Hydrochemistry Of Dissolved Metals In Yamuna River  Around Industrial Hub Of Himachal Pradesh, India

Rachit Kashyap; K S Verma; S K  Bhardwaj; S K Sharma

doi:10.48165/

Authors

Rachit Kashyap Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Himachal Pradesh (India)
K S Verma College of Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Himachal Pradesh (India)
S K Bhardwaj Department of Environmental Science,Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Himachal Pradesh (India)
S K Sharma Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230, Himachal Pradesh (India)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48165/

Keywords:

Dissolved metals, pollution index, principal component analysis, Yamuna

Abstract

The Yamuna river flows through Sirmour district in Himachal Pradesh (India) and receives domestic and industrial effluents from different villages and Ponta-sahib industrial hub situated on its bank. Ninety six surface water samples were collected from eight sites from the river during 2014 and 2015. Water quality with respect to 9 heavy metals (Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn & Fe) and 3 non-metals (NO3, Mg & Ca) was assessed for their variations, source apportionment and pollution indexing. Principal component analysis (PCA) outcome of different factors indicated natural and anthropogenic activities as contributing factors for metals profusion in the river. During 2014, three principal components were identified to beresponsible for river water deterioration and accounted for 94.73% of overall total variance. PCA1 in 2014 accounted for 70.16% of total variance and was characterized by high loading for Cr, Cu, NO3, As, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca. River stretch during 2015 showed high pollution load and two principal components were identified responsible for the impairment of river water which accounted for 88.67% of the overall total variance. PCA1 in 2015 accounted for 75.74% total variance and registered high loading for Cr, Cu, As, Ni, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca. Based on pooled pollution index, in river water Cr, As and Zn were seriously (24.74), moderately (0.616) and slightly (0.380) polluting metals, respectively. Although river quality does not pose any serious threat to human health still various activities domiciledat downstream need tobe discontinued to restore water quality.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aboud, S.J. and Nandini, N. 2009. Heavy metal analysis and sediment quality values in urban lakes. American Journal of Environmental Science, 5: 678-687.

Hydrochemistry of dissolved metals in Yamuna in Himachal Pradesh (India) 295

Agarwal, S. K. 2009. Heavy Metal Pollution. A.P.H. Publishing Co., New Delhi, India. Amadi, A.N. 2012. Quality assessment of Aba river using heavy metal pollution index. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2: 45-49.

Amadi, A.N., Yisa, J., Okoye, N.O. and Okunlola, I.A. 2010. Multivariate statistical evaluation of the hydrochemical facies in Aba, southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Biology and Physical Sciences, 15: 326-337.

APHA. 2011. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th edn.). American Public Health Association, Washington, USA.

Avvannavar, M.S. and Shrihari, S. 2008. Evaluation of water quality index for drinking purposes for river Netravathi, Mangalore, South India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 143: 279-290.

Bhardwaj, V. and Singh, D.S. 2011. Surface and groundwater quality characterization of Deoria district, Ganga plain, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 383-395.

Bhargava, D.S. 2006. Revival of Mathura’s ailing Yamuna river. The Environmentalist, 26: 111- 122.

CPCB. 2010. Central Pollution Control Borad: Review of Water Quality Objectives, Requirements, Zoning and Classification for Indian Water Bodies, New Delhi, India.

Dwivedi, S.L. and Pathak, V. 2007. A preliminary assignment of water quality index to Mandakini river, Chitrakoot. Indian Journal Environment Protection, 27: 1036-1038.

Giri, S. and Singh, A.K. 2014. Assessment of surface water quality using heavy metal pollution index in Subarnarekha river, India. Water Quality Exposure and Health, 5: 173-182. Gupta Neha, Yadav, K., Vinit Kumar and Singh, D. 2013. Assessment of physicochemical properties of Yamuna river in Agra city. International Journal of Chemical Technology Research, 5: 528-531.

Gupta, Preeti, Agarwal, S. and Gupta, I. 2011. Assessment of physicochemical parameters of various lakes of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Science, 1: 246-248.

Jha, P.K., Subramanian, V., Sitasawad, R. and Van, Grieken, R. 1990. Heavy metals in sediments of Yamuna river (a tributary of the Ganges), India. Science of the Total Environment, 95: 7-27. Kashyap, R, Verma, K.S. and Hukam Chand. 2015. Heavy metal contamination and their seasonal variations in Rewalsar lake of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Ecoscan, 9: 31-36. Kashyap, R. and Verma, K.S. 2015. Seasonal variation of certain heavy metals in Kuntbhyog lake of Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Environment, Ecology, Family and Urban Studies, 1: 15-26.

Lambarkis, N., Antonakos, A. and Panagopoulos, G. 2004. The use of multi-component statistical analysis in hydrogeological environmental research. Water Resources, 38: 1862-1872. Macklin, M.G., Brewer, P.A., Balteanu, D., Coulthard, T.J., Driga, B., Howard, A.J. and Zaharia, S. 2003. The long term fate and environmental significance of contaminant metals released by January and March 2000 mining tailings dam failure in Maramures county, Upper Tisa Basin, Romania. Applied Geochemistry, 18: 241-257.

Mishra, A. 2010 A river about to die: Yamuna. Journal of Water Resources and Protection, 2: 489- 500.

Mohan, S.V., Nithila, P. and Reddy, S.J. 1996. Estimation of heavy metal in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 31: 283-289.

Patil, S.G., Chonde, S.G., Jadhav, A.S. and Raut, P.D. 2012. Impact of physico-chemical characteristics of Shivaji university lakes on phytoplankton communities, Kolhapur, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1: 56-60.

Rachit Kashyap et al.

Prasad, B. and Kumari, S. 2008. Heavy metal pollution index of ground water of an abandoned open cast mine filled of the water quality of river Adyar, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82: 211-217.

Sharma, D. and Kansal, A. 2011. Water quality analysis of river Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory and Delhi, India. Applied Water Science, 1: 147-157. Singh, A.K., Mondal, G.C., Kumar, S., Singh, T.B., Tewary, B.K. and Sinha, A. 2008. Major ion chemistry, weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar river basin, India. Environmental Geology, 54: 745-758.

Sundaray, S.K. 2009. Application of multivariate statistical techniques in hydro-geochemical studies-a case study: Brahmani–Koel river (India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 164: 297-310.

Suthar, S. and Singh, S. 2008. Vermicomposting of domestic waste by using two epigeic earthworms (Perionyx excavates and Perionyx sansibaricus). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5: 99-106.

Venugopal, T., Giridharan, L. and Jayaprakash, M. 2009. Characterization and risk assessment studies of bed sediments of river Adyar - An application of speciation study. International Journal of Environmental Resources, 3: 581-598.

Vinodhini, R. and Narayanan, M. 2008. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in organs of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (common carp). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5: 179-182.

WHO. 2010. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Recommendations (2nd edn.). Geneva, Switzerland.