and high pH soils. This study evaluated the impact of foliar application of nano iron oxide (Fe₂O₃ NPs) on the growth, yield attributes, and oil content of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under controlled pot culture conditions in a calcareous vertisol. Treatments included soil-applied ferrous sulphate, foliar-applied conventional ferrous sulphate, and various concentrations of nano-iron oxide (100 to 1500 ppm) applied 30 days after sowing. Among all treatments, foliar application of nano iron @ 1000 ppm recorded the best results, significantly enhancing dry matter production (69.37 g), root parameters, number of pods per plant (58.0), kernels per plant (89.33), pod dry weight (30.5 g/plant), kernel dry weight (23.2 g/plant), oil content (48.1%), oil yield (11.24 g/plant), and crude protein (26.75%). Yield improvement was 46% and 35% higher compared to the recommended practice and foliar FeSO₄ application, respectively. The control treatment showed the lowest performance in all parameters.
INTERACTION EFFECT OF VARIETIES AND PLANT SPACING, UNDER ULTRA HIGH DENSITY SYSTEM, ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.)
An experiment was conducted at AICRP on Cashew in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, during the cropping seasons of 2022–23 and 2023–24 to assess the interaction between cashew varieties and planting densities under an ultra-high-density planting (UHDP) system. Three varieties viz., ‘VRI-3’, ‘NRCC Selection-2’, and ‘Balabhadra’ were tested at spacing of 2.5 m × 2.5 m, 3.0 m × 3.0 m, and 7.5 m × 7.5 m. The results revealed significant differences in yield and yield-related traits among cashew varieties under different plant densities. Adoption of UHDP significantly decreased trunk cross section area (36.07 cm²), average canopy spread (2.19 m), crown height (1.56 m), canopy volume (5.08 m³), total number of laterals m⁻² (22.29), number of flowering laterals m⁻² (12.60), and kernel weight (2.21 g) compared to the wider spacing of 178 plants ha⁻¹. The cultivar ‘NRCC Selection-2’ at 2.5 m × 2.5 m spacing achieved the highest nut yield (0.94 t ha⁻¹), whereas ‘VRI-3’ at 7.5 m × 7.5 m gave the lowest (0.18 t ha⁻¹). The cultivar ‘NRCC Selection-2’ exhibited superior performance across all the planting densities, attributed to its genetic potential and enhanced responsiveness to pruning.
DECIPHERING AIRBORNE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES: LEVERAGING RNA APTAMERS VIA COMPUTATIONAL SLEUTHING
Airborne pathogens are a substantial threat to human health; hence, an efficient means to identify these contaminants is necessary to control their spread. The present work focused on developing innovative concepts for employing RNA aptamers to detect biological pollutants in indoor air environments. RNA aptamers are a promising tool for detecting indoor air microbes, thereby enhancing air quality and human health. This study utilized computational methods to identify and characterize RNA aptamer–target interactions. In silico techniques were used to design and predict aptamer sequences capable of binding to various microbial cells present in the air. Based on computational validation, lead aptamer candidates were identified by optimizing and refining sequences to demonstrate strong interactions with multiple microbial targets. RNA aptamer sequences were analyzed for various properties using an oligo-sequence analyzer. Secondary structures were predicted using RNAfold, followed by 3D structure prediction with RNA Composer and docking using the H-Dock server. Interaction modalities were further explored using the PHLIP server. RNA aptamers 1, 2, and 3 showed strong binding affinity scores of –344.95, –331.99, and –395.58, respectively, with target proteins. All aptamers demonstrated robust hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions through guanidine phosphate backbone-mediated contacts with Val, Lys, Arg, and Asp residues of target proteins. The in vitro synthesis and in situ environmental validation of these interactions will pave the way for implementing aptamer-based detection in real-time monitoring systems such as healthcare environments, air quality assessment frameworks, and environmental analysis platforms.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GAMMA IRRADIATED MUTANTS OF Trichoderma, ISOLATED FROM APPLE RHIZOSPHERE OF NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA
The Subarnarekha river, known as the "Golden river" of the Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand (India), is adversely impacted by industrial effluents and anthropogenic activities, threatening its aquatic biodiversity. This study assessed the seasonal variations in physicochemical properties and their influence on the growth, survival, and biomass of Indian white prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) at two sites in East Singhbhum, i.e., site I (Mango, Jamshedpur) and site II (Galudih, Ghatshila) from July 2019 to June 2022. The water quality-related physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity) were monitored seasonally, and their correlations with prawn survival rate, mean body weight, length, and biomass production were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis.The results revealed notable seasonal fluctuations in physicochemical parameters, particularly water temperature and salinity, which exhibited strong positive correlations with prawn growth metrics. Site II consistently exhibited higher mean body weight, survival rate, and biomass production compared to site I, with optimal growth observed during the spring season. Water temperature showed a strong positive correlation with growth metrics, while salinity also played a crucial role, particularly influencing survival and biomass.These findings highlight that physicochemical parameters, especially temperature and salinity, significantly impact the growth and productivity of F. indicus in the Subarnarekha river. The study underscores the importance of regular water quality monitoring for sustaining aquaculture practices in riverine ecosystems impacted by pollution. Effective management of pollution sources is essential to conserve the river’s health and support the livelihoods dependent on its aquatic resources.