THERAPEUTIC BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)  Delile: A REVIEW

Saber W  Hamad; Ateeq Ahmed Al Zahrani; Hussain D Almalki; Sarwan W  Bradosty; Hasan Nudin  Nur  Fatihah; Talar K Anwar; Asaad Mohammed  Mahmood; Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara

doi:10.48165/abr.2024.26.01.19

Authors

Saber W Hamad Department of Field Crops and Medicinal Plants, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
Ateeq Ahmed Al Zahrani Chemistry Department, University College at Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University (Saudi Arabia)
Hussain D Almalki Chemistry Department, University College at Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University (Saudi Arabia)
Sarwan W Bradosty Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
Hasan Nudin Nur Fatihah Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu (Malaysia)
Talar K Anwar Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
Asaad Mohammed Mahmood Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, (Iraq)
Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara Biology Education Department, Tishk International University, Erbil (Iraq)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48165/abr.2024.26.01.19

Keywords:

Antidiabetic, Balanites aegyptiaca, cancer, diabetes, plant extract

Abstract

Medicinal plants continue to be a crucial source of safe, less toxic, economical, available, and reliable natural medicine supplies all over the world. Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as the "desert date", is a thorny shrub or tree found in arid parts of Africa and South Asia. It has traditionally been used to cure a variety of maladies such as wounds, haemorrhoids, jaundice, syphilis, intestinal worm infection, malaria, dysentery, constipation, diarrhoea, stomachaches, asthma, and fever. The fruits of B. aegyptiaca are highly effective as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and anticancer. However, the safety and effectiveness of B. aegyptiaca have not beencompletely studied in humans, so additional well-planned clinical trials are required to corroborate preclinical findings. The WHO has stressed on continued research on medical plants since products derived from plants will continue to be in demand. Searches were conducted on Google Scholar, Science Direct, Google.com, Wiley, PubMed, Hindawi, Springer, and other relevant databases for research publications on B. aegyptiaca. Duplicate publications including thesis papers, and reviews of B. aegyptiaca were excluded This review presents a thorough overview of current information on the therapeutic characteristics of B. aegyptiaca with a focus on its biological activities. It briefly examines its traditional usage, taxonomy, and biological evaluation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abaka, A.K., Ishaku, G.A., Haruna, A. and Ardo, B.P. 2020. Phytochemicals screening and antifungal activity of Balanites aegyptiaca seed and callus extract against Candida albicans. Asian Plant Research Journal, 4(4): 9-16.

Abdalla, G.H., Halima, E.A., Madena, K.K., Awad, S.I. and Asha, F.W. 2022. Antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil. European Journal of Chemistry, 12(4): 450-453.

Abdallah, E.M. 2011. Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1(6): 16-20.

Abdallah, E.M., Hsouna, A.B. and Al-Khalifa, K.S. 2012. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical investigation of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. edible fruit from Sudan. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(52): 11535-11542.

Abdulrahman,M.D. 2022.Reviewof ethnopharmacology, morpho-anatomy, biological evaluation and chemical composition ofSyzygiumpolyanthum(Wight)Walp.Plant Science Today,9(1): 167-177. Abdulrahman, M.D. 2023. Crude extract of Ficus deltoidea Jack (FD) as a natural biological therapy. Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy, 4(1): 57. [10.37349/etat.2023.00123].

Therapeutic biological activities of Balanites aegyptiaca 165

Abou Khalil, N.S., Abou-Elhamd, A.S., Wasfy, S.I., El Mileegy, I.M., Hamed, M.Y. and Ageely, H.M. 2016. Antidiabetic and antioxidant impacts of desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) and parsley (Petroselinum sativum) aqueous extracts: lessons from experimental rats. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016: [https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8408326].

Absalom, K.V., Nwadiro, P.O. and Wophill, N. 2013. Toxicity of aqueous extract of desert date (Balanites Aegyptiaca Linnaeus) on the juveniles of catfish (Clarias Gariepinus Teugels, 1986). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 3(3): 13-18.

Ahmed, M.M. and Eid, M.M. 2015. Evaluation of Balanites aegyptiaca oil as untraditional source of oil and its antiinflammatory activity. Journal of Drug Research of Egypt, 36(1): 1-11. Al-Ashaal, H. 2017. Antidiabetic, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antitrematodal medicinal efficacy of polar and non-polar phytochemicals of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 7: 797-805.

Al-Ghannam, S.M., Ahmed, H.H., Zein, N. and Zahran, F. 2013. Antitumor activity of balanitoside extracted from Balanites aegyptiaca fruit. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(7): 179- 191.

Al-Malki,A.L.,Barbour,E.K.,Abulnaja,K.O. andMoselhy,S.S.2015.Managementofhyperglycaemia by ethyl acetate extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date). Molecules, 20(8): 14425-14434. Al-Malki, A.L., Barbour, E.K., Abulnaja, K.O., Moselhy, S.S., Kumosani, T.A. and Choudhry, H. 2016. Balanites aegyptiaca protection against proliferation of different cancer cell line. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(2): 25-30. Al-Thobaiti, S.A. and Abu Zeid, I. 2018. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical evaluation of Balanites aegyptiaca:Anoverview.JournalofExperimentalBiology&AgriculturalSciences,6(3):453-465. Al-Thobaiti, S.A. and Zeid, I.M.A. 2019. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca against streptozotocin-induced liver damage in rats. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 15(6): 13-27.

Al Ashaal, H.A., Farghaly, A.A., Abd El Aziz, M. and Ali, M. 2010. Phytochemical investigation and medicinal evaluation of fixed oil of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits (Balantiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(2): 495-501.

Anani,K.,Adjrah, Y., Ameyapoh, Y., Karou, S.D., Agbonon, A., de Souza, C. and Gbeassor, M. 2015. Effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae) on some resistant pathogens bacteria isolated from wounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 164: 16-21.

Annan, K. and Dickson, R. 2008. Evaluation of wound healing actions of Hoslundia opposita Vahl, Anthocleista nobilis G. Don. and Balanites aegyptiaca L. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 28(2): 26-35.

Beit-Yannai, E., Ben-Shabat, S., Goldschmidt, N., Chapagain, B.P., Liu, R.H. and Wiesman, Z. 2011. Antiproliferative activity of steroidal saponins from Balanites aegyptiaca - An in vitro study. Phytochemistry Letters, 4(1): 43-47.

Chapagain, B. and Wiesman, Z. 2005. Larvicidal effects of aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) against the larvae of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(11): 1351-1354.

Chapagain, B.P., Saharan, V. and Wiesman, Z. 2008. Larvicidal activity of saponins from Balanites aegyptiaca callus against Aedes aegypti mosquito. Bioresource Technology, 99(5): 1165-1168. Deib, M.E. and Ali, H.A. 2018. Molecular investigation of anti-diabetic effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Veterinary Medicine In-between Health and Economy, 55(20): 137-145.

Dhara, A., Suba, V., Sen, T., Pal, S. and Chaudhuri, A.N. 2000. Preliminary studies on the anti inflammatory and analgesic activity of the methanolic fraction of the root extract of Tragia involucrata Linn. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1-2): 265-268.

Dogara, A.M. 2022. Biological activity and chemical composition of Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr - A systematic review. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7219401].

Saber W. Hamad et al.

Dogara, A.M. 2023. A systematic review on the biological evaluation of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(1): 16. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094- 023-00467-3].

Dogara, A.M., Hamad, S.W., Hama, H.A., Bradosty, S.W., Kayfi, S., Al-Rawi, S.S. and Lema, A.A. 2022. Biological evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3837965].

Doughari, J., Pukuma, M. and De, N. 2007. Antibacterial effects of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Drel. and Moringa oleifera Lam. on Salmonella typhi. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(19): 2212-2215. El Masry, S.A., Ebeed, M.M., El Sayed, I.H., Nasr, M.Y. and El Halafawy, K.A. 2010. Protective effect of Balanites Aegyptiaca on antioxidant defense system against adriamycin-induced cardiac

toxicity in experimental mice. Egyptian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 28(1): [10.4314/ejbmb.v28i1.54368].

Elkareem, H.F., Essawy, A.E.N.I., Ashry, M., Badawi, M.A. and Abdel-Wahhab, K.G. 2021. Ameliorating and anti-inflammatory role of Balanites aegyptiaca aqueous extract on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 20(2): 157. [10.4103/epj.epj_2_21].

Erejuwa, O.O., Sulaiman, S.A. and Ab Wahab, M.S. 2012. Honey - A novel antidiabetic agent. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(6): 913-934.

Fadl, K.E.M. 2015. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.): A multipurpose fruit tree in Savanna zone of Western Sudan. International Journal of Environment, 4(1): 197-203.

Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H.P. and Becker, K. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review. British Journal of Nutrition, 88(6): 587-605.

Gad, M.Z., El-Sawalhi, M.M., Ismail, M.F. and El-Tanbouly, N.D. 2006. Biochemical study of the anti-diabetic action of the Egyptian plants fenugreek and balanites. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 281: 173-183.

Gardette, J.L. and Baba, M. 2013. FTIR and DSC studies of the thermal and photochemical stability of Balanites aegyptiaca oil (Toogga oil). Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 170: 1-7. Ghanem, K.Z., Ghanem, H.Z., Ramadan, M.M. and Mabrok, H.B. 2016. The effect of herbal tea from Balanites aegyptiaca fruits on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 9(10): 8-15.

Gnoula, C., Mégalizzi, V., De Nève, N., Sauvage, S., Ribaucour, F., Guissou, P. and Lefranc, F. 2008. Balanitin-6 and-7: diosgenyl saponins isolated from Balanites aegyptiaca Del. display significant anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Oncology, 32(1): 5-15.

Gonelimali, F.D., Lin, J., Miao, W., Xuan, J., Charles, F., Chen, M. and Hatab, S.R. 2018. Antimicrobial properties and mechanism of action of some plant extracts against food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9: 1639. [https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmicb.2018.01639].

Goyanar, G. and Dongre, N. 2020. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of seed oil extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Delile. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 5(2): 2127- 2131.

Habieballa, A.G., Alebead, H.E., Koko, M.K., Ibrahim, A.S. and Wady, A.F. 2021. Antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil. European Journal of Chemistry, 12(4): 450-453.

Hassan, L.E.A., Dahham, S.S., Saghir, S.A.M., Mohammed, A., Eltayeb, N.M., Majid, A.M.S.A. and Majid, A.S.A. 2016. Chemotherapeutic potentials of the stem bark of Balanite aegyptiaca (L.) Delile: An antiangiogenic, antitumor and antioxidant agent. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1): 1-13.

Hassanin, K.M., Mahmoud, M.O., Hassan, H.M., Abdel-Razik, A.R.H., Aziz, L.N. and Rateb, M.E. 2018. Balanites aegyptiaca ameliorates insulin secretion and decreases pancreatic apoptosis in diabetic rats: Role of SAPK/JNK pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 102: 1084-1091.

Therapeutic biological activities of Balanites aegyptiaca 167

Helal, E.G., El-Wahab, A., Samia, M., El Refaey, H. and Mohammad, A.A. 2013. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds (aqueous extract) on diabetic rats. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 52(1): 725-739.

Ibrahim, A., El-Newary, S., Hendawy, S.F. and Ibrahim, A.E. 2021. Balanites aegyptiaca extract to treat risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease: An in vitro study. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64(2): 781-792.

Ibrahim, E.E. 2016. Phytochemical, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. Pharmacie Globale, 7(1): 1-5.

Ibrahim, O.H., Al-Qurashi, A.D., Asiry, K.A., Mousa, M.A., Alhakamy, N.A. and Abo-Elyousr, K.A. 2022. Investigation of potential in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile fruit extract and its phytochemical components. Plants, 11(19): 1-6.

Issa, N., Mansour, F., El-Safti, F., Nooh, H. and El-Sayed, I. 2015. Effect of Balanites aegyptiaca on Ehrlich Ascitic carcinoma growth and metastasis in Swiss mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 67(9): 435-441.

Jaheed, E., Mohamed, A.H., Hassan, N.M., Mahran, K., Nasr, S.M. and Abou-Zeina, H.A. 2019. Evaluation of the curative effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits ethanolic extract on haemonchosis experimentally induced in Egyptian Baladi goats: Phytoanalytical, parasitological and hematological studies. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 43(4): 638-650.

Kahsay, T., Muluget, A. and Unnithan, C. 2014. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Balanites aegyptiaca DelilfromNorthern Ethiopia. American Journal of PharmTech Research, 4: 415-422. Karou, S.D.,Tchacondo,T.,Ouattara,L.,Anani, K., Savadogo, A., Agbonon, A. and Simpore, J. 2011. Antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, haemolytic and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from three selected Togolese medicinal plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(10): 808-813. Kasote, D.M., Katyare, S.S., Hegde, M.V. and Bae, H. 2015. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(8): 982. [10.7150/ijbs.12096].

Khamis, G., Saleh, A.M., Habeeb, T.H., Hozzein, W.N., Wadaan, M.A., Papenbrock, J. and Abd Elgawad, H. 2020. Provenance effect on bioactive phytochemicals and nutritional and health benefits of the desert date Balanites aegyptiaca. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(6): e13229. [https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13229].

Khatoon, R., Jahan, N., Ahmad, S. and Shahzad, A. 2013. Antifungal activity of aerial parts as well as in vitro raised calli of the medicinal plant, Balanites aegyptiaca Del. African Journal of Plant Science, 7(10): 476-481.

Koko, W., Abdalla, H., Galal, M. and Khalid, H. 2005. Evaluation of oral therapy on mansonial schistosomiasis using single dose of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits and praziquantel. Fitoterapia, 76(1): 30-34.

Koko,W.,Galal,M. and Khalid, H. 2000. Fasciolicidal efficacy of Albizia anthelmintica and Balanites aegyptiaca compared with albendazole. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2): 247-252. Kusch, P., Deininger, S., Specht, S., Maniako, R., Haubrich, S., Pommerening, T. and Kaiser, A. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity assays of seeds from Balanites aegyptiaca: Compounds of the extract show growth inhibition and activity against plasmodial aminopeptidase. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2011. [https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/368692].

Laus, M.N., Blando, F. and Soccio, M. 2023. Glyoxalase I assay as a possible tool for evaluation of biological activity of antioxidant-rich plant extracts. Plants, 12(5): 1150. [https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051150].

Maregesi, S.M., Pieters, L., Ngassapa, O.D., Apers, S., Vingerhoets, R., Cos, P. and Vlietinck, A.J. 2008. Screening of some Tanzanian medicinal plants from Bunda district for antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(1): 58-66.

Mbaveng, A.T., Kuete, V., Mapunya, B.M., Beng, V.P., Nkengfack, A.E., Meyer, J.J.M. and Lall, N. 2011. Evaluation of four Cameroonian medicinal plants for anticancer, antigonorrheal and antireversetranscriptase activities.EnvironmentalToxicologyandPharmacology,32(2): 162-167.

Saber W. Hamad et al.

Meda, N.T.R., Guenne, S., Combassere-Cherif, K.M., Pârvu, A.E., Brânduşa, T. and Ouedraogo, A.G. 2020. In vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del (Balanitaceae) galls and leaves. Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants, 6(4): 82-86.

Montasser,A.O., Saleh, H., Ahmed-Farid, O.A., Saad, A. and Marie, M.A.S. 2017. Protective effects of Balanites aegyptiaca extract, melatonin and ursodeoxycholic acid against hepatotoxicity induced by methotrexate in male rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(6): 557-565.

Mostafa, F.A., Ali, A.O., Elreffaei, W., Shalaby, R.A. and Mehanni, A. 2016. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Balanites aegyptiaca kernel and its effects on CCl4 treated rats. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 7(10): 407-414.

Murthy, H.N., Yadav, G.G., Dewir, Y.H. and Ibrahim, A. 2020. Phytochemicals and biological activity of desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile). Plants, 10(1): 32. [https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010032].

Neuwinger, H.D. 2004. Plants used for poison fishing in tropical Africa. Toxicon, 44(4): 417-430. Nitiema, L.W., Nikiema, F.W., Sombié, P. and Sérémé, D. 2019. Efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. hydro-ethanolic extract against three rice sseedborne fungi. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(11): 1147-1151.

Nitiema, L.W., Sombié, P., Koala, M. and Del Fiore, A. 2020. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Balanites aegyptiaca, Securidaca longepedunculata and Acacia gourmaensis used against seed-borne fungi in Burkina Faso. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 39: 79-87.

Osadebe, P.O., Odoh, E.U. and Uzor, P F. 2014. Natural products as potential sources of antidiabetic drugs. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(17): 2075-2095.

Parfait, B., Galba Jean, B., Roger, P., Hervé Hervé, N.A., Balbine, K.K., Guillaume, C.W. and Germain, S.T. 2022. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties of the aqueous extract of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile fruit pulp on monosodium glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in Swiss mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022. [https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7576132].

Samy, R.P. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2000. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69(1): 63-71. Sarker, S., Bartholomew, B. and Nash, R. 2000. Alkaloids from Balanites aegyptiaca. Fitoterapia, 71(3): 328-330.

Sayyah, M., Hadidi, N. and Kamalinejad, M. 2004. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Lactuca sativa seed extract in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(2-3): 325-329. Sedky, D., Mohamed, A., Fouad, R., Khafagi, M., Omer, E., Elbayoumy, M. and Abou-Zeina, H. 2022. Assessment of phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Balanites aegyptiaca and Curcuma longa against some bacterial pathogens isolated from dairy cow infected with mastitis. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 10(1): 160-169. Shalaby, M.A., Moghazy, F.M., Shalaby, H.A. and Nasr, S.M. 2010. Effect of methanolic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits on enteral and parenteral stages of Trichinella spiralis in rats. Parasitology Research, 107: 17-25.

Sherif, S. and Emara, N. 2016. Anticancer activity of Balanitis aegyptiaca extract on human hepatoma cells and prostate cell line culture. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 9: 2455-9563. Speroni, E., Cervellati, R., Innocenti, G., Costa, S., Guerra, M., Dall’Acqua, S. and Govoni, P. 2005. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activities of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98(1-2): 117-125.

Suky, T.M.G., Parthipan, B., Kingston, C., Mohan, V. and Soris, P.T. 2011. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del against ccl^ sub 4^ induced hepatotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(4): 887- 892.

Tariq, A., Adnan, M., Amber, R., Pan, K., Mussarat, S. and Shinwari, Z.K. 2016. Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 15(1): 1-13.

Therapeutic biological activities of Balanites aegyptiaca 169

Usman, A., Mohammed, Y., Muhammed, H. and Zakari, A. 2010. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Balanites aegyptiaca root bark extracts: influence of solvent. Communication in Physical Sciences, 5(1-3): 156-164.

Verma, S., Gupta, M., Popli, H. and Aggarwal, G. 2018. Diabetes mellitus treatment using herbal drugs. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(1): 1-10.

Vijay, P. and Vijayvergia, R. 2010. An antioxidant potential of Hingot and Hadjod. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 1(1): 156-164.

Wiesman, Z. and Chapagain, B.P. 2006. Larvicidal activity of saponin containing extracts and fractions of fruit mesocarp of Balanites aegyptiaca. Fitoterapia, 77(6): 420-424. Wink, M. 2012. Medicinal plants: A source of anti-parasitic secondary metabolites. Molecules, 17(11): 12771-12791.

Yassin, A.M., El-Deeb, N.M., Metwaly, A.M., El Fawal, G.F., Radwan, M.M. and Hafez, E.E. 2017. Induction of apoptosis in human cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways by Balanites aegyptiaca furostanol saponins and saponin-coated silver nanoparticles. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 182: 1675-1693.

Yılmaz, M.A., Taslimi, P., Kılıç, Ö., Gülçin, İ., Dey, A. and Bursal, E. 2023. Unravelling the phenolic compound reserves, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of an endemic plant species, Achillea pseudoaleppica. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 41(2): 445-456.

Zaahkouk, S.A., Aboul-Ela, E.I., Ramadan, M., Bakry, S., Ahmed, B. and Mhany, S. 2015. Anti carcinogenic activity of methanolic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca against breast, colon, and liver cancer cells. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(6): 255-266.

Zaky, A.S., Kandeil, M., Abdel-Gabbar, M., Fahmy, E.M., Almehmadi, M.M., Ali, T.M. and Ahmed, O.M. 2022. The antidiabetic effects and modes of action of the Balanites aegyptiaca fruit and seed aqueous extracts in NA/STZ-induced diabetic rats. Pharmaceutics, 14(2): 263. [https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020263].